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Meister TL, Friesland M, Frericks N, Wetzke M, Haid S, Steinmann J, Todt D, Pietschmann T, Steinmann E. Virucidal activity of oral, hand, and surface disinfectants against respiratory syncytial virus. J Hosp Infect 2023; 141:25-32. [PMID: 37625461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is known as a major cause of respiratory tract infection in adults and children. Human-to-human transmission occurs via droplets as well as direct and indirect contact (e.g. contaminated surfaces or hands of medical staff). Therefore, applicable hygiene measures and knowledge about viral inactivation are of utmost importance. AIM To elucidate the disinfection profile of RSV. METHODS The study evaluated the virucidal efficacy of oral rinses specifically designed for children, World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended hand-rub formulations, and ethanol, as well as 2-propanol against RSV in a quantitative suspension test (EN14476). The stability of RSV on stainless steel discs was assessed and its inactivation by different surface disinfectants (EN16777) investigated. FINDINGS All tested oral rinses except one reduced infectious viral titres to the lower limit of quantification. The two WHO-recommended hand-rub formulations as well as 30% ethanol and 2-propanol completely abolished the detection of infectious virus. Infectious RSV was recovered after several days on stainless steel discs. However, RSV was efficiently inactivated by all tested surface disinfectants based on alcohol, aldehyde, or hydrogen peroxide. CONCLUSION Oral rinses, all tested hand-rub formulations as well as surface inactivation reagents were sufficient for RSV inactivation in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Meister
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Friesland
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - N Frericks
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Wetzke
- Clinic for Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology, and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Haid
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - J Steinmann
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, General Hospital Nürnberg, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - D Todt
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - T Pietschmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - E Steinmann
- Department for Molecular & Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), External Partner Site, Bochum, Germany.
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Jonsdottir HR, Zysset D, Lenz N, Siegrist D, Ruedin Y, Ryter S, Züst R, Geissmann Y, Ackermann-Gäumann R, Engler OB, Weber B. Virucidal activity of three standard chemical disinfectants against Ebola virus suspended in tripartite soil and whole blood. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15718. [PMID: 37735604 PMCID: PMC10514052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper disinfection and inactivation of highly pathogenic viruses is an essential component of public health and prevention. Depending on environment, surfaces, and type of contaminant, various methods of disinfection must be both efficient and available. To test both established and novel chemical disinfectants against risk group 4 viruses in our maximum containment facility, we developed a standardized protocol and assessed the chemical inactivation of the two Ebola virus variants Mayinga and Makona suspended in two different biological soil loads. Standard chemical disinfectants ethanol and sodium hypochlorite completely inactivate both Ebola variants after 30 s in suspension at 70% and 0.5% v/v, respectively, concentrations recommended for disinfection by the World Health Organization. Additionally, peracetic acid is also inactivating at 0.2% v/v under the same conditions. Continued vigilance and optimization of current disinfection protocols is extremely important due to the continuous presence of Ebola virus on the African continent and increased zoonotic spillover of novel viral pathogens. Furthermore, to facilitate general pandemic preparedness, the establishment and sharing of standardized protocols is very important as it allows for rapid testing and evaluation of novel pathogens and chemical disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hulda R Jonsdottir
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland.
- Department of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, Inselspital University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Daniel Zysset
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland.
