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Koch DW, Froneberger A, Berglund A, Connard S, Souther A, Schnabel LV. IL-1β + TGF-β2 dual-licensed mesenchymal stem cells have reduced major histocompatibility class I expression and positively modulate tenocyte migration, metabolism, and gene expression. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2024; 262:S61-S72. [PMID: 38547589 PMCID: PMC11187728 DOI: 10.2460/javma.23.12.0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objectives were to 1) determine the mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) surface expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and transcriptome-wide gene expression changes following IL-1β + TGF-β2 dual licensing and 2) evaluate if IL-1β + TGF-β2 dual-licensed MSCs had a greater ability to positively modulate tenocyte function compared to naive MSCs. SAMPLE Equine bone marrow-derived MSCs from 6 donors and equine superficial digital flexor tenocytes from 3 donors. METHODS Experiments were performed in vitro. Flow cytometry and bulk RNA sequencing were utilized to determine naive and dual-licensed MSC phenotype and transcriptome-wide changes in gene expression. Conditioned media were generated from MSCs and utilized in tenocyte cell culture assays as a method to determine the effect of MSC paracrine factors on tenocyte function. RESULTS Dual-licensed MSCs have a reduced expression of MHC class I and exhibit enrichment in functional pathways associated with the extracellular matrix, cell signaling, and tissue development. Additionally, dual-licensed MSC-conditioned media significantly improved in vitro tenocyte migration and metabolism to a greater degree than naive MSC-conditioned media. In tenocytes exposed to IL-1β, dual-licensed conditioned media also positively modulated tenocyte gene expression. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data indicate that conditioned media containing paracrine factors secreted from dual-licensed MSCs significantly modulates in vitro tenocyte function, which may confer benefits in vivo to healing tendons following injury. Additionally, due to reduced MHC class I expression in dual-licensed MSCs, this technique may also provide an avenue to provide an effective "off-the-shelf" allogenic source of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew W. Koch
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Anna Froneberger
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Alix Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Shannon Connard
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Alexis Souther
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Lauren V. Schnabel
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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2
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Mimpen JY, Ramos-Mucci L, Paul C, Kurjan A, Hulley PA, Ikwuanusi CT, Cohen CJ, Gwilym SE, Baldwin MJ, Cribbs AP, Snelling SJB. Single nucleus and spatial transcriptomic profiling of healthy human hamstring tendon. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23629. [PMID: 38742770 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300601rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular basis of health in human tendons remains poorly understood. Among human tendons, hamstring tendon has markedly low pathology and can provide a prototypic healthy tendon reference. The aim of this study was to determine the transcriptomes and location of all cell types in healthy hamstring tendon. Using single nucleus RNA sequencing, we profiled the transcriptomes of 10 533 nuclei from four healthy donors and identified 12 distinct cell types. We confirmed the presence of two fibroblast cell types, endothelial cells, mural cells, and immune cells, and identified cell types previously unreported in tendons, including different skeletal muscle cell types, satellite cells, adipocytes, and undefined nervous system cells. The location of these cell types within tendon was defined using spatial transcriptomics and imaging, and potential transcriptional networks and cell-cell interactions were analyzed. We demonstrate that fibroblasts have the highest number of potential cell-cell interactions in our dataset, are present throughout the tendon, and play an important role in the production and organization of extracellular matrix, thus confirming their role as key regulators of hamstring tendon homeostasis. Overall, our findings underscore the complexity of the cellular networks that underpin healthy human tendon function and the central role of fibroblasts as key regulators of hamstring tendon tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolet Y Mimpen
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lorenzo Ramos-Mucci
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claudia Paul
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alina Kurjan
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa A Hulley
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Carla J Cohen
- Centre for Computational Biology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Stephen E Gwilym
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mathew J Baldwin
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah J B Snelling
- The Botnar Institute of Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Beaumont RE, Smith EJ, Zhou L, Marr N, Thorpe CT, Guest DJ. Exogenous interleukin-1 beta stimulation regulates equine tenocyte function and gene expression in three-dimensional culture which can be rescued by pharmacological inhibition of interleukin 1 receptor, but not nuclear factor kappa B, signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1059-1078. [PMID: 37314623 PMCID: PMC11116237 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04779-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) impacts equine tenocyte function and global gene expression in vitro and determined if these effects could be rescued by pharmacologically inhibiting nuclear factor-κB (NF-KB) or interleukin 1 signalling. Equine superficial digital flexor tenocytes were cultured in three-dimensional (3D) collagen gels and stimulated with IL-1β for two-weeks, with gel contraction and interleukin 6 (IL6) measured throughout and transcriptomic analysis performed at day 14. The impact of three NF-KB inhibitors on gel contraction and IL6 secretion were measured in 3D culture, with NF-KB-P65 nuclear translocation by immunofluorescence and gene expression by qPCR measured in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. In addition, daily 3D gel contraction and transcriptomic analysis was performed on interleukin 1 receptor antagonist-treated 3D gels at day 14. IL-1β increased NF-KB-P65 nuclear translocation in 2D culture and IL6 secretion in 3D culture, but reduced daily tenocyte 3D gel contraction and impacted > 2500 genes at day 14, with enrichment for NF-KB signaling. Administering direct pharmacological inhibitors of NF-KB did reduce NF-KB-P65 nuclear translocation, but had no effect on 3D gel contraction or IL6 secretion in the presence of IL-1β. However, IL1Ra restored 3D gel contraction and partially rescued global gene expression. Tenocyte 3D gel contraction and gene expression is adversely impacted by IL-1β which can only be rescued by blockade of interleukin 1 receptor, but not NF-KB, signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Eric Beaumont
- Clinical Sciences and Service, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK.
| | - Emily Josephine Smith
- Clinical Sciences and Service, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Lexin Zhou
- Clinical Sciences and Service, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
| | - Neil Marr
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Chavaunne T Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Deborah Jane Guest
- Clinical Sciences and Service, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, AL9 7TA, Herts, UK
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4
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Koo BH, Lee YJ, Park NR, Heo SC, Hudson DM, Fernandes AA, Friday CS, Hast MW, Corr DT, Keene DR, Tufa SF, Dyment NA, Joeng KS. Characterization of TGFβ1-induced tendon-like structure in the scaffold-free three-dimensional tendon cell culture system. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9495. [PMID: 38664570 PMCID: PMC11045825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60221-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms regulating tenocyte differentiation and morphological maturation have not been well-established, partly due to the lack of reliable in vitro systems that produce highly aligned collagenous tissues. In this study, we developed a scaffold-free, three-dimensional (3D) tendon culture system using mouse tendon cells in a differentially adherent growth channel. Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGFβ) signaling is involved in various biological processes in the tendon, regulating tendon cell fate, recruitment and maintenance of tenocytes, and matrix organization. This known function of TGFβ signaling in tendon prompted us to utilize TGFβ1 to induce tendon-like structures in 3D tendon constructs. TGFβ1 treatment promoted a tendon-like structure in the peripheral layer of the constructs characterized by increased thickness with a gradual decrease in cell density and highly aligned collagen matrix. TGFβ1 also enhanced cell proliferation, matrix production, and morphological maturation of cells in the peripheral layer compared to vehicle treatment. TGFβ1 treatment also induced early tenogenic differentiation and resulted in sufficient mechanical integrity, allowing biomechanical testing. The current study suggests that this scaffold-free 3D tendon cell culture system could be an in vitro platform to investigate underlying biological mechanisms that regulate tenogenic cell differentiation and matrix organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hyeock Koo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Yeon-Ju Lee
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
- Research and Development Division, BioBricks Co., Ltd, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Rae Park
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cell and Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Chin Heo
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - David M Hudson
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aysel A Fernandes
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Chet S Friday
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Michael W Hast
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - David T Corr
- Center for Modeling, Simulation, and Imaging in Medicine (CeMSIM), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180-3590, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Children's, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Micro-Imaging Center, Shriners Children's, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Nathaniel A Dyment
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
| | - Kyu Sang Joeng
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA.
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5
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DiIorio SE, Young B, Parker JB, Griffin MF, Longaker MT. Understanding Tendon Fibroblast Biology and Heterogeneity. Biomedicines 2024; 12:859. [PMID: 38672213 PMCID: PMC11048404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tendon regeneration has emerged as an area of interest due to the challenging healing process of avascular tendon tissue. During tendon healing after injury, the formation of a fibrous scar can limit tendon strength and lead to subsequent complications. The specific biological mechanisms that cause fibrosis across different cellular subtypes within the tendon and across different tendons in the body continue to remain unknown. Herein, we review the current understanding of tendon healing, fibrosis mechanisms, and future directions for treatments. We summarize recent research on the role of fibroblasts throughout tendon healing and describe the functional and cellular heterogeneity of fibroblasts and tendons. The review notes gaps in tendon fibrosis research, with a focus on characterizing distinct fibroblast subpopulations in the tendon. We highlight new techniques in the field that can be used to enhance our understanding of complex tendon pathologies such as fibrosis. Finally, we explore bioengineering tools for tendon regeneration and discuss future areas for innovation. Exploring the heterogeneity of tendon fibroblasts on the cellular level can inform therapeutic strategies for addressing tendon fibrosis and ultimately reduce its clinical burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. DiIorio
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.D.); (B.Y.); (J.B.P.); (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bill Young
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.D.); (B.Y.); (J.B.P.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Jennifer B. Parker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.D.); (B.Y.); (J.B.P.); (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle F. Griffin
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.D.); (B.Y.); (J.B.P.); (M.F.G.)
