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Alheet G, Barut C, Ogut E. Quantitative analysis of surgical landmarks of the face in fixed cadaveric heads: clinical and anatomical implications. Surg Radiol Anat 2024:10.1007/s00276-024-03474-y. [PMID: 39212709 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03474-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine and analyze the presence of sexual dimorphism and symmetry/asymmetry in fixed cadaveric heads and their contributions to clinical practice. METHODS Measurements were conducted on 6 cadavers and 24 fixed cadaveric heads (n = 30) using a digital microcaliper to assess cranial dimensions, including surgical landmarks, facial index (FI), orbital index (OI), and the danger triangle of the face, offering crucial references for surgeons during surgical interventions. RESULTS Analyses were conducted on cadavers consisting of 10 females (33.3%) and 20 males (66.7%). Males demonstrated significantly higher values than females in terms of Zy-Zy (Zy = Zygion), nasal body, and width/length of the columella. Hyperleptoprosop types were the most frequently observed, followed by the leptoprosop type. Females exhibited megaseme characteristics according to OI on both sides. Additionally, the danger triangle of the face was greater in males compared than in females, suggesting a higher risk of infection in this region among males. CONCLUSION The observed sex differences in facial and nasal dimensions, along with facial indices, are crucial for customizing surgical procedures to individual patients. For example, the greater distance in the danger triangle among males highlights the importance of considering anatomical variations to avoid complications, such as septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Integrating these measurements into preoperative planning can enhance the precision of facial reconstruction and aesthetic surgeries, thereby improving patient outcomes and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadeer Alheet
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Graduate Studies, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cagatay Barut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Eren Ogut
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Ryu JY, Park YK, Park JH, Seo JU, Roh BY, Kim EJ, Choi CU, Koh KM, Lee WJ. Developing an eyeball positioning method in the eye orbit for craniofacial identification in Korean population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16039. [PMID: 38992093 PMCID: PMC11239852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
We analysed the skulls and faces of Korean subjects using anthropometric methods to understand the anatomical characteristics of the eyeball and eye orbit region of Korean population and to determine the correlations between the hard and soft tissues around the eyeball and eye orbit region. In total, 82 sections in the region were measured to determine the correlations; among them, 34 showed significant differences by sex, and 6 showed significant differences by age. As the distance from the centre of the eye lens to the eye orbit is calculated as a ratio, we determined that the centre of the eye lens is located relatively on the lateral and superior position in each eye orbit in front view. Fourteen sections that could be used for craniofacial reconstruction/approximation in men and women were selected. Regression equations were derived according to the correlation of each section, and their reliabilities were verified by out of sample validation tests. Therefore, our results increase the accuracy of eyeball position determination, which would be useful for more efficient craniofacial reconstruction/approximation of the Korean population and should improve the efficiency of facial recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Yeol Ryu
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Kyung Park
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hwan Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08063, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Seo
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Yoon Roh
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Gwangju Institute, Gwangju, 57248, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Joo Kim
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Un Choi
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08063, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Min Koh
- Division of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, 26460, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Joon Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, 08063, Republic of Korea.
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Singh S, Purkait R. Three-dimensional prediction of the nose for facial reconstruction: A preliminary study on North Indian adults. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 105:102708. [PMID: 38924932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Forensic facial reconstruction is the last recourse to establish the identity of an unknown skull. The facial soft-tissue thickness (FSTT) is required to reconstruct various facial features on a skull. Unlike other facial features, the nose is made of cartilaginous tissue except for a small nasal bone. A large cavity (pyriform aperture) exists on the skull in place of the nose, which makes it a challenging job for reconstruction. The nose is a vital feature for the recognition of a face. Any change in the shape or size of the nose can alter the original aesthetic of the face. The present study proposes angles and regression functions on the bony structure to predict the various parts of the soft nose. A sample of computed tomography (CT) images of 100 males and 100 females aged between 18 and 45 years were included in the study. Apart from measuring fourteen linear parameters with three angles, simple linear regression models were derived for five pairs of parameters. Pearson's correlation coefficients for most of the parameters ranging between 0.221 and 0.872 were found to be significant at p ≤ 0.05 level. FSTT at three anatomical landmarks of the nose was also measured. A morphological observation study was undertaken to find the most frequent direction of the bony anterior nasal spine (ans) and its relation with the position of the pronasale (prn) on the soft nose. The devised parameters proposed in the study may also prove useful for reconstructing the nose in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarnjeet Singh
- Department of Anthropology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Ruma Purkait
- Department of Anthropology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, 211002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Wilkinson C, Liu CYJ, Shrimpton S, Greenway E. Craniofacial identification standards: A review of reliability, reproducibility, and implementation. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 359:111993. [PMID: 38704925 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.111993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
There are numerous anatomical and anthropometrical standards that can be utilised for craniofacial analysis and identification. These standards originate from a wide variety of sources, such as orthodontic, maxillofacial, surgical, anatomical, anthropological and forensic literature, and numerous media have been employed to collect data from living and deceased subjects. With the development of clinical imaging and the enhanced technology associated with this field, multiple methods of data collection have become accessible, including Computed Tomography, Cone-Beam Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Radiographs, Three-dimensional Scanning, Photogrammetry and Ultrasound, alongside the more traditional in vivo methods, such as palpation and direct measurement, and cadaveric human dissection. Practitioners often struggle to identify the most appropriate standards and research results are frequently inconsistent adding to the confusion. This paper aims to clarify how practitioners can choose optimal standards, which standards are the most reliable and when to apply these standards for craniofacial identification. This paper describes the advantages and disadvantages of each mode of data collection and collates published research to review standards across different populations for each facial feature. This paper does not aim to be a practical instruction paper; since this field encompasses a wide range of 2D and 3D approaches (e.g., clay sculpture, sketch, automated, computer-modelling), the implementation of these standards is left to the individual practitioner.