| | - Nicole Lenz
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Federal Office for Agriculture, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denise Siegrist
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Yelena Ruedin
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Ryter
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Züst
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Geissmann
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Rahel Ackermann-Gäumann
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
- ADMED Microbiologie, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
| | - Olivier B Engler
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Weber
- Spiez Laboratory, Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez, Switzerland
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Cutts TA, Nims RW, Rubino JR, McKinney J, Kuhn JH, Ijaz MK. Efficacy of microbicidal actives and formulations for inactivation of Lassa virus in suspension. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12983. [PMID: 37563252 PMCID: PMC10415271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38954-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization's R&D Blueprint list of priority diseases for 2022 includes Lassa fever, signifying the need for research and development in emergency contexts. This disease is caused by the arenavirus Lassa virus (LASV). Being an enveloped virus, LASV should be susceptible to a variety of microbicidal actives, although empirical data to support this expectation are needed. We evaluated the virucidal efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, ethanol, a formulated dual quaternary ammonium compound, an accelerated hydrogen peroxide formulation, and a p-chloro-m-xylenol formulation, per ASTM E1052-20, against LASV engineered to express green fluorescent protein (GFP). A 10-μL volume of virus in tripartite soil (bovine serum albumin, tryptone, and mucin) was combined with 50 μL of disinfectant in suspension for 0.5, 1, 5, or 10 min at 20-25 °C. Neutralized test mixtures were quantified by GFP expression to determine log10 reduction. Remaining material was passaged on Vero cells to confirm absence of residual infectious virus. Input virus titers of 6.6-8.0 log10 per assay were completely inactivated by each disinfectant within 1-5 min contact time. The rapid and substantial inactivation of LASV suggests the utility of these microbicides for mitigating spread of infectious virus during Lassa fever outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd A Cutts
- Applied Biosafety Research Program, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 3P6, Canada
| | - Raymond W Nims
- Syner-G Biopharma, 6000 Spine Road, Suite 201, Boulder, CO, 80301, USA
| | - Joseph R Rubino
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Philips Parkway, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA
| | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Philips Parkway, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - M Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research and Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, One Philips Parkway, Montvale, NJ, 07645, USA.
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OBINATA KAORU. New Countermeasures Against Infections with/after COVID-19: Is Chlorine Dioxide a Useful and Safe Disinfectant? JUNTENDO IJI ZASSHI = JUNTENDO MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022; 68:465-472. [PMID: 39081585 PMCID: PMC11284294 DOI: 10.14789/jmj.jmj22-0030-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Pandemics of microorganism are serious problem such as corona virus induced disease 2019(COVID-19), and the infectious diseases rapidly transmitted via airborne or aerosol among community space. To prevent aerosol infections, ozone and chlorine dioxide gases are practical methods in room air. However, ozone requires relatively high concentrations for this purpose, which might be toxic to humans present in the room. On the other hand, the low concentration of chlorine dioxide gas and aqueous solution are sufficiently effective against aerosol infection for the causative microorganism, and it is expected that when it is used in combination with a high-efficiency particulate air filter, it will be highly safe with high prevention effect and cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- KAORU OBINATA
- Corresponding author: Kaoru Obinata, Department of Prevention Medicine for Mass Infection, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan, TEL: +81-3-5802-1075 FAX: +81-3-5800-0216 E-mail: , 355th Triannual Meeting of the Juntendo Medical Society “Farewell Lectures of Retiring Professors” 〔Held on Mar. 30, 2022〕
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Sloan A, Kasloff SB, Cutts T. Mechanical Wiping Increases the Efficacy of Liquid Disinfectants on SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:847313. [PMID: 35391722 PMCID: PMC8981239 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.847313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High-touch environmental surfaces are acknowledged as potential sources of pathogen transmission, particularly in health care settings where infectious agents may be readily abundant. Methods of disinfecting these surfaces often include direct application of a chemical disinfectant or simply wiping the surface with a disinfectant pre-soaked wipe (DPW). In this study, we examine the ability of four disinfectants, ethanol (EtOH), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and potassium monopersulfate (KMPS), to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 on a hard, non-porous surface, assessing the effects of concentration and contact time. The efficacy of DPWs to decontaminate carriers spiked with SARS-CoV-2, as well as the transferability of the virus from used DPWs to clean surfaces, is also assessed. Stainless steel carriers inoculated with approximately 6 logs of SARS-CoV-2 prepared in a soil load were disinfected within 5 min through exposure to 66.5% EtOH, 0.5% NaOCl, and 1% KMPS. The addition of mechanical wiping using DPWs impregnated with these biocides rendered the virus inactive almost immediately, with no viral transfer from the used DPW to adjacent surfaces. Carriers treated with 100 ppm of ClO2 showed a significant amount of viable virus remaining after 10 min of biocide exposure, while the virus was only completely inactivated after 10 min of treatment with 500 ppm of ClO2. Wiping SARS-CoV-2-spiked carriers with DPWs containing either concentration of ClO2 for 5 s left significant amounts of viable virus on the carriers. Furthermore, higher titers of infectious virus retained on the ClO2-infused DPWs were transferred to uninoculated carriers immediately after wiping. Overall, 66.5% EtOH, 0.5% NaOCl, and 1% KMPS appear to be highly effective biocidal agents against SARS-CoV-2, while ClO2 formulations are much less efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Todd Cutts