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.D.); (B.Y.); (J.B.P.); (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Jarosz A, Balcerzyk-Matić A, Iwanicka J, Iwanicki T, Nowak T, Szyluk K, Kalita M, Górczyńska-Kosiorz S, Kania W, Niemiec P. Association between Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor Alpha Gene Polymorphisms and Platelet-Rich Plasma's Efficiency in Treating Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy-A Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4266. [PMID: 38673853 PMCID: PMC11050239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in the response to platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy can be observed among patients. The genetic background may be the cause of this variability. The current study focused on the impact of genetic variants on the effectiveness of PRP. The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) gene on the effectiveness of treating lateral elbow tendinopathy (LET) with PRP. The treatment's efficacy was analyzed over time (2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 52 and 104 weeks after the PRP injection) on 107 patients using patient-reported outcome measures (PROM) and achievement of a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). Four SNPs of the PDGFRA gene (rs7668190, rs6554164, rs869978 and rs1316926) were genotyped using the TaqMan assay method. Patients with the AA genotypes of the rs7668190 and the rs1316926 polymorphisms, as well as carriers of the T allele of rs6554164 showed greater effectiveness of PRP therapy than carriers of other genotypes. Moreover, the studied SNPs influenced the platelets' parameters both in whole blood and in PRP. These results showed that PDGFRA gene polymorphisms affect the effectiveness of PRP treatment. Genotyping the rs6554164 and the rs1316926 SNPs may be considered for use in individualized patient selection for PRP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Jarosz
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 18 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.J.); (A.B.-M.); (J.I.); (T.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Anna Balcerzyk-Matić
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 18 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.J.); (A.B.-M.); (J.I.); (T.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Joanna Iwanicka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 18 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.J.); (A.B.-M.); (J.I.); (T.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomasz Iwanicki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 18 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.J.); (A.B.-M.); (J.I.); (T.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Tomasz Nowak
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 18 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.J.); (A.B.-M.); (J.I.); (T.I.); (T.N.)
| | - Karol Szyluk
- District Hospital of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bytomska 62 Str., 41-940 Piekary Sląskie, Poland; (K.S.); (M.K.)
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 12 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marcin Kalita
- District Hospital of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Bytomska 62 Str., 41-940 Piekary Sląskie, Poland; (K.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Sylwia Górczyńska-Kosiorz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetology and Nephrology, School of Medicine with the Division of Dentistry in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Kania
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, Multidisciplinary Hospital in Jaworzno, Chełmońskiego 28 Str., 43-600 Jaworzno, Poland;
| | - Paweł Niemiec
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, School of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medykow 18 Str., 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (A.J.); (A.B.-M.); (J.I.); (T.I.); (T.N.)
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7
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Chen Z, Li M, Chen P, Tai A, Li J, Bassonga EL, Gao J, Liu D, Wood D, Kennedy BF, Zheng Q, Zheng MH. Mechanical overload-induced release of extracellular mitochondrial particles from tendon cells leads to inflammation in tendinopathy. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:583-599. [PMID: 38424192 PMCID: PMC10985099 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, and mechanical overload is considered its primary cause. However, the underlying mechanism through which mechanical overload induces tendinopathy has not been determined. In this study, we identified for the first time that tendon cells can release extracellular mitochondria (ExtraMito) particles, a subtype of medium extracellular particles (mEPs), into the environment through a process regulated by mechanical loading. RNA sequencing systematically revealed that oxygen-related reactions, extracellular particles, and inflammation were present in diseased human tendons, suggesting that these factors play a role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. We simulated the disease condition by imposing a 9% strain overload on three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs in our cyclic uniaxial stretching bioreactor. The three-dimensional mouse tendon constructs under normal loading with 6% strain exhibited an extended mitochondrial network, as observed through live-cell confocal laser scanning microscopy. In contrast, mechanical overload led to a fragmented mitochondrial network. Our microscopic and immunoblot results demonstrated that mechanical loading induced tendon cells to release ExtraMito particles. Furthermore, we showed that mEPs released from tendon cells overloaded with a 9% strain (mEP9%) induced macrophage chemotaxis and increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, CXCL1, and IL-18, from macrophages compared to mEP0%, mEP3%, and mEP6%. Partial depletion of the ExtraMito particles from mEP9% by magnetic-activated cell sorting significantly reduced macrophage chemotaxis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment preserved the mitochondrial network in overloaded tendon cells, diminishing overload-induced macrophage chemotaxis toward mEP9%. These findings revealed a novel mechanism of tendinopathy; in an overloaded environment, ExtraMito particles convey mechanical response signals from tendon cells to the immune microenvironment, culminating in tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Department of Joint Osteopathy and Traumatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Peilin Chen
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew Tai
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jiayue Li
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Euphemie Landao Bassonga
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Junjie Gao
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David Wood
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, and Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100, Torun, Poland
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- Department of Joint Osteopathy and Traumatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ming H Zheng
- Centre for Orthopaedic Research, School of Surgery, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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8
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Zamboulis DE, Marr N, Lenzi L, Birch HL, Screen HRC, Clegg PD, Thorpe CT. The Interfascicular Matrix of Energy Storing Tendons Houses Heterogenous Cell Populations Disproportionately Affected by Aging. Aging Dis 2024; 15:295-310. [PMID: 37307816 PMCID: PMC10796100 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0425-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Energy storing tendons such as the human Achilles and equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) are prone to injury, with incidence increasing with aging, peaking in the 5th decade of life in the human Achilles tendon. The interfascicular matrix (IFM), which binds tendon fascicles, plays a key role in energy storing tendon mechanics, and aging alterations to the IFM negatively impact tendon function. While the mechanical role of the IFM in tendon function is well-established, the biological role of IFM-resident cell populations remains to be elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify IFM-resident cell populations and establish how these populations are affected by aging. Cells from young and old SDFTs were subjected to single cell RNA-sequencing, and immunolabelling for markers of each resulting population used to localise cell clusters. Eleven cell clusters were identified, including tenocytes, endothelial cells, mural cells, and immune cells. One tenocyte cluster localised to the fascicular matrix, whereas nine clusters localised to the IFM. Interfascicular tenocytes and mural cells were preferentially affected by aging, with differential expression of genes related to senescence, dysregulated proteostasis and inflammation. This is the first study to establish heterogeneity in IFM cell populations, and to identify age-related alterations specific to IFM-localised cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danae E. Zamboulis
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Neil Marr
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Luca Lenzi
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Helen L. Birch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, HA7 4LP, UK.
| | - Hazel R. C. Screen
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Peter D. Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal and AgingScience, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.
| | - Chavaunne T. Thorpe
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
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9
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Darrieutort-Laffite C, Blanchard F, Soslowsky LJ, Le Goff B. Biology and physiology of tendon healing. Joint Bone Spine 2024; 91:105696. [PMID: 38307405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2024.105696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Tendon disorders affect people of all ages, from elite and recreational athletes and workers to elderly patients. After an acute injury, 3 successive phases are described to achieve healing: an inflammatory phase followed by a proliferative phase, and finally by a remodeling phase. Despite this process, healed tendon fails to recover its original mechanical properties. In this review, we proposed to describe the key factors involved in the process such as cells, transcription factors, extracellular matrix components, cytokines and growth factors and vascularization among others. A better understanding of this healing process could help provide new therapeutic approaches to improve patients' recovery while tendon disorders management remains a medical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Darrieutort-Laffite
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Oniris, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Inserm, CHU de Nantes, Nantes université, 44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Frédéric Blanchard
- Oniris, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Inserm, CHU de Nantes, Nantes université, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Louis J Soslowsky
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benoit Le Goff
- Service de rhumatologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France; Oniris, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton, RMeS, UMR 1229, Inserm, CHU de Nantes, Nantes université, 44000 Nantes, France
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10
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Engquist EN, Greco A, Joosten LAB, van Engelen BGM, Zammit PS, Banerji CRS. FSHD muscle shows perturbation in fibroadipogenic progenitor cells, mitochondrial function and alternative splicing independently of inflammation. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:182-197. [PMID: 37856562 PMCID: PMC10772042 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddad175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a prevalent, incurable myopathy. FSHD is highly heterogeneous, with patients following a variety of clinical trajectories, complicating clinical trials. Skeletal muscle in FSHD undergoes fibrosis and fatty replacement that can be accelerated by inflammation, adding to heterogeneity. Well controlled molecular studies are thus essential to both categorize FSHD patients into distinct subtypes and understand pathomechanisms. Here, we further analyzed RNA-sequencing data from 24 FSHD patients, each of whom donated a biopsy from both a non-inflamed (TIRM-) and inflamed (TIRM+) muscle, and 15 FSHD patients who donated peripheral blood mononucleated cells (PBMCs), alongside non-affected control individuals. Differential gene expression analysis identified suppression of mitochondrial biogenesis and up-regulation of fibroadipogenic progenitor (FAP) gene expression in FSHD muscle, which was particularly marked on inflamed samples. PBMCs demonstrated suppression of antigen presentation in FSHD. Gene expression deconvolution revealed FAP expansion as a consistent feature of FSHD muscle, via meta-analysis of 7 independent transcriptomic datasets. Clustering of muscle biopsies separated patients in an unbiased manner into clinically mild and severe subtypes, independently of known disease modifiers (age, sex, D4Z4 repeat length). Lastly, the first genome-wide analysis of alternative splicing in FSHD muscle revealed perturbation of autophagy, BMP2 and HMGB1 signalling. Overall, our findings reveal molecular subtypes of FSHD with clinical relevance and identify novel pathomechanisms for this highly heterogeneous condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise N Engquist
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Greco
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS) and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6525 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Peter S Zammit
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R S Banerji
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
- The Alan Turing Institute, The British Library, 96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB, United Kingdom
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11
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Cherief M, Xu J, Li Z, Tower RJ, Ramesh S, Qin Q, Gomez-Salazar M, Yea JH, Lee S, Negri S, Xu M, Price T, Kendal AR, Fan CM, Clemens TL, Levi B, James AW. TrkA-mediated sensory innervation of injured mouse tendon supports tendon sheath progenitor cell expansion and tendon repair. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eade4619. [PMID: 38117901 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.ade4619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral neurons terminate at the surface of tendons partly to relay nociceptive pain signals; however, the role of peripheral nerves in tendon injury and repair remains unclear. Here, we show that after Achilles tendon injury in mice, there is new nerve growth near tendon cells that express nerve growth factor (NGF). Conditional deletion of the Ngf gene in either myeloid or mesenchymal mouse cells limited both innervation and tendon repair. Similarly, inhibition of the NGF receptor tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) abrogated tendon healing in mouse tendon injury. Sural nerve transection blocked the postinjury increase in tendon sensory innervation and the expansion of tendon sheath progenitor cells (TSPCs) expressing tubulin polymerization promoting protein family member 3. Single cell and spatial transcriptomics revealed that disruption of sensory innervation resulted in dysregulated inflammatory signaling and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signaling in injured mouse tendon. Culture of mouse TSPCs with conditioned medium from dorsal root ganglia neuron further supported a role for neuronal mediators and TGFβ signaling in TSPC proliferation. Transcriptomic and histologic analyses of injured human tendon biopsy samples supported a role for innervation and TGFβ signaling in human tendon regeneration. Last, treating mice after tendon injury systemically with a small-molecule partial agonist of TrkA increased neurovascular response, TGFβ signaling, TSPC expansion, and tendon tissue repair. Although further studies should investigate the potential effects of denervation on mechanical loading of tendon, our results suggest that peripheral innervation is critical for the regenerative response after acute tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masnsen Cherief
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jiajia Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhao Li
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Tower
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sowmya Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Qizhi Qin
