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Singhmar R, Son Y, Jo YJ, Zo S, Min BK, Sood A, Han SS. Fabrication of alginate composite hydrogel encapsulated retinoic acid and nano se doped CaP to augment in situ mineralization and osteoimmunomodulation for bone regeneration. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133597. [PMID: 38960232 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering endows alternates to support bone defects/injuries that are circumscribed to undergo orchestrated process of remodeling on its own. In this regard, hydrogels have emerged as a promising platform that can confront irregular defects and encourage in situ bone repair. METHODS In this study, we aimed to develop a new approach for bone tissue regeneration by developing an alginate based composite hydrogel incorporating selenium doped biphasic calcium phosphate nanoparticles, and retinoic acid. The fabricated hydrogel was physiochemically evaluated for morphological, bonding, and mechanical behavior. Additionally, the biological response of the fabricated hydrogel was evaluated on MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells. RESULTS The developed composite hydrogel confers excellent biocompatibility, and osteoconductivity owing to the presence of alginate, and biphasic calcium phosphate, while selenium presents pro osteogenic, antioxidative, and immunomodulatory properties. The hydrogels exhibited highly porous microstructure, superior mechanical attributes, with enhanced calcification, and biomineralization abilities in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE By combining the osteoconductive properties of biphasic calcium phosphate with multifaceted benefits of selenium and retinoic acid, the fabricated composite hydrogel offers a potential transformation in the landscape of bone defect treatment. This strategy could direct a versatile and effective approach to tackle complex bone injuries/defects and present potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Singhmar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Yumi Son
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Yoo Jung Jo
- Core Research Support Centre for Natural Products and Medical Materials, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Sunmi Zo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Bong Ki Min
- Core Research Support Centre for Natural Products and Medical Materials, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Ankur Sood
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| | - Sung Soo Han
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Core Research Support Centre for Natural Products and Medical Materials, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
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2
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Aridi A, Rabaa M, Mezher M, Naoufal D, Khalil MI, Awad R. Magnetic separation, sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity, and antibacterial studies of Sm-doped Co 0.33Mg 0.33Ni 0.33Fe 2O 4 nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:35631-35650. [PMID: 38739338 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33641-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles have emerged as a promising tool for wastewater treatment due to their unique properties. In this regard, Co0.33Mg0.33Ni0.33SmxFe2-xO4 (0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.08) nanoparticles were prepared to examine their magnetic separation efficiency (MSE), photocatalytic, antibacterial, and antibiofilm performances. Pure nanoparticles, having the highest saturation magnetization (Ms = 31.87 emu/g), exhibit the highest MSE, where 95.6% of nanoparticles were separated after 20 min of applying a magnetic field of 150 mT. The catalytic performance of the prepared samples is examined by the photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) dye exposed to direct sunlight radiation. Improved photocatalytic activity is exhibited by Co0.33Mg0.33Ni0.33Sm0.04Fe1.96O4 nanoparticles, labeled as Sm0.04, where the rate of the degradation reaction is enhanced by 4.1 times compared to pure nanoparticles. Rising the pH and reaction temperature improves the rate of the photodegradation reaction of RhB. The incorporation of 15 wt% reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with Sm0.04 enhanced the rate of the reaction by 1.7 and 2.4 times compared with pure Sm0.04 sample and rGO, respectively. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against Escherichia coli, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecium are assessed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) broth microdilution, the agar well diffusion, the time-kill assays, the biofilm formation, and destruction assays. The bacteria used in these assessments are isolated from wastewater. The nanoparticles exhibit a bacteriostatic activity, with a better effect against the Gram-positive isolates. Co0.33Mg0.33Ni0.33SmxFe2O4 (x = 0.00) nanoparticles have the best effect. The effect is exerted after 2-3 h of incubation. Gram-positive biofilms are more sensitive to nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Aridi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon.
- Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon.
| | - Mariam Rabaa
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Malak Mezher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Daoud Naoufal
- Inorganic and Organometallic Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud I Khalil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ramadan Awad
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
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Thoraval L, Thiébault E, Siboni R, Moniot A, Guillaume C, Jacobs A, Nedelec JM, Renaudin G, Descamps S, Valfort O, Gangloff S, Braux J, Marchat D, Velard F. The acute inflammatory response to copper(II)-doped biphasic calcium phosphates. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100814. [PMID: 37841800 PMCID: PMC10568289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation are two key features to consider to avoid septic or aseptic loosening of bone-implanted biomaterials. In this context, various approaches to fine-tune the biomaterial's properties have been studied in order to modulate the crosstalk between immune and skeletal cells. Cation-doping strategies for tuning of calcium phosphates properties has been evidenced as a promising way to control the biomaterial-induced inflammatory process, and thus improving their osteoimmunomodulatory properties. Copper(II) ions are recognized for their antibacterial potential, but the literature on their impact on particulate material-induced acute inflammation is scarce. We synthesized copper(II) ions-doped biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP), intended to exhibit osteoimmunomodulatory properties. We addressed in vitro, for the first time, the inflammatory response of human primary polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) to copper(II) ions-doped or undoped (BCP) powders, synthesized by an original and robust wet method, in the presence or absence of LPS as a costimulant to mimic an infectious environment. ELISA and zymography allowed us to evidence, in vitro, a specific increase in IL-8 and GRO-α secretion but not MIP-1β, TNF-α, or MMP-9, by PMNs. To assess in vivo relevance of these findings, we used a mouse air pouch model. Thanks to flow cytometry analysis, we highlighted an increased PMN recruitment with the copper(II) ions-doped samples compared to undoped samples. The immunomodulatory effect of copper(II) ions-doped BCP powders and the consequent induced moderate level of inflammation may promote bacterial clearance by PMNs in addition to the antimicrobial potential of the material. Copper(II) doping provides new insights into calcium phosphate (CaP)-based biomaterials for prosthesis coating or bone reconstruction by effectively modulating the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Thoraval
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - E. Thiébault
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - R. Siboni
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - A. Moniot
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - C. Guillaume
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - A. Jacobs
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - J.-M. Nedelec
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - G. Renaudin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - S. Descamps
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont Auvergne INP, ICCF, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - O. Valfort
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5307 LGF, Centre SPIN, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - S.C. Gangloff
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - J. Braux
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
| | - D. Marchat
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - F. Velard
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, EA4691 “Biomatériaux et Inflammation en site osseux” BIOS, Reims, France
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S SM, S S, B S, K CPD. Calcium silicate biocomposites: effects of selenium oxide on the physico-mechanical features and their in-vitrobiological assessments. Biomed Mater 2023; 19:015003. [PMID: 37972550 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad0d86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Bone tissue regenerative material serves as a prospective recovery candidate with self-adaptable biological properties of bio-activation, degradability, compatibility, and antimicrobial efficacy instead of metallic implants. Such materials are highly expensive due to chemical reagents and complex synthesis procedures, making them unaffordable for patients with financial constraints. This research produced an efficient bone tissue regenerative material using inexpensive naturally occurring source materials, including silica sand and limestone. The extracted SiO2and CaO particles (75:25 wt%) were subjected to hydrothermal synthesis (water treatment instead of chemical solvents) to produce the CaSiO3biomaterial (code: S). Selenium oxide was doped with calcium silicate at 3, 5, and 10 wt.