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Applied Biosafety Research Program, Safety and Environmental Services, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Tan KS, Chew RJJ, Allen PF, Yu VSH. Aerosol-generating dental procedures: a reappraisal of analysis methods and infection control measures. J Hosp Infect 2021; 117:81-88. [PMID: 34534601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs) have been associated with risk for transmitting infectious agents. However, existing infection control monitoring studies potentially underestimate the extent of contamination, due to methodological inadequacies. These studies employed settle plate methodology which only captures droplets that land on agar plates, but not those suspended in air. Furthermore, bacterial culture was used to determine the extent of contamination, without accounting for non-bacterial sources of contamination. AIMS This study sought to bridge these gaps by establishing a monitoring protocol involving active aerosol sampling and analysis of two dental AGPs, root canal treatment (RCT) and scaling. METHODS RCT and scaling were performed with standard aerosol mitigation precautions. Aerosols generated throughout each procedure were sampled using the air sampler device, while contamination of operatory fomites and personal protective equipment was sampled using surface swabs, before and post-treatment. The amount of contamination was quantified using bacterial culture and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. FINDINGS RCT generated insignificant aerosol and splatter, supporting the infection control procedures' effectiveness. Conversely, scaling significantly increased the amount of aerosol and splatter. When comparing bacterial culture and ATP assay, the magnitude of contamination obtained with ATP assay was greater, suggesting that ATP assay may have detected additional contamination of human origin and bacteria that was not recovered by the culture conditions employed. CONCLUSIONS This monitoring protocol is feasible in the dental setting and determines the extent of contamination generated during AGPs. This could be adopted in future studies to overcome the limitations of the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Tan
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - R J J Chew
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - P F Allen
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - V S H Yu
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Brêda Mascarenhas LA, Machado BAS, Rodrigues LDAP, Saraiva Hodel KV, Bandeira Santos AÁ, Freitas Neves PR, da Silva Andrade LPC, Soares MB, de Andrade JB, Badaró R. Potential application of novel technology developed for instant decontamination of personal protective equipment before the doffing step. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250854. [PMID: 34086691 PMCID: PMC8177472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) has been considered the most effective way to avoid the contamination of healthcare workers by different microorganisms, including SARS-CoV-2. A spray disinfection technology (chamber) was developed, and its efficacy in instant decontamination of previously contaminated surfaces was evaluated in two exposure times. Seven test microorganisms were prepared and inoculated on the surface of seven types of PPE (respirator mask, face shield, shoe, glove, cap, safety glasses and lab coat). The tests were performed on previously contaminated PPE using a manikin with a motion device for exposure to the chamber with biocidal agent (sodium hypochlorite) for 10 and 30s. In 96.93% of the experimental conditions analyzed, the percentage reduction was >99% (the number of viable cells found on the surface ranged from 4.3x106 to <10 CFU/mL). The samples of E. faecalis collected from the glove showed the lowest percentages reduction, with 86.000 and 86.500% for exposure times of 10 and 30 s, respectively. The log10 reduction values varied between 0.85 log10 (E. faecalis at 30 s in glove surface) and 9.69 log10 (E. coli at 10 and 30 s in lab coat surface). In general, E. coli, S. aureus, C. freundii, P. mirabilis, C. albicans and C. parapsilosis showed susceptibility to the biocidal agent under the tested conditions, with >99% reduction after 10 and 30s, while E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa showed a lower susceptibility. The 30s exposure time was more effective for the inactivation of the tested microorganisms. The results show that the spray disinfection technology has the potential for instant decontamination of PPE, which can contribute to an additional barrier for infection control of healthcare workers in the hospital environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Alberto Brêda Mascarenhas
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leticia de Alencar Pereira Rodrigues
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Katharine Valéria Saraiva Hodel
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alex Álisson Bandeira Santos
- SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Freitas Neves
- SENAI CIMATEC, National Service of Industrial Learning–SENAI, Computational Modeling and Industrial Technology, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Leone Peter Correia da Silva Andrade
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Milena Botelho Soares
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IGM-FIOCRUZ/BA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jailson Bittencourt de Andrade
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Roberto Badaró
- SENAI CIMATEC, SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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