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Zhou H, Ma J, Liu H, Zhao P. Genome-Wide Identification of the CBF Gene Family and ICE Transcription Factors in Walnuts and Expression Profiles under Cold Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:25. [PMID: 38203199 PMCID: PMC10778614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold stress impacts woody tree growth and perennial production, especially when the temperature rapidly changes in late spring. To address this issue, we conducted the genome-wide identification of two important transcription factors (TFs), CBF (C-repeat binding factors) and ICE (inducers of CBF expression), in three walnut (Juglans) genomes. Although the CBF and ICE gene families have been identified in many crops, very little systematic analysis of these genes has been carried out in J. regia and J. sigillata. In this study, we identified a total of 16 CBF and 12 ICE genes in three Juglans genomes using bioinformatics analysis. Both CBF and ICE had conserved domains, motifs, and gene structures, which suggests that these two TFs were evolutionarily conserved. Most ICE genes are located at both ends of the chromosomes. The promoter cis-regulatory elements of CBF and ICE genes are largely involved in light and phytohormone responses. Based on 36 RNA sequencing of leaves from four walnut cultivars ('Zijing', 'Lvling', 'Hongren', and 'Liao1') under three temperature conditions (8 °C, 22 °C, and 5 °C) conditions in late spring, we found that the ICE genes were expressed more highly than CBFs. Both CBF and ICE proteins interacted with cold-related proteins, and many putative miRNAs had interactions with these two TFs. These results determined that CBF1 and ICE1 play important roles in the tolerance of walnut leaves to rapid temperature changes. Our results provide a useful resource on the function of the CBF and ICE genes related to cold tolerance in walnuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Zhou
- Xi’an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province, Institute of Botany of Shaanxi Province, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Jiayu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Hengzhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.M.); (H.L.)
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China; (J.M.); (H.L.)
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Penna S, Jain SM. Editorial: Innovative technologies and advancements in designing custom-made ornamental plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1348949. [PMID: 38152145 PMCID: PMC10751918 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1348949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Suprasanna Penna
- Amity Centre for Nuclear Biotechnology, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University of Maharashtra, Mumbai, India
| | - Shri Mohan Jain
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Manthos I, Sotiropoulos T, Karapetsi L, Ganopoulos I, Pratsinakis ED, Maloupa E, Madesis P. Molecular Characterization of Local Walnut ( Juglans regia) Genotypes in the North-East Parnon Mountain Region of Greece. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17230. [PMID: 38139058 PMCID: PMC10743642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Walnut is one of the most important nuts regarding their production and consumption. The available but uncharacterized genetic resources of walnut are important for the development and breeding of local varieties. Greece holds an important number of genetically uncharacterized walnut landraces, especially within the area of Parnon, which is considered to play a significant role as an in situ gene bank, due to its unique location traits. However, the genetic characterization and further use of these resources has been insufficient, due to the absence of genetic studies. In this study, we implemented SSR molecular markers, both to genetically characterize the walnut tree genetic diversity of the Parnon area and to identify its unique genetic structure, which will form the starting material for subsequent breeding programs. Overall, high levels of genetic variation were found among the individual walnut accessions that were collected in the Parnon mountain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Manthos
- Department of Nut Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO)-DIMITRA, Neo Krikello, 35100 Lamia, Greece;
| | - Thomas Sotiropoulos
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding & Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (ELGO)-DIMITRA, 59200 Naousa, Greece;
| | - Lefkothea Karapetsi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece;
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology-Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Ioannis Ganopoulos
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Emmanouil D. Pratsinakis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology-Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Eleni Maloupa
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Dimitra, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; (I.G.); (E.M.)
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Plants, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 38446 Volos, Greece;
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology-Hellas, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Soveili S, Khadivi A. Selecting the superior late-leafing genotypes of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) using morphological and pomological evaluations. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:379. [PMID: 37528348 PMCID: PMC10394927 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Late-spring frost is one of the major factors limiting and reducing yield of Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) in temperate regions, including Iran. Therefore, in the present study, seedling-originated genotypes of walnut were investigated to identify late-leafing genotypes with high-quality kernels for direct cultivation in orchards or as parents in breeding programs. In the first step, the variation of the selected trees was investigated in terms of traits related to phenology, vegetation, and fruit. In the second step, late-leafing trees were identified and their traits related to kernel quality were investigated to identify superior genotypes. RESULTS Strong variabilities were exhibited among the studied genotypes based on the traits recorded. The genotypes showed high variation based on dates of leafing, full male flowering date, and full female flowering date, including very early, early, moderate, and late. After recording the leafing date, 21 late-leaf genotypes were identified and evaluated to select the superiors among them in terms of kernel quantity and quality. Among them, the values of nut-related traits ranged as follows: nut length: 30.12-49.74 mm, nut width: 29.31-37.17 mm, nut weight: 8.77-16.47 g, and shell thickness: 1.15-2.25 mm. The values of kernel-related traits ranged as follows: kernel length: 22.35-35.73 mm, kernel width: 21.79-29.03 mm, kernel weight: 3.22-8.17 g, and kernel percentage: 35.08-53.95%. CONCLUSIONS According to the ideal values and situations of commercial characteristics of walnut, twelve promising late-leafing genotypes (No. 9, 13, 32, 33, 72, 77, 78, 82, 83, 86, 92, and 98) were identified and are recommended for cultivation in orchards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Soveili
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran
| | - Ali Khadivi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak, 38156-8-8349, Iran.
