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Rahmati Ishka M, Julkowska M. Tapping into the plasticity of plant architecture for increased stress resilience. F1000Res 2023; 12:1257. [PMID: 38434638 PMCID: PMC10905174 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140649.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant architecture develops post-embryonically and emerges from a dialogue between the developmental signals and environmental cues. Length and branching of the vegetative and reproductive tissues were the focus of improvement of plant performance from the early days of plant breeding. Current breeding priorities are changing, as we need to prioritize plant productivity under increasingly challenging environmental conditions. While it has been widely recognized that plant architecture changes in response to the environment, its contribution to plant productivity in the changing climate remains to be fully explored. This review will summarize prior discoveries of genetic control of plant architecture traits and their effect on plant performance under environmental stress. We review new tools in phenotyping that will guide future discoveries of genes contributing to plant architecture, its plasticity, and its contributions to stress resilience. Subsequently, we provide a perspective into how integrating the study of new species, modern phenotyping techniques, and modeling can lead to discovering new genetic targets underlying the plasticity of plant architecture and stress resilience. Altogether, this review provides a new perspective on the plasticity of plant architecture and how it can be harnessed for increased performance under environmental stress.
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Sheng C, Song S, Zhou W, Dossou SSK, Zhou R, Zhang Y, Li D, You J, Wang L. Integrating transcriptome and phytohormones analysis provided insights into plant height development in sesame. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107695. [PMID: 37058966 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant height is a key agronomic trait influencing crops yield. The height of sesame plants is important for yield performance, lodging resistance and plant architecture. Although plant height is significantly distinct among sesame varieties, the genetic basis of plant height remains largely unknown. In this study, in order to tackle genetic insights into the sesame plant height development, a comprehensive transcriptome analysis was conducted using the stem tips from two sesame varieties with distinct plant height, Zhongzhi13 and ZZM2748, at five time points by BGI MGIseq2000 sequencing platform. A total of 16,952 genes were differentially expressed between Zhongzhi13 and ZZM2748 at five time points. KEGG and MapMan enrichment analyses and quantitative analysis of phytohormones indicated that hormones biosynthesis and signaling pathways were associated with sesame plant height development. Plenty of candidate genes involved in biosynthesis and signaling of brassinosteroid (BR), cytokinin (CK) and gibberellin (GA) which were major differential hormones between two varieties were identified, suggesting their critical roles in plant height regulation. WGCNA revealed a module which was significantly positively associated with the plant height trait and founded SiSCL9 was the hub gene involved in plant height development in our network. Further overexpression in transgenic Arabidopsis validated the function of SiSCL9 in the increase of plant height by 26.86%. Collectively, these results increase our understanding of the regulatory network controlling the development of plant height and provide a valuable genetic resource for improvement of plant architecture in sesame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China; National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shengnan Song
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wangyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Senouwa Segla Koffi Dossou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Yanxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Donghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
| | - Linhai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China.