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Ji-Hye Yea
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seungyong Lee
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Stefano Negri
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University of Verona, Verona 37129, Italy
| | - Mingxin Xu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Theodore Price
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75080, USA
| | - Adrian R Kendal
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Chen-Ming Fan
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD 21208, USA
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Benjamin Levi
- Center for Organogenesis and Trauma, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Aaron W James
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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12
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Mienaltowski MJ, Callahan M, Gonzales NL, Wong A. Examining the Potential of Vitamin C Supplementation in Tissue-Engineered Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon Constructs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17098. [PMID: 38069418 PMCID: PMC10707379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because equine tendinopathies are slow to heal and often recur, therapeutic strategies are being considered that aid tendon repair. Given the success of utilizing vitamin C to promote tenogenesis in other species, we hypothesized that vitamin C supplementation would produce dose-dependent improvements in the tenogenic properties of tendon proper (TP) and peritenon (PERI) cells of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). Equine TP- and PERI-progenitor-cell-seeded fibrin three-dimensional constructs were supplemented with four concentrations of vitamin C. The gene expression profiles of the constructs were assessed with 3'-Tag-Seq and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); collagen content and fibril ultrastructure were also analyzed. Moreover, cells were challenged with dexamethasone to determine the levels of cytoprotection afforded by vitamin C. Expression profiling demonstrated that vitamin C had an anti-inflammatory effect on TP and PERI cell constructs. Moreover, vitamin C supplementation mitigated the degenerative pathways seen in tendinopathy and increased collagen content in tendon constructs. When challenged with dexamethasone in two-dimensional culture, vitamin C had a cytoprotective effect for TP cells but not necessarily for PERI cells. Future studies will explore the effects of vitamin C on these cells during inflammation and within the tendon niche in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Mienaltowski
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell Callahan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nicole L. Gonzales
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelique Wong
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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13
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Steffen D, Mienaltowski M, Baar K. Spatial gene expression in the adult rat patellar tendon. Matrix Biol Plus 2023; 19-20:100138. [PMID: 38124714 PMCID: PMC10731370 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2023.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons are dense connective tissues with relatively few cells which makes studying the molecular profile of the tissue challenging. There is not a consensus on the spatial location of various cell types within a tendon, nor the accompanying transcriptional profile. In the present study, we used two male rat patellar tendon samples for sequencing-based spatial transcriptomics to determine the gene expression profile. We integrated our data with a mouse Achilles single cell dataset to predict the cell type composition of the patellar tendon as a function of location within the tissue. The spatial location of the predicated cell types suggested that there were two populations of tendon fibroblasts, one located in the tendon midsubstance, while the other localized with red blood cells, pericytes, and immune cells to the tendon peripheral connective tissue. Of the highest expressed spatially variable genes, there were multiple genes with known function in tendon: Col1a1, Col1a2, Dcn, Fmod, Sparc, and Comp. Further, a novel spatially regulated gene (AABR07000398.1) with no known function was identified. The spatial gene expression of tendon associated genes (Scx, Thbs4, Tnmd, Can, Bgn, Lum, Adamts2, Lox, Ppib, Col2a1, Col3a1, Col6a2) was also visualized. Both patellar tendon samples had similar expression patterns for all these genes. This dataset provides new spatial insights into gene expression in a healthy tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Steffen
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Michael Mienaltowski
- Department of Animal Science, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA 95655, United States
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14
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Baldwin M, Buckley CD, Guilak F, Hulley P, Cribbs AP, Snelling S. A roadmap for delivering a human musculoskeletal cell atlas. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2023; 19:738-752. [PMID: 37798481 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-023-01031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in single-cell technologies have transformed the ability to identify the individual cell types present within tissues and organs. The musculoskeletal bionetwork, part of the wider Human Cell Atlas project, aims to create a detailed map of the healthy musculoskeletal system at a single-cell resolution throughout tissue development and across the human lifespan, with complementary generation of data from diseased tissues. Given the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, this detailed reference dataset will be critical to understanding normal musculoskeletal function in growth, homeostasis and ageing. The endeavour will also help to identify the cellular basis for disease and lay the foundations for novel therapeutic approaches to treating diseases of the joints, soft tissues and bone. Here, we present a Roadmap delineating the critical steps required to construct the first draft of a human musculoskeletal cell atlas. We describe the key challenges involved in mapping the extracellular matrix-rich, but cell-poor, tissues of the musculoskeletal system, outline early milestones that have been achieved and describe the vision and directions for a comprehensive musculoskeletal cell atlas. By embracing cutting-edge technologies, integrating diverse datasets and fostering international collaborations, this endeavour has the potential to drive transformative changes in musculoskeletal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Baldwin
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Shriners Hospitals for Children, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Philippa Hulley
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam P Cribbs
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarah Snelling
- The Botnar Institute for Musculoskeletal Sciences, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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15
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Szczesny SE, Corr DT. Tendon cell and tissue culture: Perspectives and recommendations. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2093-2104. [PMID: 36794495 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The wide variety of cell and tissue culture systems used to study and engineer tendons can make it difficult to choose the best approach and "optimal" culture conditions to test a given hypothesis. Therefore, a breakout session was organized at the 2022 ORS Tendon Section Meeting that focused on establishing a set of guidelines for conducting cell and tissue culture studies of tendon. This paper summarizes the outcomes of that discussion and presents recommendations for future studies. In the case of studying tendon cell behavior, cell and tissue culture systems are reductionist models in which the culture conditions should be strictly defined to approximate the in vivo condition as closely as possible. In contrast, for tissue engineering tendon replacements, the culture conditions do not need to replicate native tendon, but the outcome measures for success should be narrowly defined for the specific clinical application. Common recommendations for both applications are that researchers should perform a baseline phenotypic characterization of the cells that are ultimately used for experimentation. For models of tendon cell behavior, culture conditions should be well justified by existing literature and meticulously reported, tissue explant viability should be assessed, and comparisons to in vivo conditions should be made to determine baseline physiological relevance. For tissue engineering applications, the functional/structural/compositional outcome targets should be defined by the specific tendons they seek to replace, with key biologic and material properties prioritized for construct assessment. Lastly, when engineering tendon replacements, researchers should utilize clinically approved cGMP materials to facilitate clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E Szczesny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David T Corr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
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16
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Huang AH, Galloway JL. Current and emerging technologies for defining and validating tendon cell fate. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:2082-2092. [PMID: 37211925 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The tendon field has been flourishing in recent years with the advent of new tools and model systems. The recent ORS 2022 Tendon Section Conference brought together researchers from diverse disciplines and backgrounds, showcasing studies in biomechanics and tissue engineering to cell and developmental biology and using models from zebrafish and mouse to humans. This perspective aims to summarize progress in tendon research as it pertains to understanding and studying tendon cell fate. The successful integration of new technologies and approaches have the potential to further propel tendon research into a new renaissance of discovery. However, there are also limitations with the current methodologies that are important to consider when tackling research questions. Altogether, we will highlight recent advances and technologies and propose new avenues to explore tendon biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jenna L Galloway
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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17
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Johnson PA, Ackerman JE, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Coles M, Buckley CD, Dakin SG. Three-dimensional, in-vitro approaches for modelling soft-tissue joint diseases. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2023; 5:e553-e563. [PMID: 38251499 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Diseases affecting the soft tissues of the joint represent a considerable global health burden, causing pain and disability and increasing the likelihood of developing metabolic comorbidities. Current approaches to investigating the cellular basis of joint diseases, including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, tendinopathy, and arthrofibrosis, involve well phenotyped human tissues, animal disease models, and in-vitro tissue culture models. Inherent challenges in preclinical drug discovery have driven the development of state-of-the-art, in-vitro human tissue models to rapidly advance therapeutic target discovery. The clinical potential of such models has been substantiated through successful recapitulation of the pathobiology of cancers, generating accurate predictions of patient responses to therapeutics and providing a basis for equivalent musculoskeletal models. In this Review, we discuss the requirement to develop physiologically relevant three-dimensional (3D) culture systems that could advance understanding of the cellular and molecular basis of diseases that affect the soft tissues of the joint. We discuss the practicalities and challenges associated with modelling the complex extracellular matrix of joint tissues-including cartilage, synovium, tendon, and ligament-highlighting the importance of considering the joint as a whole organ to encompass crosstalk across tissues and between diverse cell types. The design of bespoke in-vitro models for soft-tissue joint diseases has the potential to inform functional studies of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying disease onset, progression, and resolution. Use of these models could inform precision therapeutic targeting and advance the field towards personalised medicine for patients with common musculoskeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica E Ackerman
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Mark Coles
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher D Buckley
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie G Dakin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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18
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Shojaee A. Equine tendon mechanical behaviour: Prospects for repair and regeneration applications. Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:2053-2069. [PMID: 37471573 PMCID: PMC10508504 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons are dense connective tissues that play an important role in the biomechanical function of the musculoskeletal system. The mechanical forces have been implicated in every aspect of tendon biology. Tendon injuries are frequently occurring and their response to treatments is often unsatisfactory. A better understanding of tendon biomechanics and mechanobiology can help develop treatment options to improve clinical outcomes. Recently, tendon tissue engineering has gained more attention as an alternative treatment due to its potential to overcome the limitations of current treatments. This review first provides a summary of tendon mechanical properties, focusing on recent findings of tendon mechanobiological responses. In the next step, we highlight the biomechanical parameters of equine energy-storing and positional tendons. The final section is devoted to how mechanical loading contributes to tenogenic differentiation using bioreactor systems. This study may help develop novel strategies for tendon injury prevention or accelerate and improve tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiyeh Shojaee
- Division of PhysiologyDepartment of Basic SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineFerdowsi University of MashhadMashhadIran
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19
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Parker JB, Valencia C, Akras D, DiIorio SE, Griffin MF, Longaker MT, Wan DC. Understanding Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Form and Function. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2264. [PMID: 37626760 PMCID: PMC10452440 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically believed to be a homogeneous cell type that is often overlooked, fibroblasts are more and more understood to be heterogeneous in nature. Though the mechanisms behind how fibroblasts participate in homeostasis and pathology are just beginning to be understood, these cells are believed to be highly dynamic and play key roles in fibrosis and remodeling. Focusing primarily on fibroblasts within the skin and during wound healing, we describe the field's current understanding of fibroblast heterogeneity in form and function. From differences due to embryonic origins to anatomical variations, we explore the diverse contributions that fibroblasts have in fibrosis and plasticity. Following this, we describe molecular techniques used in the field to provide deeper insights into subpopulations of fibroblasts and their varied roles in complex processes such as wound healing. Limitations to current work are also discussed, with a focus on future directions that investigators are recommended to take in order to gain a deeper understanding of fibroblast biology and to develop potential targets for translational applications in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Parker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Caleb Valencia
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Deena Akras
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Sarah E. DiIorio
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle F. Griffin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Michael T. Longaker
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
| | - Derrick C. Wan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA (M.F.G.)