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Gupta KK, Davda D, Mughal Z, Lotfallah A, Anari S. Correlation of maximal nasal septal deviation with deviation at the maxillary insertion. Surg Radiol Anat 2024; 46:567-573. [PMID: 38489066 DOI: 10.1007/s00276-024-03334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE It is unclear if septal deviation at the insertion points to the nasal cavity is associated with the overall septal deviation. This study aimed to assess septal deviation at the cribriform plate (CP) and maxillary crest (MC) using CT scans and to see if there was any correlation with overall septal deviation. METHODS All consecutive CT sinus scans between January 2020 and December 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were excluded if they had a history of head, nasal or facial trauma, or any previous nasal surgical procedure. Angles between the septum and MC and the septum and CP as well as maximal angle of septal deviation (MSD) were measured. RESULTS A total of 70 scans were included in the final analysis. The mean MSD was 8.14°. The mean septal deviation was 0.89° at the CP and 2.02° at the MC. The correlation coefficient between the deviation at the CP and MSD was 0.025 and between the deviation at the MC and MSD was 0.321. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a positive correlation between septal deviation at the floor of the nose and overall septal deviation; this was not observed at the septal deviation at the roof. This could be explained due to the inherent tilt in the cribriform plate or by earlier ossification and fixation of the septum during its development at its insertion to the roof, thereby allowing further growth and potential for deviation of the lower part of the septum and its insertion to the floor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Kumar Gupta
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, England.
| | - Dean Davda
- Department of Radiology Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, England
| | - Zahir Mughal
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, England
| | - Andrew Lotfallah
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Birmingham, B15 2TH, England
| | - Shahram Anari
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Heartlands Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust, Bordesley Green East, Birmingham, B9 5SS, England
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Afaq S, Jain S, Sharma N, Sharma S. Acquisition of Precision and Reliability of Modalities for Facial Reconstruction and Aesthetic Surgery: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S849-S855. [PMID: 37694018 PMCID: PMC10485431 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_242_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The foundation of reconstructive and cosmetic surgery is a confluence of advanced technologies, plethora of procedures, inventive modifications, and planned strategies. In surgical planning, the most crucial steps for treating a patient are evaluating the facial morphometry and recognizing the deviations from the baseline values of facial parameters. Various imaging and non-imaging modalities and sub-modalities contribute to diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow-up care. These techniques are an important milestone of pre-, peri-, and postoperative care in facial reconstruction. The current research aims to comprehensively explain imaging and non-imaging technologies encompassing both innovative and traditional approaches in facial reconstruction. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched from 1990 to 2022, and systematic review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA recommendations. Undoubtedly, various factors impact the selection of facial analysis acquisition approaches and their prospective. The surgical team must understand such modalities' potential for diagnosis and treatment. The evolution of three-dimensional imaging has been fueled because of the need for devices with high speed, small size, and several functions. Automation with more efficiency and precision is the way of the future for three-dimensional imaging. Stereophotogrammetry can clearly quantify the field of facial analysis. All the publications under consideration came to the same conclusion: Canfield's Vectra three-dimensional imaging devices can provide accurate, repeatable stereophotogrammetric pictures. Although a few minor mistakes were recorded, most examined devices are deemed reliable and accurate tools for Plastic surgeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shehzeen Afaq
- Department of Anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S.K. Jain
- Department of Anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sonika Sharma
- Department of Anatomy, Teerthanker Mahaveer Medical College and Research Centre, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Ryu JY, Yoon AY, Park YK, Lee WJ, Song MK, Hong JH, Park EJ, Cha SC, Yoo D, Kim MJ, Shin DH. A portrait drawing of the 17th century Korean scholar based on craniofacial reconstruction. Anat Cell Biol 2022; 55:512-519. [PMID: 35934690 PMCID: PMC9747348 DOI: 10.5115/acb.22.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As a technique mainly hiring in forensic investigation field to identify the descents, craniofacial reconstruction (CFR) is also used in archaeology to create the faces from ancient or medieval human remains, when there is little information about his/her appearance. Eung-Cheok Ko (1531-1605) was a writer and scholar in the mid Joseon period. In January of 2019, His mummified body was found at Gumi, Kyeonsangbuk-do, Korea. The remains were anthropologically examined, and archaeological CFR was also requested for this case. This report reveals the case's facial reconstruction process and his portrait that is drawn based on the 3-dimensional CFR result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Yeol Ryu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - A Young Yoon
- Visual Communication Design, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Kyung Park
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service, Wonju, Korea
| | - Won Joon Lee
- Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Won Joon Lee, Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul 08036, Korea, E-mail:
| | - Mi Kyung Song
- Department of Fashion Design & Marketing, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Ha Hong
- Institute of Korean Archaeology and Ancient History, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Soon Chul Cha
- Seorabeol Institute of Cultural Heritage, Gyeongju, Korea
| | - Dongsoo Yoo
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Myeung Ju Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,Corresponding author: Won Joon Lee, Department of Forensic Medicine, National Forensic Service Seoul Institute, Seoul 08036, Korea, E-mail:
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