% to enhance its properties, yielding biocomposite materials (i.e. S3, S5, and S10). The physico-mechanical properties of these materials were investigated with x-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, FESEM-EDS, and micro-universal testing machine. The results revealed that the synthesized biocomposites have a crystalline wollastonite phase with a porously fused rough surface. From structural parametric calculations, we found that the biocomposites have reduced particle size and enhanced surface area due to the influence of selenium oxide. The biocomposite S10, having high SeO2content, attained the maximum compressive strength of 75.2 MPa.In-vitrostudies of bioactivity, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity were performed. At 7 and 14 d of bioactivity, the synthesized biocomposites are capable of dissolving their ions into simulated body fluid (SBF) solution to precipitate hydroxyapatite and a required Ca/P ratio of 1.69 was achieved by S3. A comparative analysis has been performed on the degradation activity in Tris-HCl and the consequent pH changes during SBF treatment. The bio-analysis revealed that the biocomposite S3 shows enhanced bioactivity through a controlled degradation rate and secured cell viability of 88% at a concentration of 100 μg ml-1. It also offers significant bacterial inhibition potency againstE.coliandS.aureusbacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Muthulakshmi S
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shailajha S
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shanmugapriya B
- Department of Physics, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli 627012, Tamilnadu, India
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Guo K, Lu X, Jia J, Zhou Z, Huang J, Wang S, Li S, Wu H, Xu C. Selenite-Decorated Polycrystalline NiO Nanosheets Generated from Cathodic Reconstruction for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Production. Inorg Chem 2023. [PMID: 37256938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Precatalyst reconstruction in alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) usually leads to changes in the morphology, composition, and structure, thus improving the catalytic activity, which recently receives intensive attention. However, the design strategies of cathodic reconstruction and the structural features of reconstruction products have not achieved a profound understanding. Here, from the point of thermodynamic stability, metastable nickel selenite dihydrate (NiSeO3·2H2O) is deliberately fabricated as a precatalyst to comprehensively study the reconstruction dynamics in alkaline HER. Multiple in/ex situ techniques capture the geometric, component, and phase evolutions, proving that NiSeO3·2H2O can be transformed into SeO32--decorated polycrystalline NiO nanosheets with rich active sites and good conductivity under alkaline HER conditions, which act as a real catalytic active species. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the adsorption of SeO32- can further promote the HER activity of NiO due to the optimized free energy of water activation and hydrogen adsorption. As a result, the SeO32--NiO catalyst exhibits a low overpotential at -10 mA cm-2 (90 mV) and long-term stability (>100 h). This work highlights the targeted design of precatalyst to trigger and utilize cathodic reconstruction and provides an available method for the development of adsorption-modulated efficient electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailu Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Jinzhi Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Junfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Shihui Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Haixia Wu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Function-Oriented Porous Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China
| | - Cailing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Laboratory of Special Function Materials and Structure Design of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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6
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Pereira P, Neto AS, Rodrigues AS, Barros I, Miranda C, Ramalho-Santos J, Pereira de Almeida L, Ferreira JMF, Coelho JFJ, Fonseca AC. In Vitro Evaluation of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds Derived from Cuttlefish Bone Coated with Poly(ester urea) for Bone Tissue Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102256. [PMID: 37242831 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the osteogenic differentiation of umbilical-cord-derived human mesenchymal stromal cells (hUC-MSCs) on biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds derived from cuttlefish bone doped with metal ions and coated with polymers. First, the in vitro cytocompatibility of the undoped and ion-doped (Sr2+, Mg2+ and/or Zn2+) BCP scaffolds was evaluated for 72 h using Live/Dead staining and viability assays. From these tests, the most