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Strygina KV, Elatskova AG, Elatskov YA, Tekhanovich GA, Khlestkina EK. Analysis of the Genes That Determine the Dwarf Form of Watermelon Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai in the VIR Collection. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422120134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yu R, Niu Y, Wang X, Yang K, Han X, Liu Z, Qi Z, Yang Y. Construction of a density mutant collection in bitter gourd via new germplasms innovation and gene functional study. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1069750. [PMID: 36483947 PMCID: PMC9724616 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1069750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although a few studies have elucidated the creation of bitter gourd mutants, the suitable concentration and duration of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis have not been determined. In this study, mutant collection was conducted to create new germplasms and widen genetic diversity. By employing the seeds of the inbred line Y52 as the mutagenic material, EMS as the mutagen, and the suitable mutagenic conditions for bitter gourd seeds (EMS concentration 0.2%, mutagenic time 10 h), we mutated 10,000 seeds and acquired 3223 independent M1 lines. For the randomly selected 1000 M2 lines, 199 M2 lines with visible phenotypes were found, and 167 M2 lines were mutants of fruit shape, size, and tubercles. Furthermore, fourteen dwarf, eleven leaf color, five leaf shape, and eight meristem defect mutants were discovered in this mutant collection. In addition, three lines of 1253, 2284, and 3269 represented recessive mutants crossed with Y52. Furthermore, the yellow leaf lines of 2284 and 3269 were not mutated at the same gene locus. This study constructed a mutant collection through innovative new germplasms and provided valuable resources for bitter gourd breeding and functional gene research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renbo Yu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Hainan, China
| | - Yu Niu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Haikou Experimental Station, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Hainan, China
| | - Xu Han
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Hainan, China
| | - Zhaohua Liu
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Hainan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Qi
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Hainan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Hainan, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation of Hainan Province, Hainan, China
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Zhang X, Zhao B, Sun Y, Feng Y. Effects of gibberellins on important agronomic traits of horticultural plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:978223. [PMID: 36267949 PMCID: PMC9578688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.978223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Horticultural plants such as vegetables, fruits, and ornamental plants are crucial to human life and socioeconomic development. Gibberellins (GAs), a class of diterpenoid compounds, control numerous developmental processes of plants. The roles of GAs in regulating growth and development of horticultural plants, and in regulating significant progress have been clarified. These findings have significant implications for promoting the quality and quantity of the products of horticultural plants. Here we review recent progress in determining the roles of GAs (including biosynthesis and signaling) in regulating plant stature, axillary meristem outgrowth, compound leaf development, flowering time, and parthenocarpy. These findings will provide a solid foundation for further improving the quality and quantity of horticultural plants products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Baolin Zhao
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resources and Sustainable Use, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, China
| | - Yibo Sun
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yulong Feng
- Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Invasions and Global Changes, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Xue Y, Zhang Y, Shan J, Ji Y, Zhang X, Li W, Li D, Zhao L. Growth Repressor GmRAV Binds to the GmGA3ox Promoter to Negatively Regulate Plant Height Development in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1721. [PMID: 35163641 PMCID: PMC8836252 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant height is an important component of plant architecture, and significantly affects crop quality and yield. A soybean GmRAV (Related to ABI3/VP1) transcription factor containing both AP2 and B3 domains is a growth repressor. Three GmRAV-overexpressing (GmRAV-ox) transgenic lines displayed extremely shorter height and shortened internodes compared with control plants, whereas transgenic inhibition of GmRAV expression resulted in increased plant height. GmRAV-ox soybean plants showed a low active gibberellin level and the dwarf phenotype could be rescued by treatment with exogenous GA3 treatment. ChIP (Chromatin immunoprecipitation)-qPCR assay showed that GmRAV could directly regulate the expression of the GA4 biosynthetic genes GA3-oxidase (GmGA3ox) by binding two CAACA motifs in the GmGA3ox promoter. The GmGA3ox promoter was bound by GmRAV, whose expression levels in leaves were both elevated in GmRAV-i-3 and decreased in GmRAV-ox-7 soybean plants. Transient expression assay in N. benthamiana also showed that the proGmRAV:GmRAV-3F6H effector strongly repressed the expression of LUC reporter gene driven by GmGA3ox promoter containing two CAACA motifs. Together, our results suggested that GmRAV protein repressed the expression of GmGA3ox by directly binding to the two CAACA motifs in the promoter to limit soybean plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Ministry of Education China, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology of Ministry of Education China, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (J.S.); (Y.J.); (X.Z.); (W.L.)