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20
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Momen M, Brauer K, Patterson MM, Sample SJ, Binversie EE, Davis BW, Cothran EG, Rosa GJM, Brounts SH, Muir P. Genetic architecture and polygenic risk score prediction of degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD) in the Peruvian Horse. Front Genet 2023; 14:1201628. [PMID: 37645058 PMCID: PMC10460910 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1201628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Spontaneous rupture of tendons and ligaments is common in several species including humans. In horses, degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis (DSLD) is an important acquired idiopathic disease of a major energy-storing tendon-like structure. DSLD risk is increased in several breeds, including the Peruvian Horse. Affected horses have often been used for breeding before the disease is apparent. Breed predisposition suggests a substantial genetic contribution, but heritability and genetic architecture of DSLD have not been determined. Methods: To identify genomic regions associated with DSLD, we recruited a reference population of 183 Peruvian Horses, phenotyped as DSLD cases or controls, and undertook a genome-wide association study (GWAS), a regional window variance analysis using local genomic partitioning, a signatures of selection (SOS) analysis, and polygenic risk score (PRS) prediction of DSLD risk. We also estimated trait heritability from pedigrees. Results: Heritability was estimated in a population of 1,927 Peruvian horses at 0.22 ± 0.08. After establishing a permutation-based threshold for genome-wide significance, 151 DSLD risk single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by GWAS. Multiple regions of enriched local heritability were identified across the genome, with strong enrichment signals on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22, and the X chromosome. With SOS analysis, there were 66 genes with a selection signature in DSLD cases that was not present in the control group that included the TGFB3 gene. Pathways enriched in DSLD cases included proteoglycan metabolism, extracellular matrix homeostasis, and signal transduction pathways that included the hedgehog signaling pathway. The best PRS predictive performance was obtained when we fitted 1% of top SNPs using a Bayesian Ridge Regression model which achieved the highest mean of R2 on both the probit and logit liability scales, indicating a strong predictive performance. Discussion: We conclude that within-breed GWAS of DSLD in the Peruvian Horse has further confirmed that moderate heritability and a polygenic architecture underlies the trait and identified multiple DSLD SNP associations in novel tendinopathy candidate genes influencing disease risk. Pathways enriched with DSLD risk variants include ones that influence glycosaminoglycan metabolism, extracellular matrix homeostasis, signal transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Momen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kiley Brauer
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Margaret M. Patterson
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Susannah J. Sample
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Emily E. Binversie
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Brian W. Davis
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - E. Gus Cothran
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Guilherme J. M. Rosa
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sabrina H. Brounts
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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21
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Fu W, Yang R, Li J. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal changes in cell heterogeneity during progression of human tendinopathy. BMC Biol 2023; 21:132. [PMID: 37280595 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01613-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Musculoskeletal tissue degeneration impairs the life quality and motor function of many people, especially seniors and athletes. Tendinopathy is one of the most common diseases associated with musculoskeletal tissue degeneration, representing a major global healthcare burden that affects both athletes and the general population, with the clinical presentation of long-term recurring chronic pain and decreased tolerance to activity. The cellular and molecular mechanisms at the basis of the disease process remain elusive. Here, we use a single-cell and spatial RNA sequencing approach to provide a further understanding of cellular heterogeneity and molecular mechanisms underlying tendinopathy progression. RESULTS To explore the changes in tendon homeostasis during the tendinopathy process, we built a cell atlas of healthy and diseased human tendons using single-cell RNA sequencing of approximately 35,000 cells and explored the variations of cell subtypes' spatial distributions using spatial RNA sequencing. We identified and localized different tenocyte subpopulations in normal and lesioned tendons, found different differentiation trajectories of tendon stem/progenitor cells in normal/diseased tendons, and revealed the spatial location relationship between stromal cells and diseased tenocytes. We deciphered the progression of tendinopathy at a single-cell level, which is characterized by inflammatory infiltration, followed by chondrogenesis and finally endochondral ossification. We found diseased tissue-specific endothelial cell subsets and macrophages as potential therapeutic targets. CONCLUSIONS This cell atlas provides the molecular foundation for investigating how tendon cell identities, biochemical functions, and interactions contributed to the tendinopathy process. The discoveries revealed the pathogenesis of tendinopathy at single-cell and spatial levels, which is characterized by inflammatory infiltration, followed by chondrogenesis, and finally endochondral ossification. Our results provide new insights into the control of tendinopathy and potential clues to developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Runze Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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22
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Vinhas A, Almeida AF, Rodrigues MT, Gomes ME. Prospects of magnetically based approaches addressing inflammation in tendon tissues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 196:114815. [PMID: 37001644 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Tendon afflictions constitute a significant share of musculoskeletal diseases and represent a primary cause of incapacity worldwide. Unresolved/chronic inflammatory states have been associated with the onset and progression of tendon disorders, contributing to undesirable immune stimulation and detrimental tissue effects. Thus, targeting persistent inflammatory events could assist important developments to solve pathophysiological processes and innovative therapeutics to address impaired healing and accomplish complete tendon regeneration. This review overviews the impact of inflammation and inflammatory mediators in tendon niches, unveiling the importance of tendon cell populations and their signature features, and the influence of microenvironmental factors on inflamed and injured tendons. The demand for non-invasive instructive strategies to manage persistent inflammatory mediators, guide inflammatory pathways, and modulate cellular responses will also be approached by exploring the role of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF). PEMF alone or combined with more sophisticated systems triggered by magnetic fields will be considered in the design of successful therapies to control inflammation in tendinopathic conditions.
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23
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Savadipour A, Palmer D, Ely EV, Collins KH, Garcia-Castorena JM, Harissa Z, Kim YS, Oestrich A, Qu F, Rashidi N, Guilak F. The role of PIEZO ion channels in the musculoskeletal system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C728-C740. [PMID: 36717101 PMCID: PMC10027092 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00544.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 are mechanosensitive cation channels that are highly expressed in numerous tissues throughout the body and exhibit diverse, cell-specific functions in multiple organ systems. Within the musculoskeletal system, PIEZO1 functions to maintain muscle and bone mass, sense tendon stretch, and regulate senescence and apoptosis in response to mechanical stimuli within cartilage and the intervertebral disc. PIEZO2 is essential for transducing pain and touch sensations as well as proprioception in the nervous system, which can affect musculoskeletal health. PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 have been shown to act both independently as well as synergistically in different cell types. Conditions that alter PIEZO channel mechanosensitivity, such as inflammation or genetic mutations, can have drastic effects on these functions. For this reason, therapeutic approaches for PIEZO-related disease focus on altering PIEZO1 and/or PIEZO2 activity in a controlled manner, either through inhibition with small molecules, or through dietary control and supplementation to maintain a healthy cell membrane composition. Although many opportunities to better understand PIEZO1 and PIEZO2 remain, the studies summarized in this review highlight how crucial PIEZO channels are to musculoskeletal health and point to promising possible avenues for their modulation as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Savadipour
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Daniel Palmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Erica V Ely
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Kelsey H Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Jaquelin M Garcia-Castorena
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Zainab Harissa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Yu Seon Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Arin Oestrich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Feini Qu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Neda Rashidi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Farshid Guilak
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Shriners Hospitals for Children - St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Center of Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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24
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Hodgson R, Crockford TL, Bhandari A, Kepple JD, Back J, Cawthorne E, Abeler-Dörner L, Laing AG, Clare S, Speak A, Adams DJ, Dougan G, Hayday AC, Deobagkar-Lele M, Cornall RJ, Bull KR. Prolidase Deficiency Causes Spontaneous T Cell Activation and Lupus-like Autoimmunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:547-557. [PMID: 36637239 PMCID: PMC9946897 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Prolidase deficiency (PD) is a multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the PEPD gene, which encodes a ubiquitously expressed metallopeptidase essential for the hydrolysis of dipeptides containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline. PD typically presents in childhood with developmental delay, skin ulcers, recurrent infections, and, in some patients, autoimmune features that can mimic systemic lupus erythematosus. The basis for the autoimmune association is uncertain, but might be due to self-antigen exposure with tissue damage, or indirectly driven by chronic infection and microbial burden. In this study, we address the question of causation and show that Pepd-null mice have increased antinuclear autoantibodies and raised serum IgA, accompanied by kidney immune complex deposition, consistent with a systemic lupus erythematosus-like disease. These features are associated with an accumulation of CD4 and CD8 effector T cells in the spleen and liver. Pepd deficiency leads to spontaneous T cell activation and proliferation into the effector subset, which is cell intrinsic and independent of Ag receptor specificity or antigenic stimulation. However, an increase in KLRG1+ effector CD8 cells is not observed in mixed chimeras, in which the autoimmune phenotype is also absent. Our findings link autoimmune susceptibility in PD to spontaneous T cell dysfunction, likely to be acting in combination with immune activators that lie outside the hemopoietic system but result from the abnormal metabolism or loss of nonenzymatic prolidase function. This knowledge provides insight into the role of prolidase in the maintenance of self-tolerance and highlights the importance of treatment to control T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Hodgson
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tanya L. Crockford
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aneesha Bhandari
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica D. Kepple
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Back
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Cawthorne
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam G. Laing
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mukta Deobagkar-Lele
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Cornall
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine R. Bull
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Abbassi-Daloii T, el Abdellaoui S, Voortman LM, Veeger TTJ, Cats D, Mei H, Meuffels DE, van Arkel E, 't Hoen PAC, Kan HE, Raz V. A transcriptome atlas of leg muscles from healthy human volunteers reveals molecular and cellular signatures associated with muscle location. eLife 2023; 12:80500. [PMID: 36744868 PMCID: PMC9988256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles support the stability and mobility of the skeleton but differ in biomechanical properties and physiological functions. The intrinsic factors that regulate muscle-specific characteristics are poorly understood. To study these, we constructed a large atlas of RNA-seq profiles from six leg muscles and two locations from one muscle, using biopsies from 20 healthy young males. We identified differential expression patterns and cellular composition across the seven tissues using three bioinformatics approaches confirmed by large-scale newly developed quantitative immune-histology procedures. With all three procedures, the muscle samples clustered into three groups congruent with their anatomical location. Concomitant with genes marking oxidative metabolism, genes marking fast- or slow-twitch myofibers differed between the three groups. The groups of muscles with higher expression of slow-twitch genes were enriched in endothelial cells and showed higher capillary content. In addition, expression profiles of Homeobox (HOX) transcription factors differed between the three groups and were confirmed by spatial RNA hybridization. We created an open-source graphical interface to explore and visualize the leg muscle atlas (https://tabbassidaloii.shinyapps.io/muscleAtlasShinyApp/). Our study reveals the molecular specialization of human leg muscles, and provides a novel resource to study muscle-specific molecular features, which could be linked with (patho)physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salma el Abdellaoui