promising composition was found to be the BCP scaffold doped with strontium (Sr2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and zinc (Zn2+) (BCP-6Sr2Mg2Zn). Then, samples from the BCP-6Sr2Mg2Zn were coated with poly(ԑ-caprolactone) (PCL) or poly(ester urea) (PEU). The results showed that hUC-MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, and hUC-MSCs seeded on the PEU-coated scaffolds proliferated well, adhered to the scaffold surfaces, and enhanced their differentiation capabilities without negative effects on cell proliferation under in vitro conditions. Overall, these results suggest that PEU-coated scaffolds are an alternative to PCL for use in bone regeneration, providing a suitable environment to maximally induce osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pereira
- IPN, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana S Neto
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana S Rodrigues
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Barros
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Catarina Miranda
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- III-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Ramalho-Santos
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- DCV-Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira de Almeida
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Viravector-Viral Vector for Gene Transfer Core Facility, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José M F Ferreira
- Department of Materials and Ceramic Engineering/CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jorge F J Coelho
- IPN, Instituto Pedro Nunes, Associação para a Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Ciência e Tecnologia, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana C Fonseca
- CEMMPRE, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra, Rua Sílvio Lima-Pólo II, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal
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Chen D, Chang P, Ding P, Liu S, Rao Q, Okoro OV, Wang L, Fan L, Shavandi A, Nie L. MSCs-laden silk Fibroin/GelMA hydrogels with incorporation of platelet-rich plasma for chondrogenic construct. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14349. [PMID: 36925544 PMCID: PMC10010988 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of osteochondral defects and regeneration of cartilage is a major challenge. In this work, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-laden hydrogel was designed using silk fibroin (SF) and gelatin methacrylate (GelMA), to encapsulate platelet-rich plasma (PRP). Initially, GelMA was synthesized, and SF was prepared using silkworm cocoon, then MSCs-laden SF/GelMA (SG) hydrogel was fabricated. The physicochemical properties of the hydrogels were evaluated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and rheometry. After hydrogel preparation, the viability of MSCs in the hydrogels was investigated via CCK-8 analysis and fluorescent images. The MSCs-laden SG hydrogel containing PRP was subsequently injected into the cartilage defect area in Sprague Dawley rats. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), Masson staining, and Mankin scores evaluation confirmed the new cartilage formation in 8 weeks. The results presented in the study, therefore, showed that the prepared MSCs-laden SG hydrogel loaded with PRP has the potential for cartilage reconstruction, which is crucial to the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Pengbo Chang
- Zhengzhou Technical College, Zhengzhou 450121, China
| | - Peng Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qi Rao
- Department of Orthopedics, Wuhan Hanyang Hospital, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430050, China
| | - Oseweuba Valentine Okoro
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lingling Wang
- Analysis & Testing Center, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Lihong Fan
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Corresponding authors. School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, 122 Luoshi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50-CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang 464000, China
- Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles, 3BIO-BioMatter, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Corresponding authors. College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University (XYNU), Xinyang 464000, China.
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Owoseni MC, Labulo AH, Bako G, Okunade O, Hassan I. Antimicrobial Potency of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles from Stem Extract of Euphorbia poissoniion Urinary Tract Pathogens. CHEMISTRY AFRICA 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s42250-022-00500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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9