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Itoo H, Shah RA, Qurat S, Jeelani A, Khursheed S, Bhat ZA, Mir MA, Rather GH, Zargar SM, Shah MD, Padder BA. Genome-wide characterization and development of SSR markers for genetic diversity analysis in northwestern Himalayas Walnut ( Juglans regia L.). 3 Biotech 2023; 13:136. [PMID: 37124992 PMCID: PMC10130282 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we designed and validated genome-wide polymorphic SSR markers (110 SSRs) by mining the walnut genome. A total of 198,924 SSR loci were identified. Among these, successful primers were designed for 162,594 (81.73%) SSR loci. Dinucleotides were the most predominant accounting for 88.40% (175,075) of total SSRs. The SSR frequency was 377.312 SSR/Mb and it showed a decreasing trend from dinucleotide to octanucleotide motifs. We identified 20 highly polymorphic SSR markers and used them to genotype 72 walnut accessions. Over all, we obtained 118 alleles that ranged from 2 to 12 with an average value of 5.9. The higher SSR PIC values indicate their robustness in discriminating walnut genotypes. Heat map, PCA, and population structure categorized 72 walnut genotypes into 2 distinct clusters. The genetic variation within population was higher than among population as inferred by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). For walnut improvement, it is necessary to have a large repository of SSRs with high discriminative power. The present study reports 150,000 SSRs, which is the largest SSR repository for this important nut crop. Scientific communities may use this repository for walnut improvement such as QTL mapping, genetic studies, linkage map construction, and marker-assisted selection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03563-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Itoo
- Ambri Apple Research Centre, Pahnoo Shopian, Sheri-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 192303 India
| | - Rafiq Ahmad Shah
- Ambri Apple Research Centre, Pahnoo Shopian, Sheri-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 192303 India
| | - S. Qurat
- Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Faculty of Horticulture, Shalimar, Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190 025 India
| | - Afnan Jeelani
- Division of Fruit Science, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Faculty of Horticulture, Shalimar, Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190 025 India
| | - Sheikh Khursheed
- Ambri Apple Research Centre, Pahnoo Shopian, Sheri-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 192303 India
| | - Zahoor A. Bhat
- Ambri Apple Research Centre, Pahnoo Shopian, Sheri-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 192303 India
| | - M. A. Mir
- Ambri Apple Research Centre, Pahnoo Shopian, Sheri-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 192303 India
| | - G. H. Rather
- Ambri Apple Research Centre, Pahnoo Shopian, Sheri-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 192303 India
| | - Sajad Majeed Zargar
- Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Faculty of Horticulture, Shalimar, Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K 190 025 India
| | - M. D. Shah
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Kashmir, 190 025 Srinagar, J&K India
| | - Bilal A. Padder
- Plant Virology and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Shalimar, Kashmir, 190 025 Srinagar, J&K India
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6
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Wang J, Ye H, Zhou H, Chen P, Liu H, Xi R, Wang G, Hou N, Zhao P. Genome-wide association analysis of 101 accessions dissects the genetic basis of shell thickness for genetic improvement in Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:436. [PMID: 36096735 PMCID: PMC9469530 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03824-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the underlying genetic mechanisms that drive phenotypic variations is essential for enhancing the efficacy of crop improvement. Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), which is grown extensively worldwide, is an important economic tree fruit due to its horticultural, medicinal, and material value. The quality of the walnut fruit is related to the selection of traits such as thinner shells, larger filling rates, and better taste, which is very important for breeding in China. The complex quantitative fruit-related traits are influenced by a variety of physiological and environmental factors, which can vary widely between walnut genotypes. RESULTS For this study, a set of 101 Persian walnut accessions were re-sequenced, which generated a total of 906.2 Gb of Illumina sequence data with an average read depth of 13.8× for each accession. We performed the genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 10.9 Mb of high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 10 agronomic traits to explore the underlying genetic basis of the walnut fruit. Several candidate genes are proposed to be involved in walnut characteristics, including JrPXC1, JrWAKL8, JrGAMYB, and JrFRK1. Specifically, the JrPXC1 gene was confirmed to participate in the regulation of secondary wall cellulose thickening in the walnut shell. CONCLUSION In addition to providing considerable available genetic resources for walnut trees, this study revealed the underlying genetic basis involved in important walnut agronomic traits, particularly shell thickness, as well as providing clues for the improvement of genetic breeding and domestication in other perennial economic crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huijuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Pengpeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hengzhao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruimin Xi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang, 550005, Guizhou, China
| | - Na Hou
- Guizhou Academy of Forestry, Guiyang, 550005, Guizhou, China.
| | - Peng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, China.