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Lenard M Voortman
- Division of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Thom TJ Veeger
- C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Davy Cats
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Hailiang Mei
- Sequencing Analysis Support Core, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Duncan E Meuffels
- Orthopedic and Sport Medicine Department, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center RotterdamRotterdamNetherlands
| | | | - Peter AC 't Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical CenterRadboudNetherlands
| | - Hermien E Kan
- C.J. Gorter MRI Center, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Duchenne Center NetherlandsLeidenNetherlands
| | - Vered Raz
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
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26
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Nichols AE, Wagner NW, Ketonis C, Loiselle AE. Epitenon-derived cells comprise a distinct progenitor population that contributes to both tendon fibrosis and regeneration following acute injury. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.30.526242. [PMID: 36778469 PMCID: PMC9915485 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.30.526242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Flexor tendon injuries are common and heal poorly owing to both the deposition of function- limiting peritendinous scar tissue and insufficient healing of the tendon itself. Therapeutic options are limited due to a lack of understanding of the cell populations that contribute to these processes. Here, we identified a bi-fated progenitor cell population that originates from the epitenon and goes on to contribute to both peritendinous fibrosis and regenerative tendon healing following acute tendon injury. Using a combination of genetic lineage tracing and single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq), we profiled the behavior and contributions of each cell fate to the healing process in a spatio-temporal manner. Branched pseudotime trajectory analysis identified distinct transcription factors responsible for regulation of each fate. Finally, integrated scRNA-seq analysis of mouse healing with human peritendinous scar tissue revealed remarkable transcriptional similarity between mouse epitenon- derived cells and fibroblasts present in human peritendinous scar tissue, which was further validated by immunofluorescent staining for conserved markers. Combined, these results clearly identify the epitenon as the cellular origin of an important progenitor cell population that could be leveraged to improve tendon healing.
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27
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Application of Single-Cell and Spatial Omics in Musculoskeletal Disorder Research. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032271. [PMID: 36768592 PMCID: PMC9917071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal disorders, including fractures, scoliosis, heterotopic ossification, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, disc degeneration, and muscular injury, etc., can occur at any stage of human life. Understanding the occurrence and development mechanism of musculoskeletal disorders, as well as the changes in tissues and cells during therapy, might help us find targeted treatment methods. Single-cell techniques provide excellent tools for studying alterations at the cellular level of disorders. However, the application of these techniques in research on musculoskeletal disorders is still limited. This review summarizes the current single-cell and spatial omics used in musculoskeletal disorders. Cell isolation, experimental methods, and feasible experimental designs for single-cell studies of musculoskeletal system diseases have been reviewed based on tissue characteristics. Then, the paper summarizes the latest findings of single-cell studies in musculoskeletal disorders from three aspects: bone and ossification, joint, and muscle and tendon disorders. Recent discoveries about the cell populations involved in these diseases are highlighted. Furthermore, the therapeutic responses of musculoskeletal disorders, especially single-cell changes after the treatments of implants, stem cell therapies, and drugs are described. Finally, the application potential and future development directions of single-cell and spatial omics in research on musculoskeletal diseases are discussed.
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28
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Korcari A, Nichols AEC, Buckley MR, Loiselle AE. Scleraxis-lineage cells are required for tendon homeostasis and their depletion induces an accelerated extracellular matrix aging phenotype. eLife 2023; 12:e84194. [PMID: 36656751 PMCID: PMC9908079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aged tendons have disrupted homeostasis, increased injury risk, and impaired healing capacity. Understanding mechanisms of homeostatic disruption is crucial for developing therapeutics to retain tendon health through the lifespan. Here, we developed a novel model of accelerated tendon extracellular matrix (ECM) aging via depletion of Scleraxis-lineage cells in young mice (Scx-DTR). Scx-DTR recapitulates many aspects of tendon aging including comparable declines in cellularity, alterations in ECM structure, organization, and composition. Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated a conserved decline in tenocytes associated with ECM biosynthesis in aged and Scx-DTR tendons, identifying the requirement for Scleraxis-lineage cells during homeostasis. However, the remaining cells in aged and Scx-DTR tendons demonstrate functional divergence. Aged tenocytes become pro-inflammatory and lose proteostasis. In contrast, tenocytes from Scx-DTR tendons demonstrate enhanced remodeling capacity. Collectively, this study defines Scx-DTR as a novel model of accelerated tendon ECM aging and identifies novel biological intervention points to maintain tendon function through the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonion Korcari
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Anne EC Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
| | - Mark R Buckley
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical CenterRochesterUnited States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
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29
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Marr N, Zamboulis DE, Werling D, Felder AA, Dudhia J, Pitsillides AA, Thorpe CT. The tendon interfascicular basement membrane provides a vascular niche for CD146+ cell subpopulations. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 10:1094124. [PMID: 36699014 PMCID: PMC9869387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1094124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The interfascicular matrix (IFM; also known as the endotenon) is critical to the mechanical adaptations and response to load in energy-storing tendons, such as the human Achilles and equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT). We hypothesized that the IFM is a tendon progenitor cell niche housing an exclusive cell subpopulation. Methods: Immunolabelling of equine superficial digital flexor tendon was used to identify the interfascicular matrix niche, localising expression patterns of CD31 (endothelial cells), Desmin (smooth muscle cells and pericytes), CD146 (interfascicular matrix cells) and LAMA4 (interfascicular matrix basement membrane marker). Magnetic-activated cell sorting was employed to isolate and compare in vitro properties of CD146+ and CD146- subpopulations. Results: Labelling for CD146 using standard histological and 3D imaging of large intact 3D segments revealed an exclusive interfascicular cell subpopulation that resides in proximity to a basal lamina which forms extensive, interconnected vascular networks. Isolated CD146+ cells exhibited limited mineralisation (osteogenesis) and lipid production (adipogenesis). Discussion: This study demonstrates that the interfascicular matrix is a unique tendon cell niche, containing a vascular-rich network of basement membrane, CD31+ endothelial cells, Desmin+ mural cells, and CD146+ cell populations that are likely essential to tendon structure and/or function. Contrary to our hypothesis, interfascicular CD146+ subpopulations did not exhibit stem cell-like phenotypes. Instead, our results indicate CD146 as a pan-vascular marker within the tendon interfascicular matrix. Together with previous work demonstrating that endogenous tendon CD146+ cells migrate to sites of injury, our data suggest that their mobilisation to promote intrinsic repair involves changes in their relationships with local interfascicular matrix vascular and basement membrane constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Marr
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Neil Marr,
| | - Danae E. Zamboulis
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro A. Felder
- Research Software Development Group, Advanced Research Computing, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Chavaunne T. Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
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30
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Korcari A, Przybelski SJ, Gingery A, Loiselle AE. Impact of aging on tendon homeostasis, tendinopathy development, and impaired healing. Connect Tissue Res 2023; 64:1-13. [PMID: 35903886 PMCID: PMC9851966 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2102004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a complex and progressive process where the tissues of the body demonstrate a decreased ability to maintain homeostasis. During aging, there are substantial cellular and molecular changes, with a subsequent increase in susceptibility to pathological degeneration of normal tissue function. In tendon, aging results in well characterized alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) structure and composition. In addition, the cellular environment of aged tendons is altered, including a marked decrease in cell density and metabolic activity, as well as an increase in cellular senescence. Collectively, these degenerative changes make aging a key risk factor for the development of tendinopathies and can increase the frequency of tendon injuries. However, inconsistencies in the extent of age-related degenerative impairments in tendons have been reported, likely due to differences in how "old" and "young" age-groups have been defined, differences between anatomically distinct tendons, and differences between animal models that have been utilized to study the impact of aging on tendon homeostasis. In this review, we address these issues by summarizing data by well-defined age categories (young adults, middle-aged, and aged) and from anatomically distinct tendon types. We then summarize in detail how aging affects tendon mechanics, structure, composition, and the cellular environment based on current data and underscore what is currently not known. Finally, we discuss gaps in the current understanding of tendon aging and propose key avenues for future research that can shed light on the specific mechanisms of tendon pathogenesis due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonion Korcari
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Anne Gingery
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Alayna E Loiselle
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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31
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Graça AL, Gomez-Florit M, Gomes ME, Docheva D. Tendon Aging. Subcell Biochem 2023; 103:121-147. [PMID: 37120467 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26576-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Tendons are mechanosensitive connective tissues responsible for the connection between muscles and bones by transmitting forces that allow the movement of the body, yet, with advancing age, tendons become more prone to degeneration followed by injuries. Tendon diseases are one of the main causes of incapacity worldwide, leading to changes in tendon composition, structure, and biomechanical properties, as well as a decline in regenerative potential. There is still a great lack of knowledge regarding tendon cellular and molecular biology, interplay between biochemistry and biomechanics, and the complex pathomechanisms involved in tendon diseases. Consequently, this reflects a huge need for basic and clinical research to better elucidate the nature of healthy tendon tissue and also tendon aging process and associated diseases. This chapter concisely describes the effects that the aging process has on tendons at the tissue, cellular, and molecular levels and briefly reviews potential biological predictors of tendon aging. Recent research findings that are herein reviewed and discussed might contribute to the development of precision tendon therapies targeting the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Graça
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Manuel Gomez-Florit
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Manuela Estima Gomes
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs-Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopaedic Hospital König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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32