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Dong W, Wu D, Wang C, Liu Y, Wu D. Characterization of the molecular mechanism underlying the dwarfism of dsh mutant watermelon plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111074. [PMID: 34763866 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing dwarf watermelon is a major objective among breeders. The dsh dwarf watermelon germplasm developed in our laboratory is genetically stable. We previously produced preliminary evidence that Cla010726, which encodes a gibberellin 20-oxidase-like protein, is the primary gene controlling dwarfism in watermelon. However, the underlying genetic mechanism was unknown. In this study, we characterized the spontaneous recessive mutant dsh, which is a gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant. Many of the phenotypic traits of dsh plants are similar to those of known GA-deficient mutants. The dsh plants were sensitive to exogenous bioactive GAs, which increased seedling height. Moreover, a quantitative analysis of endogenous GA3 proved that the bioactive GA3 content was substantially lower than normal in dsh. Additionally, the T5ClaGA20ox RNAi plants generally exhibited dwarfism, with short stems and internodes as well as small leaves and fruit. An examination of the transgenic plants carrying the ClaGA20ox1 promoter-GUS and mutant ClaGA20ox2 promoter-GUS constructs confirmed that two promoter sites are involved in the regulation of ClaGA20ox expression. Hence, mutations in the promoter of the GA20ox gene, which encodes a key enzyme involved in gibberellin biosynthesis, lead to the dwarfism of watermelon plants. The dsh mutant is a potentially useful germplasm resource for developing new watermelon varieties exhibiting dwarfism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Dewei Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Caihui Wang
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Defeng Wu
- School of Life Science, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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Hu L, Wang P, Hao Z, Lu Y, Xue G, Cao Z, Qu H, Cheng T, Shi J, Chen J. Gibberellin Oxidase Gene Family in L. chinense: Genome-Wide Identification and Gene Expression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137167. [PMID: 34281216 PMCID: PMC8268368 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
GAox is a key enzyme for the transformation of gibberellins, and belongs to the 2-ketoglutarate dependent dioxygenase gene family (2ODD). However, a systematic analysis of GAox in the angiosperm L. chinense has not yet been reported. Here, we identified all LcGAox gene family members in L. chinense, which were classified into the three subgroups of GA20ox, C19GA2ox, and C20GA2ox. Comparison of the gene structure, conserve motifs, phylogenetic relationships, and syntenic relationships of gibberellin oxidase gene families in different species indicated that the gene functional differences may be due to the partial deletion of their domains during evolution. Furthermore, evidence for purifying selection was detected between orthologous GAox genes in rice, grape, Arabidopsis, and L. chinense. Analysis of the codon usage patterns showed that mutation pressure and natural selection might have induced codon usage bias in angiosperms; however, the LcGAox genes in mosses, lycophytes, and ambarella plants exhibited no obvious codon usage preference. These results suggested that the gibberellin oxidase genes were more primitive. The gene expression pattern was analyzed in different organs subjected to multiple abiotic stresses, including GA, abscisic acid (ABA), and chlormequat (CCC) treatment, by RNA-seq and qRT-PCR, and the stress- and phytohormone-responsive cis-elements were counted. The results showed that the synthesis and decomposition of GA were regulated by different LcGAox genes in the vegetative and reproductive organs of L. chinense, and only LcGA2ox1,4, and 7 responded to the NaCl, polyethylene glycol, 4 °C, GA, ABA, and CCC treatment in the roots, stems, and leaves of seedlings at different time periods, revealing the potential role of LcGAox in stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Pengkai Wang
- College of Horticulture Technology, Suzhou Polytechnic Institute of Agriculture, Suzhou 215000, China;
| | - Zhaodong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Ye Lu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Guoxia Xue
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Zijian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Haoxian Qu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Tielong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (L.H.); (Z.H.); (Y.L.); (G.X.); (Z.C.); (H.Q.); (T.C.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-85428817-83
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Phenotypic Characterization and Differential Gene Expression Analysis Reveal That Dwarf Mutant dwf Dwarfism Is Associated with Gibberellin in Eggplant. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dwarfism is a desirable trait in eggplant breeding, as it confers higher lodging resistance and allows simplified management and harvest. However, a few dwarf mutants have been reported, and the molecular mechanism underlying dwarfism in eggplant is completely unknown. Here, we report a dwarf mutant (dwf) isolated from an ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced mutant library. The hypocotyl length, plant height, and length of internode cells of dwf were significantly decreased compared to those of the wild-type parent ‘14-345’ (WT). Differential gene expression analysis revealed that GA-related genes, including GA2ox and DELLA, were up-regulated whereas the gibberellin (GA3) content decreased in dwf. Moreover, exogenous GA3 treatment significantly increased the relative growth rate of dwf compared to WT, further indicating the important roles of GA in regulating the dwarf phenotype of dwf. Collectively, our findings shed light on GA-mediated dwarfism in dwf plants and offer a good germplasm that could be used for eggplant dwarfism breeding in the future.
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