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Saleem I, Rana NF, Tanweer T, Arif W, Shafique I, Alotaibi AS, Almukhlifi HA, Alshareef SA, Menaa F. Effectiveness of Se/ZnO NPs in Enhancing the Antibacterial Activity of Resin-Based Dental Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7827. [PMID: 36363419 PMCID: PMC9658905 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation in the resin-composite interface is a major challenge for resin-based dental composites. Using doped z nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance the antibacterial properties of resin composites can be an effective approach to prevent this. The present study focused on the effectiveness of Selenium-doped ZnO (Se/ZnO) NPs as an antibacterial nanofiller in resin composites and their impact on their mechanical properties. Pristine and Se/ZnO NPs were synthesized by the mechanochemical method and confirmed through UV-Vis Spectroscopy, FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) analysis, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) crystallography, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), and Zeta analysis. The resin composites were then modified by varying concentrations of pristine and Se/ZnO NPs. A single species (S. mutans and E. faecalis) and a saliva microcosm model were utilized for antibacterial analysis. Hemolytic assay and compressive strength tests were also performed to test the modified composite resin's cytotoxicity and mechanical strength. When incorporated into composite resin, 1% Se/ZnO NPs showed higher antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and higher mechanical strength when compared to composites with 1% ZnO NPs. The Se/ZnO NPs has been explored for the first time as an efficient antibacterial nanofiller for resin composites and showed effectiveness at lower concentrations, and hence can be an effective candidate in preventing secondary caries by limiting biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Saleem
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Nosheen Fatima Rana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Tahreem Tanweer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Wafa Arif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Shafique
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Amenah S. Alotaibi
- Genomic and Biotechnology Unit, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanadi A. Almukhlifi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Farid Menaa
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Nanomedicine, California Innovations Corporation, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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10
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Muthusamy S, Mahendiran B, Nithiya P, Selvakumar R, Krishnakumar GS. Functionalization of biologically inspired scaffold through selenium and gallium ion doping to promote bone regeneration. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Antimicrobial potential and osteoblastic cell growth on electrochemically modified titanium surfaces with nanotubes and selenium or silver incorporation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8298. [PMID: 35585076 PMCID: PMC9117198 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11804-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Titanium nanotube surfaces containing silver, zinc, and copper have shown antimicrobial effects without decreasing osteoblastic cell growth. In this in-vitro study we present first results on the biological evaluation of surface modifications by incorporating selenium and silver compounds into titanium-dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes by electrochemical deposition. TiO2-nanotubes (TNT) and Phosphate-doped TNT (pTNT) were grown on the surface of Ti6Al4V discs by anodization. Hydroxyapatite (HA), selenium (Se) and silver (Ag) compounds were incorporated by electrochemical deposition. Colony forming units of Staphylococcus epidermidis (DSM 3269) were significantly decreased in SepTNT (0.97 ± 0.18 × 106 CFU/mL), SepTNT-HA (1.2 ± 0.39 × 106 CFU/mL), AgpTNT (1.36 ± 0.42 × 106 CFU/mL) and Ag2SepTNT (0.999 ± 0.12 × 106 CFU/mL) compared to the non-modified control (2.2 ± 0.21 × 106 CFU/mL). Bacterial adhesion was calculated by measuring the covered area after fluorescence staining. Adhesion was lower in SepTNT (37.93 ± 12%; P = 0.004), pTNT (47.3 ± 6.3%, P = 0.04), AgpTNT (24.9 ± 1.8%; P < 0.001) and Ag2SepTNT (14.9 ± 4.9%; P < 0.001) compared to the non-modified control (73.7 ± 11%). Biofilm formation and the growth of osteoblastic cells (MG-63) was observed by using Crystal Violet staining. Biofilm formation was reduced in SepTNT (22 ± 3%, P = 0.02) and Ag2SepTNT discs (23 ± 11%, P = 0.02) compared to the non-modified control (54 ± 8%). In comparison with the non-modified control the modified SepTNT-HA and pTNT surfaces showed a significant higher covered area with osteoblastic MG-63-cells. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed findings regarding bacterial and osteoblastic cell growth. These findings show a potential synergistic effect by combining selenium and silver with titanium nanotubes.