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Furuta H, Yamada M, Nagashima T, Matsuda S, Nagayasu K, Shirakawa H, Kaneko S. Increased expression of glutathione peroxidase 3 prevents tendinopathy by suppressing oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1137952. [PMID: 37021050 PMCID: PMC10067742 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1137952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy, a degenerative disease, is characterized by pain, loss of tendon strength, or rupture. Previous studies have identified multiple risk factors for tendinopathy, including aging and fluoroquinolone use; however, its therapeutic target remains unclear. We analyzed self-reported adverse events and the US commercial claims data and found that the short-term use of dexamethasone prevented both fluoroquinolone-induced and age-related tendinopathy. Rat tendons treated systemically with fluoroquinolone exhibited mechanical fragility, histological change, and DNA damage; co-treatment with dexamethasone attenuated these effects and increased the expression of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), as revealed via RNA-sequencing. The primary role of GPX3 was validated in primary cultured rat tenocytes treated with fluoroquinolone or H2O2, which accelerates senescence, in combination with dexamethasone or viral overexpression of GPX3. These results suggest that dexamethasone prevents tendinopathy by suppressing oxidative stress through the upregulation of GPX3. This steroid-free approach for upregulation or activation of GPX3 can serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Furuta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mari Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Nagashima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagayasu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hisashi Shirakawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuji Kaneko
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shuji Kaneko,
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33
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Giancola R, Oliva F, Gallorini M, Michetti N, Gissi C, Moussa F, Antonetti Lamorgese Passeri C, Colosimo A, Berardi AC. CD200 as a Potential New Player in Inflammation during Rotator Cuff Tendon Injury/Repair: An In Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315165. [PMID: 36499497 PMCID: PMC9738060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotator cuff tendon (RCT) disease results from multifactorial mechanisms, in which inflammation plays a key role. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and tendon stem cell/progenitor cells (TSPCs) have been shown to participate in the inflammatory response. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is still not clear. In this study, flow cytometry analyses of different subpopulations of RCT-derived TSPCs demonstrate that after three days of administration, TNFα alone or in combination with IFNγ significantly decreases the percentage of CD146+CD49d+ and CD146+CD49f+ but not CD146+CD109+ TSPCs populations. In parallel, the same pro-inflammatory cytokines upregulate the expression of CD200 in the CD146+ TSPCs population. Additionally, the TNFα/IFNγ combination modulates the protein expression of STAT1, STAT3, and MMP9, but not fibromodulin. At the gene level, IRF1, CAAT (CAAT/EBPbeta), and DOK2 but not NF-κb, TGRF2 (TGFBR2), and RAS-GAP are modulated. In conclusion, although our study has several important limitations, the results highlight a new potential role of CD200 in regulating inflammation during tendon injuries. In addition, the genes analyzed here might be new potential players in the inflammatory response of TSPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Giancola
- Department of Haematology, Transfusion Medicine and Biotechnologies, Cytofluorimetry and Cell Sorting Service, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Francesco Oliva
- Department of Musculoskeletal Disorders, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, 84084 Baronissi, Italy
- Clinica Ortopedica, Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi D’Aragona, 84131 Salerno, Italy
| | | | - Noemi Michetti
- Department of Haematology, Transfusion Medicine and Biotechnologies, Cytofluorimetry and Cell Sorting Service, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65122 Pescara, Italy
| | - Clarissa Gissi
- Department of Medicine, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Fadl Moussa
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
- Doctoral School of Science and Technology, Lebanese University, Beirut 1107, Lebanon
| | | | - Alessia Colosimo
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Anna Concetta Berardi
- Department of Haematology, Transfusion Medicine and Biotechnologies, Laboratory of Stem Cells, Ospedale Spirito Santo, 65122 Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence: or
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Ackerman JE, Best KT, Muscat SN, Pritchett EM, Nichols AE, Wu CL, Loiselle AE. Defining the spatial-molecular map of fibrotic tendon healing and the drivers of Scleraxis-lineage cell fate and function. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111706. [PMID: 36417854 PMCID: PMC9741867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon injuries heal via a scar-mediated response, and there are no biological approaches to promote more regenerative healing. Mouse flexor tendons heal through the formation of spatially distinct tissue areas: a highly aligned tissue bridge between the native tendon stubs that is enriched for adult Scleraxis-lineage cells and a disorganized outer shell associated with peri-tendinous scar formation. However, the specific molecular programs that underpin these spatially distinct tissue profiles are poorly defined. In the present study, we combine lineage tracing of adult Scleraxis-lineage cells with spatial transcriptomic profiling to define the overarching molecular programs that govern tendon healing and cell-fate decisions. Pseudotime analysis identified three fibroblast trajectories (synthetic, fibrotic, and reactive) and key transcription factors regulating these fate-switching decisions, including the progression of adult Scleraxis-lineage cells through the reactive trajectory. Collectively, this resource defines the molecular mechanisms that coordinate the temporo-spatial healing phenotype, which can be leveraged to inform therapeutic candidate selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica E. Ackerman
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Katherine T. Best
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Samantha N. Muscat
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Pritchett
- Genomics Research Center, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Anne E.C. Nichols
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Chia-Lung Wu
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Senior author
| | - Alayna E. Loiselle
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,Senior author,Lead contact,Correspondence:
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35
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Korcari A, Muscat S, McGinn E, Buckley MR, Loiselle AE. Depletion of Scleraxis-lineage cells during tendon healing transiently impairs multi-scale restoration of tendon structure during early healing. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274227. [PMID: 36240193 PMCID: PMC9565440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendons are composed of a heterogeneous cell environment, with Scleraxis-lineage (ScxLin) cells being the predominant population. Although ScxLin cells are required for maintenance of tendon homeostasis, their functions during tendon healing are unknown. To this end, we first characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of ScxLin cells during tendon healing, and identified that the overall ScxLin pool continuously expands up to early remodeling healing phase. To better define the function of ScxLin cells during the late proliferative phase of healing, we inducibly depleted ScxLin cells from day 14-18 post-surgery using the Scx-Cre; Rosa-DTR mouse model, with local administration of diphtheria toxin inducing apoptosis of ScxLin cells in the healing tendon. At D28 post-surgery, ScxLin cell depleted tendons (DTRScxLin) had substantial impairments in structure and function, relative to WT, demonstrating the importance of ScxLin cells during tendon healing. Next, bulk RNAseq was utilized to identify the underlying mechanisms that were impaired with depletion and revealed that ScxLin depletion induced molecular and morphological stagnation of the healing process at D28. However, this stagnation was transient, such that by D56 tendon mechanics in DTRScxLin were not significantly different than wildtype repairs. Collectively, these data offer fundamental knowledge on the dynamics and roles of ScxLin cells during tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonion Korcari
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Samantha Muscat
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth McGinn
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark R. Buckley
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
| | - Alayna E. Loiselle
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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36
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Malmgaard-Clausen NM, Kjaer M, Dakin SG. Pathological Tendon Histology in Early and Chronic Human Patellar Tendinopathy. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2799665. [PMID: 38655164 PMCID: PMC11022758 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2799665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The present pilot study investigated the extent of histological tissue changes in both chronic tendinopathy and in individuals that display early clinical signs of tendinopathy. The study included 8 individuals of whom 3 were healthy without any tendon symptoms, 2 had early symptoms (1-2 months), and 3 had chronic symptoms (>3 months) from their patellar tendons. Percutaneous needle biopsy samples were obtained from the affected tendon tissue region. Biopsy samples were stained with Haematoxylin & Eosin, and multiplex immunofluorescence staining was performed for markers of inflammation and resolution. Both early and chronic stage patellar tendon biopsy samples from this small patient cohort exhibited expansion of the interfascicular matrix (IFM) and endotenon regions together with increased cellularity and vascularity. These histological observations were moderate in early tendinopathy, whereas they were more pronounced and associated with marked disruption of tissue architecture in chronic tendinopathy. Early stage tendinopathic patellar tendons expressed markers associated with an activated phenotype of fibroblasts (CD90, CD34), macrophages (S100A8), and endothelial cells (ICAM1, VCAM1). These tissues also expressed enzymes implicated in inflammation (PTGS2, 15PGDH) and resolution (ALOX12) and the proresolving receptor ERV1. Immunopositive staining for these markers was predominantly located in the IFM regions. These preliminary findings suggest that mild to moderate structural histological changes including expansion of IFM and endotenon regions are pathological features of early tendinopathy, and support inflammatory and resolving processes are active in early-stage disease. Further investigation of the cellular and molecular basis of early-stage tendinopathy is required to inform therapeutic strategies that prevent the development of irreversible chronic tendon disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Moelkjaer Malmgaard-Clausen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stephanie G Dakin
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Chen Z, Chen P, Zheng M, Gao J, Liu D, Wang A, Zheng Q, Leys T, Tai A, Zheng M. Challenges and perspectives of tendon-derived cell therapy for tendinopathy: from bench to bedside. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:444. [PMID: 36056395 PMCID: PMC9438319 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is composed of dense fibrous connective tissues, connecting muscle at the myotendinous junction (MTJ) to bone at the enthesis and allowing mechanical force to transmit from muscle to bone. Tendon diseases occur at different zones of the tendon, including enthesis, MTJ and midsubstance of the tendon, due to a variety of environmental and genetic factors which consequently result in different frequencies and recovery rates. Self-healing properties of tendons are limited, and cell therapeutic approaches in which injured tendon tissues are renewed by cell replenishment are highly sought after. Homologous use of individual’s tendon-derived cells, predominantly differentiated tenocytes and tendon-derived stem cells, is emerging as a treatment for tendinopathy through achieving minimal cell manipulation for clinical use. This is the first review summarizing the progress of tendon-derived cell therapy in clinical use and its challenges due to the structural complexity of tendons, heterogeneous composition of extracellular cell matrix and cells and unsuitable cell sources. Further to that, novel future perspectives to improve therapeutic effect in tendon-derived cell therapy based on current basic knowledge are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziming Chen
- Division of Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Peilin Chen
- Division of Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Monica Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Junjie Gao
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200233, China
| | - Delin Liu
- Division of Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Allan Wang
- Division of Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Qiujian Zheng
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, 510000, Guangdong, China
| | - Toby Leys
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Andrew Tai
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Minghao Zheng
- Division of Surgery, Centre for Orthopaedic Research, Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia. .,Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
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38
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Towle-Miller LM, Miecznikowski JC. MOSCATO: a supervised approach for analyzing multi-Omic single-Cell data. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:557. [PMID: 35927608 PMCID: PMC9351124 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advancements in genomic sequencing continually improve personalized medicine, and recent breakthroughs generate multimodal data on a cellular level. We introduce MOSCATO, a technique for selecting features across multimodal single-cell datasets that relate to clinical outcomes. We summarize the single-cell data using tensors and perform regularized tensor regression to return clinically-associated variable sets for each ‘omic’ type. Results Robustness was assessed over simulations based on available single-cell simulation methods, and applicability was assessed through an example using CITE-seq data to detect genes associated with leukemia. We find that MOSCATO performs favorably in selecting network features while also shown to be applicable to real multimodal single-cell data. Conclusions MOSCATO is a useful analytical technique for supervised feature selection in multimodal single-cell data. The flexibility of our approach enables future extensions on distributional assumptions and covariate adjustments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1186/s12864-022-08759-3).
