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Perugini P, Grignani C, Condrò G, van der Hoeven H, Ratti A, Mondelli A, Colpani A, Bleve M. Skin Microbiota: Setting up a Protocol to Evaluate a Correlation between the Microbial Flora and Skin Parameters. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030966. [PMID: 36979945 PMCID: PMC10046605 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of skin microbiota is not really clear and more accurate approaches are necessary to explain how microbial flora can influence skin biophysical parameters in healthy individuals and in pathology patients with non-infectious skin disease. The aim of this work is to provide a suitable, fast and reproducible protocol to correlate skin parameters with the composition of skin microbiota. For this purpose, the work was split into two main phases. The first phase was focused on the selection of volunteers by the administration of a specific questionnaire. The skin microbiota was then collected from the forehead of selected volunteers as a test area and from the shoulder as control area. On the same skin area, the biophysical parameters, such as trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum level (SL), porphyrin intensity, keratin content and stratum corneum water content were taken. All parameters were taken at t0 and after 15 days without changes in the volunteers' lifestyle. A strong correlation was found between forehead and shoulder area for porphyrin intensity, pH and TEWL parameters, and between Cutibacterium acnes and some biophysical parameters both in the forehead and the shoulder area. The procedural setup in this work represents the starting point for evaluating problematic skins and the efficacy of cosmetic products or treatment against skin dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Perugini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Etichub, Academic Spin-Off, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Camilla Grignani
- Etichub, Academic Spin-Off, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Condrò
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Harald van der Hoeven
- CLR-Chemisches Laboratorium Dr. Kurt Richter GmbH, Sperenberger Straße 3, 12277 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Antonio Colpani
- I Beauty, Via G. Donizetti, 109, 24030 Brembate di sopra, Italy
- Department of Management, Information and Production Engineering, University of Bergamo, Via Salvecchio 19, 24129 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Mariella Bleve
- Etichub, Academic Spin-Off, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Humberg A, Neuenburg L, Boeckel H, Fortmann MI, Härtel C, Herting E, Hinrichs H, Rademacher F, Harder J. Antimicrobial skin peptides in premature infants: Comparison with term infants and impact of perinatal factors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093340. [PMID: 36923410 PMCID: PMC10009099 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Preterm infants have an immature epidermis barrier function that may lead to an increased permeability to pathogens. On the surface of the human skin, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important molecules of the innate immune system, have broad antimicrobial properties, and provide an essential role in integrity of the microbiome. Given the marked susceptibility of preterm infants to infection, we hypothesize a decreased expression of AMPs on the skin of preterm infants. Materials and methods In a prospective single-center study with 35 preterm and 20 term infants, we analyzed skin rinsing probes for the presence of the AMPs psoriasin (S100A7) and ribonuclease 7 (RNase 7) via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples were taken from preterm infants < 34 0/7 weeks gestational age (mean ± SD gestational age, 28.8 ± 2.4 weeks) on days 0, 7, 14, and 28 after birth. Term infants (> 36 6/7 weeks) (controls) were washed on days 0 and 28. Results Psoriasin and RNase 7 were both expressed on skin of preterm and term infants and increased in concentration significantly over time. RNase 7 was more expressed in term infants on day 0 [preterm = 1.1 (0.7-2.9) vs. term = 2.0 (1.1-3.4) ng/ml, p = 0.017]. On day 28, premature infants showed higher values of psoriasin [preterm = 10.9 (5.6-14.2) vs. term = 6.3 (3.4-9.0) ng/ml, p < 0.001]. Notably, preterm infants with infectious or inflammatory context driven by histological proof of chorioamnionitis and early-onset or late-onset sepsis had higher concentrations of psoriasin as compared with non-affected preterm infants. After exclusion of infants with inflammatory hit, median concentrations of RNase 7 and psoriasin did not differ between preterm and full-term infants on days 0 and 28. Discussion Psoriasin and RNase 7 concentrations increase over time on the skin of newborn infants and seem to play a role in the first defense against infection. This is of particularly interest as the role of AMPs on a maturing skin microbiome and its possible new prevention strategies is unclear and needs to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Humberg
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children’s Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Neuenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hannah Boeckel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Mats Ingmar Fortmann
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Härtel
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Egbert Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Heilwig Hinrichs
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska Rademacher
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jürgen Harder
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Quincke Research Center, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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Lee J, Kwon OS, Shim YM, Kim SK, Jeong ET, Lim JM, Park SG. Novel human skin surface antimicrobial peptide quantification method using a skin patch test chamber: A pilot study. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6243-6248. [PMID: 35816391 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on the skin surface are related to the innate immunity of the skin in preventing external infection. Skin rinsing and tape stripping (TS) are acceptable methods for analyzing AMPs on the skin surface but have limitations, such as causing skin damage. In this study, we proposed a noninvasive method to measure AMPs on the skin surface with minimal skin damage. METHODS Using the patch test assay, we aimed to analyze the skin surface human β-defensin (hBDs) levels without damaging the skin barrier. The concentrations of hBDs on the skin surface were evaluated through the skin patch testing of 13 healthy subjects, and hBD-1 concentrations were compared with those obtained using the TS method in this proof-of-concept study. In addition, changes in skin physiology and concentration of hBDs under 1% sodium lauryl sulfate stimulation were monitored in 14 healthy subjects (8 young and 6 elderly subjects) for 150 h. RESULTS The correlation between the two methods had a Pearson's coefficient of 0.640, and skin patch analysis led to a relatively less impaired barrier with no significant increase in transepidermal water loss after analysis. Age-specific comparisons suggested that higher skin surface hBD-2 concentrations were present in the young group as compared with the elderly group. Skin surface expression of hBD-2 after skin barrier disruption was also higher in the young group. CONCLUSION Our findings show that skin patch analysis is a convenient method to analyze hBDs on the skin surface. hBDs are factors of innate immunity that can be used as an index to predict a decreased chemical immune response of skin due to aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyong Lee
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Oh Sun Kwon
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Shim
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Kyung Kim
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eui Taek Jeong
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Man Lim
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Gyoo Park
- LG Household & Health Care, LG Science Park, Seoul, Korea
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Micek I, Nawrot J, Seraszek-Jaros A, Jenerowicz D, Schroeder G, Spiżewski T, Suchan A, Pawlaczyk M, Gornowicz-Porowska J. Taxifolin as a Promising Ingredient of Cosmetics for Adult Skin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1625. [PMID: 34679758 PMCID: PMC8533573 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Active substances, effective in the reduction in or delay of skin changes caused by aging occurring in natural compounds, are desirable. Taxifolin (TXF), a flavonoid of strong antioxidant activity found in the plant Stizolophus balsamita (S. balsamita), has been tested for its biological effects on adult human skin. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of two creams: 3% S. balsamita extract and 3% TXF on the function of adult skin. In total, 97 Caucasian women with clinical signs of skin aging were investigated. The biophysical and biomechanical skin parameters were measured before and after applying the creams, using Colorimeter CL400, Mexameter MX16, Skin-pH-Meter PH900, Skin-Thermometer ST 500, Glossymeter GL200, and Cutiscan SC100. Patch tests were performed with the investigated products to assess their potential irritant properties. The percutaneous penetration of creams was examined with the use of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and confocal Raman spectroscopy. The 3% S. balsamita extract cream reduced hyperpigmentation, erythema, and elevated pH. All the tested preparations were proven to be nonirritant. A higher penetration rate was revealed for the 3% TXF cream than for the 3% S. balsamita extract cream. A total of 3% TXF cream improved skin viscoelasticity. The obtained results suggested that S. balsamita extract and TXF may be considered as ingredients of skincare products for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Micek
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Joanna Nawrot
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Seraszek-Jaros
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 4 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dorota Jenerowicz
- Department of Dermatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-356 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Schroeder
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 Street, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Spiżewski
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159 Street, 60-594 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Adela Suchan
- AVA Cosmetic Laboratory, Całowanie 103B, 05-480 Karczew, Poland;
| | - Mariola Pawlaczyk
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Justyna Gornowicz-Porowska
- Department and Division of Practical Cosmetology and Skin Diseases Prophylaxis, Poznan University of Medicinal Sciences, Mazowiecka 33, 60-623 Poznan, Poland; (I.M.); (J.N.); (M.P.)
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Li D, Martini N, Liu M, Falconer JR, Locke M, Wu Z, Wen J. Non-ionic surfactant vesicles as a carrier system for dermal delivery of (+)-Catechin and their antioxidant effects. J Drug Target 2020; 29:310-322. [PMID: 33044095 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2020.1835923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Numerous skin disorders and diseases are related to oxidative stress. The application of an antioxidant, serving as a strong defense agent against oxidation, is of great interest in dermatology yet remains challenging for delivery. This paper aimed to develop a niosome carrier system to deliver the antioxidant (+) Catechin into the skin. (+) Catechin-loaded niosomes were prepared using film hydration technique and the physicochemical properties of drug-loaded niosomes were characterised and investigated by a series of in vitro and ex vivo studies. The optimised formulation displayed an acceptable size in nanoscale (204 nm), high drug entrapment efficiency (49%) and amorphous state of drug in niosomes. It was found that (+) Catechin-loaded niosomes could effectively prolong the drug release. Drug deposition in the viable layers of human skin was significantly enhanced when niosomal carriers were applied (p < 0.05). Compared to the pure drug, the niosomal formulation had a greater protective effect on the human skin fibroblasts (Fbs). This is consistent with the observation of internalisation of niosomes by Fbs which was concentration-, time- and temperature-dependent, via an energy-dependent process of endocytosis. The research highlighted that niosomes are potential topical carriers for dermal delivery of antioxidants in skin-care and pharmaceutical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhui Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nataly Martini
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mengyang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James R Falconer
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michelle Locke
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Middlemore Hospital, Counties Manukau District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zimei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jingyuan Wen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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