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12
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Liang X, Zhang S, Gadd GM, McGrath J, Rooney DW, Zhao Q. Fungal-derived Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Potential Applications in Electroless Silver Coatings for Preventing Pin-tract Infections. Regen Biomater 2022; 9:rbac013. [PMID: 35449828 PMCID: PMC9017370 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pin-tract infections (PTIs) are a common complication of external fixation of fractures and current strategies for preventing PTIs have proven to be ineffective. Recent advances show that the use of anti-infection coatings with local antibacterial activity may solve this problem. Selenium has been considered as a promising anti-infection agent owing to its antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. In this study, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) were synthesized via a cost-effective fungi-mediated biorecovery approach and demonstrated excellent stability and homogeneity. To investigate their anti-infection potential, the SeNPs were doped in silver coatings through an electroless plating process and the silver–selenium (Ag–Se) coatings were tested for antibacterial and antibiofilm properties against Staphylococcus aureus F1557 and Escherichia coli WT F1693 as well as corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid. It was found that the Ag–Se coating significantly inhibited S.aureus growth and biofilm formation on the surface, reducing 81.2% and 59.7% of viable bacterial adhesion when compared with Ag and Ag–PTFE-coated surfaces after 3 days. The Ag–Se coating also exhibited improved corrosion resistance compared with the Ag coating, leading to a controlled release of Ag+, which in turn reduced the risk of cytotoxicity against hFOBs. These results suggest that the fungal-derived SeNPs may have potential in use as implant coatings to prevent PTIs. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjin Liang
- The Bryden Centre, School of Chemical and Chemistry Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, BT9 7BL, Belfast, UK
| | - Geoffrey Michael Gadd
- Geomicrobiology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Pollution Control, College of Chemical Engineering and Environment, China University of Petroleum, 18 Fuxue Road, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China
| | - John McGrath
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5DL, United Kingdom
| | - David W Rooney
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
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13
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Wu T, Zhang X, Chen K, Chen Q, Yu Z, Feng C, Qi J, Zhang D. The antibacterial and wear-resistant nano-ZnO/PEEK composites were constructed by a simple two-step method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 126:104986. [PMID: 34856483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has excellent comprehensive properties, its non-antibacterial and low wear-resistant limit the wide application in the field of artificial joint materials. In this paper, Nano-ZnO was generated in situ on the surface of PEEK powder by one-step hydrothermal method, which improved the binding force of Nano-ZnO and PEEK matrix. Then the PEEK-based nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending with the synthesized Nano-ZnO-PEEK powders and PEEK powders. The microstructure, mechanical, biological and tribological properties of PEEK-based nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that the compressive strength of PEEK-based nanocomposites can reach up to 319.2 ± 2.4 MPa. Both PEEK and PEEK-based nanocomposites were non-toxic to cells. Meanwhile, PEEK-based nanocomposites showed good antibacterial activity against E.coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and the antibacterial activity was better with the increase of Nano-ZnO content. In addition, when the Nano-ZnO content was 5%, the wear rate of PEEK-based nanocomposites was about 68% lower than that of pure PEEK materials. Thus, PEEK-based nanocomposites has a dual function of good antibacterial property and excellent wear resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wu
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Chen
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Chen
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyang Yu
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunao Feng
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Qi
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Dekun Zhang
- School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China.
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Hydroxyapatite nanophases augmented with selenium and manganese ions for bone regeneration: Physiochemical, microstructural and biological characterization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 126:112149. [PMID: 34082960 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanopowders with different manganese (Mn) and selenium (Se) contents with Mn/Ca and Se/P molar ratio of 1 mol%, 2.5 mol% and 5 mol% were synthesized by wet-co-chemical precipitation method. The results revealed that with either Mn or Se doping, ion-substituted apatite phase was achieved with good crystallographic features. The combined evidence obtained from spectrometric techniques revealed that nanocrystalline HAP was effectively doped with Mn and Se ions, where Se in form of SeO32- replaced PO43- and Mn2+ replaced Ca2+. Mn and Se doped HAP samples exhibited rod-like and needle-like morphology with strong tendency to form agglomerates. HAP enriched with Mn and Se represented a strong antibacterial effect and also showed prominent blood compatibility. From the biocompatibility testing, it was evident that Mn and Se doped HAP augmented the osteoblasts adhesion, migration and proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. To conclude from this study, it is clearly evident that the doping amount of both Mn and Se ions can determine the size and morphology of the final HAP product. Therefore, Mn and Se HAP nanopowders with molar ratio less than 5 mol% without any heat treatment can provide good crystallographic features to HAP with satisfying micro-structural, thermal and biological properties.