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Arab MM, Brown PJ, Abdollahi-Arpanahi R, Sohrabi SS, Askari H, Aliniaeifard S, Mokhtassi-Bidgoli A, Mesgaran MB, Leslie CA, Marrano A, Neale DB, Vahdati K. Genome-wide association analysis and pathway enrichment provide insights into the genetic basis of photosynthetic responses to drought stress in Persian walnut. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac124. [PMID: 35928405 PMCID: PMC9343916 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Uncovering the genetic basis of photosynthetic trait variation under drought stress is essential for breeding climate-resilient walnut cultivars. To this end, we examined photosynthetic capacity in a diverse panel of 150 walnut families (1500 seedlings) from various agro-climatic zones in their habitats and grown in a common garden experiment. Photosynthetic traits were measured under well-watered (WW), water-stressed (WS) and recovery (WR) conditions. We performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) using three genomic datasets: genotyping by sequencing data (∼43 K SNPs) on both mother trees (MGBS) and progeny (PGBS) and the Axiom™ Juglans regia 700 K SNP array data (∼295 K SNPs) on mother trees (MArray). We identified 578 unique genomic regions linked with at least one trait in a specific treatment, 874 predicted genes that fell within 20 kb of a significant or suggestive SNP in at least two of the three GWAS datasets (MArray, MGBS, and PGBS), and 67 genes that fell within 20 kb of a significant SNP in all three GWAS datasets. Functional annotation identified several candidate pathways and genes that play crucial roles in photosynthesis, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, and signal transduction. Further network analysis identified 15 hub genes under WW, WS and WR conditions including GAPB, PSAN, CRR1, NTRC, DGD1, CYP38, and PETC which are involved in the photosynthetic responses. These findings shed light on possible strategies for improving walnut productivity under drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad M Arab
- Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Patrick J Brown
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Seyed Sajad Sohrabi
- Department of Plant Production and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Askari
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Aliniaeifard
- Photosynthesis laboratory, Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mokhtassi-Bidgoli
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen B Mesgaran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Charles A Leslie
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Annarita Marrano
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - David B Neale
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
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Hyten DL. Genotyping Platforms for Genome-Wide Association Studies: Options and Practical Considerations. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2481:29-42. [PMID: 35641757 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2237-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in crops requires genotyping platforms that are capable of producing accurate high density genotyping data on hundreds of plants in a cost-effective manner. Currently there are multiple commercial platforms available that are being effectively used across crops. These platforms include genotyping arrays such as the Illumina Infinium arrays and the Applied Biosystems Axiom Arrays along with a variety of resequencing methods. These methods are being used to genotype tens of thousands of markers up to millions of markers on GWAS panels. They are being used on crops with simple genomes to crops with very complex, large, polyploid genomes. Depending on the crop and the goal of the GWAS, there are several options and practical considerations to take into account when selecting a genotyping technology to ensure that the right coverage, accuracy, and cost for the study is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Hyten
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Gallinat AS, Ellwood ER, Heberling JM, Miller-Rushing AJ, Pearse WD, Primack RB. Macrophenology: insights into the broad-scale patterns, drivers, and consequences of phenology. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2021; 108:2112-2126. [PMID: 34755895 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenology research has surged in recent decades, in part due to interest in phenological sensitivity to climate change and the vital role phenology plays in ecology. Many local-scale studies have generated important findings regarding the physiology, responses, and risks associated with shifts in plant phenology. By comparison, our understanding of regional- and global-scale phenology has been largely limited to remote sensing of green-up without the ability to differentiate among plant species. However, a new generation of analytical tools and data sources-including enhanced remote sensing products, digitized herbarium specimen data, and public participation in science-now permits investigating patterns and drivers of phenology across extensive taxonomic, temporal, and spatial scales, in an emerging field that we call macrophenology. Recent studies have highlighted how phenology affects dynamics at broad scales, including species interactions and ranges, carbon fluxes, and climate. At the cusp of this developing field of study, we review the theoretical and practical advances in four primary areas of plant macrophenology: (1) global patterns and shifts in plant phenology, (2) within-species changes in phenology as they mediate species' range limits and invasions at the regional scale, (3) broad-scale variation in phenology among species leading to ecological mismatches, and (4) interactions between phenology and global ecosystem processes. To stimulate future research, we describe opportunities for macrophenology to address grand challenges in each of these research areas, as well as recently available data sources that enhance and enable macrophenology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Gallinat
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 3210 N Maryland Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Ellwood
- iDigBio, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- La Brea Tar Pits and Museum, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles California, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA
| | - J Mason Heberling
- Section of Botany, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | | | - William D Pearse
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Rd., Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Richard B Primack
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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