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39
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Schulze-Tanzil GG, Delgado-Calcares M, Stange R, Wildemann B, Docheva D. Tendon healing: a concise review on cellular and molecular mechanisms with a particular focus on the Achilles tendon. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:561-574. [PMID: 35920195 PMCID: PMC9396922 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.118.bjr-2021-0576.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon is a bradytrophic and hypovascular tissue, hence, healing remains a major challenge. The molecular key events involved in successful repair have to be unravelled to develop novel strategies that reduce the risk of unfavourable outcomes such as non-healing, adhesion formation, and scarring. This review will consider the diverse pathophysiological features of tendon-derived cells that lead to failed healing, including misrouted differentiation (e.g. de- or transdifferentiation) and premature cell senescence, as well as the loss of functional progenitors. Many of these features can be attributed to disturbed cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) or unbalanced soluble mediators involving not only resident tendon cells, but also the cross-talk with immigrating immune cell populations. Unrestrained post-traumatic inflammation could hinder successful healing. Pro-angiogenic mediators trigger hypervascularization and lead to persistence of an immature repair tissue, which does not provide sufficient mechano-competence. Tendon repair tissue needs to achieve an ECM composition, structure, strength, and stiffness that resembles the undamaged highly hierarchically ordered tendon ECM. Adequate mechano-sensation and -transduction by tendon cells orchestrate ECM synthesis, stabilization by cross-linking, and remodelling as a prerequisite for the adaptation to the increased mechanical challenges during healing. Lastly, this review will discuss, from the cell biological point of view, possible optimization strategies for augmenting Achilles tendon (AT) healing outcomes, including adapted mechanostimulation and novel approaches by restraining neoangiogenesis, modifying stem cell niche parameters, tissue engineering, the modulation of the inflammatory cells, and the application of stimulatory factors.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(8):561-574.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuel Delgado-Calcares
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard Stange
- Department of Regenerative Musculoskeletal Medicine, Institute for Musculoskeletal Medicine (IMM), University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Britt Wildemann
- Department of Experimental Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Department of Musculoskeletal Tissue Regeneration, Orthopaedic Hospital König-Ludwig-Haus, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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40
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Gomez-Florit M, Labrador-Rached CJ, Domingues RM, Gomes ME. The tendon microenvironment: Engineered in vitro models to study cellular crosstalk. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114299. [PMID: 35436570 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a multi-faceted pathology characterized by alterations in tendon microstructure, cellularity and collagen composition. Challenged by the possibility of regenerating pathological or ruptured tendons, the healing mechanisms of this tissue have been widely researched over the past decades. However, so far, most of the cellular players and processes influencing tendon repair remain unknown, which emphasizes the need for developing relevant in vitro models enabling to study the complex multicellular crosstalk occurring in tendon microenvironments. In this review, we critically discuss the insights on the interaction between tenocytes and the other tendon resident cells that have been devised through different types of existing in vitro models. Building on the generated knowledge, we stress the need for advanced models able to mimic the hierarchical architecture, cellularity and physiological signaling of tendon niche under dynamic culture conditions, along with the recreation of the integrated gradients of its tissue interfaces. In a forward-looking vision of the field, we discuss how the convergence of multiple bioengineering technologies can be leveraged as potential platforms to develop the next generation of relevant in vitro models that can contribute for a deeper fundamental knowledge to develop more effective treatments.
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41
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Ramos‐Mucci L, Sarmiento P, Little D, Snelling S. Research perspectives-Pipelines to human tendon transcriptomics. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:993-1005. [PMID: 35239195 PMCID: PMC9007907 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tendon transcriptomics is a rapidly growing field in musculoskeletal biology. The ultimate aim of many current tendon transcriptomic studies is characterization of in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo, healthy, and diseased tendon microenvironments to identify the underlying pathways driving human tendon pathology. The transcriptome interfaces between genomic, proteomic, and metabolomic signatures of the tendon cellular niche and the response of this niche to stimuli. Some of the greatest bottlenecks in tendon transcriptomics relate to the availability and quality of human tendon tissue, hence animal tissues are frequently used even though human tissue is most translationally relevant. Here, we review the variability associated with human donor and procurement factors, such as whether the tendon is cadaveric or a clinical remnant, and how these variables affect the quality and relevance of the transcriptomes obtained. Moreover, age, sex, and health demographic variables impact the human tendon transcriptome. Tendons present tissue-specific challenges for cell, nuclei, and RNA extraction that include a dense extracellular matrix, low cellularity, and therefore low RNA yield of variable quality. Consideration of these factors is particularly important for single-cell and single-nuclei resolution transcriptomics due to the necessity for unbiased and representative cell or nuclei populations. Different cell, nuclei, and RNA extraction methods, library preparation, and quality control methods are used by the tendon research community and attention should be paid to these when designing and reporting studies. We discuss the different components and challenges of human tendon transcriptomics, and propose pipelines, quality control, and reporting guidelines for future work in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ramos‐Mucci
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Paula Sarmiento
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Dianne Little
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA,Department of Basic Medical SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Sarah Snelling
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal ScienceUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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42
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Crosio G, Huang A. Innate and adaptive immune system cells implicated in tendon healing and disease. Eur Cell Mater 2022; 43:39-52. [PMID: 35178698 PMCID: PMC9526522 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v043a05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons perform a critical function in the musculoskeletal system by integrating muscle with skeleton and enabling force transmission. Damage or degeneration of these tissues lead to impaired structure and function, which often persist despite surgical intervention. While the immune response and inflammation are important drivers of both tendon healing and disease progression, there have been relatively few studies of the diverse immune cell types that may regulate these processes in these tissues. To date, most of the studies have focused on macrophages, but emerging research indicate that other immune cell types may also play a role in tendon healing, either by regulating the immune environment or through direct interactions with resident tenocytes. The present review synthesises the literature on innate and adaptive immune system cells that have been implicated in tendon healing or disease, in the context of animal injury models, human clinical samples or in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Crosio
- Department of Orthopaedics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, NY 10027,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, NY, NY 10032
| | - A.H. Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, NY, NY 10032,Corresponding author: Alice H. Huang, PhD, William Black Building, 650 W 168th Street, Room 1408, NY, NY 10032, Tel: 212-305-5564,
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43
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Ding L, Zhou B, Hou Y, Xu L. Stem cells in tendon regeneration and factors governing tenogenesis. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 17:503-512. [PMID: 35086458 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x17666220127111135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tendons are connective tissue structures of paramount importance to the human ability of locomotion. Tendinopathy and tendon rupture can be resistant to treatment and often recurs, thus resulting in a significant health problem with a relevant social impact worldwide. Unfortunately, existing treatment approaches are suboptimal. A better understanding of the basic biology of tendons may provide a better way to solve these problems and promote tendon regeneration. Stem cells, either obtained from tendons or non-tendon sources, such as bone marrow (BMSCs), adipose tissue (AMSCs), as well as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have received increasing attention toward enhancing tendon healing. There are many studies showing that stem cells can contribute to improving tendon healing. Hence, in this review, the current knowledge of BMSCs, AMSCs, TSPCs, ESCs and iPSCs for tendon regeneration, as well as the advantages and limitations among them, has been highlighted. Moreover, the transcriptional and bioactive factors governing tendon healing processes have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ding
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - BingYu Zhou
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Hou
- Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Lingnan Medical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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44
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Lui PPY, Yung PSH. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and tendinopathy. J Orthop Translat 2022; 31:80-90. [PMID: 34976728 PMCID: PMC8666605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic tendinopathy is a debilitating tendon disorder with disappointing treatment outcomes. This review focuses on the potential roles of chronic low-grade inflammation in promoting tendinopathy in obesity. A systematic literature search was performed to identify all clinical studies supporting the actions of obesity-associated inflammatory mediators in the development of tendinopathy. The mechanisms of obesity-induced chronic inflammation in adipose tissue are firstly reviewed. Common inflammatory mediators potentially linking obesity and the development of tendinopathy, and their association with mechanical overuse, are discussed, along with pre-clinical evidences and a systematic literature search on clinical studies. The potential contribution of local adipose tissues in the promotion of inflammation, pain and tendon degeneration is then discussed. The future research directions are proposed. Translational potential statement Better understanding of the roles of obesity-associated inflammatory mediators on tendons will clarify the pathophysiological drivers of tendinopathy in patients with obesity and identify possible treatment targets. Further studies on the mechanisms of obesity-induced chronic inflammation on tendon are a promising direction for the treatment of tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Po Yee Lui
- Corresponding author. Room 74037, 5/F, Lui Che Woo Clinical Sciences Building, Prince of Wales Hospital, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
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45
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Moyle LA, Davoudi S, Gilbert PM. Innovation in culture systems to study muscle complexity. Exp Cell Res 2021; 411:112966. [PMID: 34906582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous skeletal muscle development, regeneration, and pathology are extremely complex processes, influenced by local and systemic factors. Unpinning how these mechanisms function is crucial for fundamental biology and to develop therapeutic interventions for genetic disorders, but also conditions like sarcopenia and volumetric muscle loss. Ex vivo skeletal muscle models range from two- and three-dimensional primary cultures of satellite stem cell-derived myoblasts grown alone or in co-culture, to single muscle myofibers, myobundles, and whole tissues. Together, these systems provide the opportunity to gain mechanistic insights of stem cell behavior, cell-cell interactions, and mature muscle function in simplified systems, without confounding variables. Here, we highlight recent advances (published in the last 5 years) using in vitro primary cells and ex vivo skeletal muscle models, and summarize the new insights, tools, datasets, and screening methods they have provided. Finally, we highlight the opportunity for exponential advance of skeletal muscle knowledge, with spatiotemporal resolution, that is offered by guiding the study of muscle biology and physiology with in silico modelling and implementing high-content cell biology systems and ex vivo physiology platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Moyle