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Three-Dimensional Printing of Hydroxyapatite Composites for Biomedical Application. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA) and HA-based nanocomposites have been recognized as ideal biomaterials in hard tissue engineering because of their compositional similarity to bioapatite. However, the traditional HA-based nanocomposites fabrication techniques still limit the utilization of HA in bone, cartilage, dental, applications, and other fields. In recent years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been shown to provide a fast, precise, controllable, and scalable fabrication approach for the synthesis of HA-based scaffolds. This review therefore explores available 3D printing technologies for the preparation of porous HA-based nanocomposites. In the present review, different 3D printed HA-based scaffolds composited with natural polymers and/or synthetic polymers are discussed. Furthermore, the desired properties of HA-based composites via 3D printing such as porosity, mechanical properties, biodegradability, and antibacterial properties are extensively explored. Lastly, the applications and the next generation of HA-based nanocomposites for tissue engineering are discussed.
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Vaquette C, Bock N, Tran PA. Layered Antimicrobial Selenium Nanoparticle-Calcium Phosphate Coating on 3D Printed Scaffolds Enhanced Bone Formation in Critical Size Defects. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:55638-55648. [PMID: 33270424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Preventing bacterial colonization on scaffolds while supporting tissue formation is highly desirable in tissue engineering as bacterial infection remains a clinically significant risk to any implanted biomaterials. Elemental selenium (Se0) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising antimicrobial biomaterial without tissue cell toxicity, yet it remains unknown if their biological properties are from soluble Se ions or from direct cell-nanoparticle interactions. To answer this question, in this study, we developed a layered coating consisting of a Se nanoparticle layer underneath a micrometer-thick, biomimetic calcium phosphate (CaP) layer. We showed, for the first time, that the release of soluble HSe- ions from the Se nanoparticles strongly inhibited planktonic growth and biofilm formation of key bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus. The Se-CaP coating was found to support higher bone formation than the CaP-only coating in critical-size calvarial defects in rats; this finding could be directly attributed to the released soluble Se ions as the CaP layers in both groups had no detectable differences in the porous morphology, chemistry, and release of Ca or P. The Se-CaP coating was highly versatile and applicable to various surface chemistries as it formed through simple precipitation from aqueous solutions at room temperature and therefore could be promising in bone regeneration scaffolds or orthopedic implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedryck Vaquette
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Nathalie Bock
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Phong A Tran
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Interface Science and Materials Engineering Group, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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Nie L, Chang P, Ji C, Zhang F, Zhou Q, Sun M, Sun Y, Politis C, Shavandi A. Poly(acrylic acid) capped iron oxide nanoparticles via ligand exchange with antibacterial properties for biofilm applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 197:111385. [PMID: 33049660 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm infections pose a rising threat to public health due to its existing protective shield, which preventing biocide penetration. Here, the oleate-capped iron oxide nanoparticles (OIONPs) were synthesized by the high-temperature method first; after then, the poly(acrylic acid)-capped iron oxide nanoparticles (PIONPs) were obtained via a ligand exchange reaction between OIONPs and sodium poly(acrylic acid). The physicochemical properties of PIONPs were evaluated by Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and zeta potential. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the successful ligand exchange on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles. STEM images displayed that the prepared PIONPs were monodisperse spherical nanoparticles. The PIONPs were stable in ultrapure water and could be kept for 5 weeks without aggregation. Next, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and fluorescent images confirmed the excellent cytocompatibility of PIONPs, while the iron concentration of PIONPs was in the range of 5∼120 mg/L. Finally, PIONPs exhibited efficient antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus Rosenbach (SASAR) biofilm could be destroyed by treating PIONPs under alternating current (AC) applied field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Nie
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China; Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium; Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pengbo Chang
- Zhengzhou Technical College, Zhengzhou 450010, China
| | - Chingching Ji
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie-Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fang Zhang
- College of Life Science & Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiuju Zhou
- Analysis & Testing Center, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Meng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Constantinus Politis
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, University of Leuven and Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven 3001, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- BioMatter Unit - École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
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