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sadegh Davoudi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Penney M Gilbert
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G9, Canada; Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E1, Canada; Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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46
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Sanchez D, Ganfornina MD. The Lipocalin Apolipoprotein D Functional Portrait: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:738991. [PMID: 34690812 PMCID: PMC8530192 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.738991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein D is a chordate gene early originated in the Lipocalin protein family. Among other features, regulation of its expression in a wide variety of disease conditions in humans, as apparently unrelated as neurodegeneration or breast cancer, have called for attention on this gene. Also, its presence in different tissues, from blood to brain, and different subcellular locations, from HDL lipoparticles to the interior of lysosomes or the surface of extracellular vesicles, poses an interesting challenge in deciphering its physiological function: Is ApoD a moonlighting protein, serving different roles in different cellular compartments, tissues, or organisms? Or does it have a unique biochemical mechanism of action that accounts for such apparently diverse roles in different physiological situations? To answer these questions, we have performed a systematic review of all primary publications where ApoD properties have been investigated in chordates. We conclude that ApoD ligand binding in the Lipocalin pocket, combined with an antioxidant activity performed at the rim of the pocket are properties sufficient to explain ApoD association with different lipid-based structures, where its physiological function is better described as lipid-management than by long-range lipid-transport. Controlling the redox state of these lipid structures in particular subcellular locations or extracellular structures, ApoD is able to modulate an enormous array of apparently diverse processes in the organism, both in health and disease. The new picture emerging from these data should help to put the physiological role of ApoD in new contexts and to inspire well-focused future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Sanchez
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Maria D Ganfornina
- Instituto de Biologia y Genetica Molecular, Unidad de Excelencia, Universidad de Valladolid-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Valladolid, Spain
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47
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Perucca Orfei C, Bowles AC, Kouroupis D, Willman MA, Ragni E, Kaplan LD, Best TM, Correa D, de Girolamo L. Human Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cell Features and Functionality Are Highly Influenced by in vitro Culture Conditions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:711964. [PMID: 34616717 PMCID: PMC8488466 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.711964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of tendon biology continues to evolve, thus leading to opportunities for developing novel, evidence-based effective therapies for the treatment of tendon disorders. Implementing the knowledge of tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs) and assessing their potential in enhancing tendon repair could fill an important gap in this regard. We described different molecular and phenotypic profiles of TSPCs modulated by culture density, as well as their multipotency and secretory activities. Moreover, in the same experimental setting, we evaluated for different responses to inflammatory stimuli mediated by TNFα and IFNγ. We also preliminarily investigated their immunomodulatory activity and their role in regulating degradation of substance P. Our findings indicated that TSPCs cultured at low density (LD) exhibited cobblestone morphology and a reduced propensity to differentiate. A distinctive immunophenotypic profile was also observed with high secretory and promising immunomodulatory responses when primed with TNFα and IFNγ. In contrast, TSPCs cultured at high density (HD) showed a more elongated fibroblast-like morphology, a greater adipogenic differentiation potential, and a higher expression of tendon-related genes with respect to LD. Finally, HD TSPCs showed immunomodulatory potential when primed with TNFα and IFNγ, which was slightly lower than that shown by LD. A shift from low to high culture density during TSPC expansion demonstrated intermediate features confirming the cellular adaptability of TSPCs. Taken together, these experiments allowed us to identify relevant differences in TSPCs based on culture conditions. This ability of TSPCs to acquire distinguished morphology, phenotype, gene expression profile, and functional response advances our current understanding of tendons at a cellular level and suggests responsivity to cues in their in situ microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Annie C Bowles
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering College of Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Dimitrios Kouroupis
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Melissa A Willman
- Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Enrico Ragni
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Lee D Kaplan
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Thomas M Best
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Diego Correa
- Department of Orthopedics, UHealth Sports Medicine Institute, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States.,Diabetes Research Institute and Cell Transplantation Center, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all'Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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48
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Tendon and multiomics: advantages, advances, and opportunities. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:61. [PMID: 34599188 PMCID: PMC8486786 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons heal by fibrosis, which hinders function and increases re-injury risk. Yet the biology that leads to degeneration and regeneration of tendons is not completely understood. Improved understanding of the metabolic nuances that cause diverse outcomes in tendinopathies is required to solve these problems. 'Omics methods are increasingly used to characterize phenotypes in tissues. Multiomics integrates 'omic datasets to identify coherent relationships and provide insight into differences in molecular and metabolic pathways between anatomic locations, and disease stages. This work reviews the current literature pertaining to multiomics in tendon and the potential of these platforms to improve tendon regeneration. We assessed the literature and identified areas where 'omics platforms contribute to the field: (1) Tendon biology where their hierarchical complexity and demographic factors are studied. (2) Tendon degeneration and healing, where comparisons across tendon pathologies are analyzed. (3) The in vitro engineered tendon phenotype, where we compare the engineered phenotype to relevant native tissues. (4) Finally, we review regenerative and therapeutic approaches. We identified gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for future study: (1) The need to increase the diversity of human subjects and cell sources. (2) Opportunities to improve understanding of tendon heterogeneity. (3) The need to use these improvements to inform new engineered and regenerative therapeutic approaches. (4) The need to increase understanding of the development of tendon pathology. Together, the expanding use of various 'omics platforms and data analysis resulting from these platforms could substantially contribute to major advances in the tendon tissue engineering and regenerative medicine field.
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49
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Marr N, Meeson R, Kelly EF, Fang Y, Peffers MJ, Pitsillides AA, Dudhia J, Thorpe CT. CD146 Delineates an Interfascicular Cell Sub-Population in Tendon That Is Recruited during Injury through Its Ligand Laminin-α4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9729. [PMID: 34575887 PMCID: PMC8472220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The interfascicular matrix (IFM) binds tendon fascicles and contains a population of morphologically distinct cells. However, the role of IFM-localised cell populations in tendon repair remains to be determined. The basement membrane protein laminin-α4 also localises to the IFM. Laminin-α4 is a ligand for several cell surface receptors, including CD146, a marker of pericyte and progenitor cells. We used a needle injury model in the rat Achilles tendon to test the hypothesis that the IFM is a niche for CD146+ cells that are mobilised in response to tendon damage. We also aimed to establish how expression patterns of circulating non-coding RNAs alter with tendon injury and identify potential RNA-based markers of tendon disease. The results demonstrate the formation of a focal lesion at the injury site, which increased in size and cellularity for up to 21 days post injury. In healthy tendon, CD146+ cells localised to the IFM, compared with injury, where CD146+ cells migrated towards the lesion at days 4 and 7, and populated the lesion 21 days post injury. This was accompanied by increased laminin-α4, suggesting that laminin-α4 facilitates CD146+ cell recruitment at injury sites. We also identified a panel of circulating microRNAs that are dysregulated with tendon injury. We propose that the IFM cell niche mediates the intrinsic response to injury, whereby an injury stimulus induces CD146+ cell migration. Further work is required to fully characterise CD146+ subpopulations within the IFM and establish their precise roles during tendon healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Marr
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (N.M.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Richard Meeson
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (R.M.); (E.F.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Elizabeth F. Kelly
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (R.M.); (E.F.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Yongxiang Fang
- Centre for Genomic Research, Institute of Integrative Biology, Biosciences Building, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Mandy J. Peffers
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Apex Building, 6 West Derby Street, Liverpool L7 9TX, UK;
| | - Andrew A. Pitsillides
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (N.M.); (A.A.P.)
| | - Jayesh Dudhia
- Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK; (R.M.); (E.F.K.); (J.D.)
| | - Chavaunne T. Thorpe
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK; (N.M.); (A.A.P.)
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50
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Ryan C, Pugliese E, Shologu N, Gaspar D, Rooney P, Islam MN, O'Riordan A, Biggs M, Griffin M, Zeugolis D. A combined physicochemical approach towards human tenocyte phenotype maintenance. Mater Today Bio 2021; 12:100130. [PMID: 34632361 PMCID: PMC8488312 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2021.100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During in vitro culture, bereft of their optimal tissue context, tenocytes lose their phenotype and function. Considering that tenocytes in their native tissue milieu are exposed simultaneously to manifold signals, combination approaches (e.g. growth factor supplementation and mechanical stimulation) are continuously gaining pace to control cell fate during in vitro expansion, albeit with limited success due to the literally infinite number of possible permutations. In this work, we assessed the potential of scalable and potent physicochemical approaches that control cell fate (substrate stiffness, anisotropic surface topography, collagen type I coating) and enhance extracellular matrix deposition (macromolecular crowding) in maintaining human tenocyte phenotype in culture. Cell morphology was primarily responsive to surface topography. The tissue culture plastic induced the largest nuclei area, the lowest aspect ratio, and the highest focal adhesion kinase. Collagen type I coating increased cell number and metabolic activity. Cell viability was not affected by any of the variables assessed. Macromolecular crowding intensely enhanced and accelerated native extracellular matrix deposition, albeit not in an aligned fashion, even on the grooved substrates. Gene analysis at day 14 revealed that the 130 kPa grooved substrate without collagen type I coating and under macromolecular crowding conditions positively regulated human tenocyte phenotype. Collectively, this work illustrates the beneficial effects of combined physicochemical approaches in controlling cell fate during in vitro expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.N.M. Ryan
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - E. Pugliese
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - N. Shologu
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - D. Gaspar
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - P. Rooney
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Md N. Islam
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - A. O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork (UCC), Cork, Ireland
| | - M.J. Biggs
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - M.D. Griffin
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative Medicine Institute (REMEDI), School of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - D.I. Zeugolis
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), Biomedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
- Regenerative, Modular & Developmental Engineering Laboratory (REMODEL), Charles Institute of Dermatology, Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research and School of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University College Dublin (UCD), Dublin, Ireland
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