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Thakur V, Rane J, Pandey GC, Yadav S. Image facilitated assessment of intra-spike variation in grain size in wheat under high temperature and drought stress. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19850. [PMID: 37963937 PMCID: PMC10645968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44503-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the grain size varies according to position within the spike. Exposure to drought and high temperature stress during grain development in wheat reduces grain size, and this reduction also varies across the length of the spike. We developed the phenomics approach involving image-based tools to assess the intra-spike variation in grain size. The grains were arranged corresponding to the spikelet position and the camera of smart phone was used to acquire 333 images. The open-source software ImageJ was used to analyze features of each grain and the image-derived parameters were used to calculate intra-spike variation as standard deviation (ISVAD). The effect of genotype and environment were highly significant on the ISVAD of grain area. Sunstar and Raj 4079 contrasted in the ISVAD of grain area under late sown environment, and RNA sequencing of the spike was done at 25 days after anthesis. The genes for carbohydrate transport and stress response were upregulated in Sunstar as compared to Raj 4079, suggesting that these play a role in intra-spike assimilate distribution. The phenomics method developed may be useful for grain phenotyping and identifying germplasm with low intra-spike variation in grain size for their further validation as parental material in breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidisha Thakur
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304 022, India
| | - Jagadish Rane
- ICAR-Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Rajasthan, 334006, India.
| | - Girish Chandra Pandey
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali, Rajasthan, 304 022, India
| | - Satish Yadav
- ICAR-Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Rajgurunagar, Pune, 410 505, India
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2
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Hauvermale AL, Matzke C, Bohaliga G, Pumphrey MO, Steber CM, McCubbin AG. Development of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies to Wheat Alpha-Amylases Associated with Grain Quality Problems That Are Increasing with Climate Change. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3798. [PMID: 38005695 PMCID: PMC10675223 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate, rapid testing platforms are essential for early detection and mitigation of late maturity α-amylase (LMA) and preharvest sprouting (PHS) in wheat. These conditions are characterized by elevated α-amylase levels and negatively impact flour quality, resulting in substantial economic losses. The Hagberg-Perten Falling Number (FN) method is the industry standard for measuring α-amylase activity in wheatmeal. However, FN does not directly detect α-amylase and has major limitations. Developing α-amylase immunoassays would potentially enable early, accurate detection regardless of testing environment. With this goal, we assessed an expression of α-amylase isoforms during seed development. Transcripts of three of the four isoforms were detected in developing and mature grain. These were cloned and used to develop E. coli expression lines expressing single isoforms. After assessing amino acid conservation between isoforms, we identified peptide sequences specific to a single isoform (TaAMY1) or that were conserved in all isoforms, to develop monoclonal antibodies with targeted specificities. Three monoclonal antibodies were developed, anti-TaAMY1-A, anti-TaAMY1-B, and anti-TaAMY1-C. All three detected endogenous α-amylase(s). Anti-TaAMY1-A was specific for TaAMY1, whereas anti-TaAMY1-C detected TaAMY1, 2, and 4. Thus, confirming that they possessed the intended specificities. All three antibodies were shown to be compatible for use with immuno-pulldown and immuno-assay applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber L. Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.L.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.P.)
| | - Courtney Matzke
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Gamila Bohaliga
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.L.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.P.)
| | - Mike O. Pumphrey
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.L.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.P.)
| | - Camille M. Steber
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; (A.L.H.); (G.B.); (M.O.P.)
- Wheat Health, Quality and Genetics Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Andrew G. McCubbin
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Bowerman AF, Byrt CS, Roy SJ, Whitney SM, Mortimer JC, Ankeny RA, Gilliham M, Zhang D, Millar AA, Rebetzke GJ, Pogson BJ. Potential abiotic stress targets for modern genetic manipulation. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:139-161. [PMID: 36377770 PMCID: PMC9806601 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Research into crop yield and resilience has underpinned global food security, evident in yields tripling in the past 5 decades. The challenges that global agriculture now faces are not just to feed 10+ billion people within a generation, but to do so under a harsher, more variable, and less predictable climate, and in many cases with less water, more expensive inputs, and declining soil quality. The challenges of climate change are not simply to breed for a "hotter drier climate," but to enable resilience to floods and droughts and frosts and heat waves, possibly even within a single growing season. How well we prepare for the coming decades of climate variability will depend on our ability to modify current practices, innovate with novel breeding methods, and communicate and work with farming communities to ensure viability and profitability. Here we define how future climates will impact farming systems and growing seasons, thereby identifying the traits and practices needed and including exemplars being implemented and developed. Critically, this review will also consider societal perspectives and public engagement about emerging technologies for climate resilience, with participatory approaches presented as the best approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bowerman
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Caitlin S Byrt
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Stuart John Roy
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Spencer M Whitney
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Rachel A Ankeny
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Humanities, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew Gilliham
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dabing Zhang
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, University of Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine & Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia
| | - Anthony A Millar
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Greg J Rebetzke
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Training Centre for Accelerated Future Crops Development, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Murchie EH, Reynolds M, Slafer GA, Foulkes MJ, Acevedo-Siaca L, McAusland L, Sharwood R, Griffiths S, Flavell RB, Gwyn J, Sawkins M, Carmo-Silva E. A 'wiring diagram' for source strength traits impacting wheat yield potential. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:72-90. [PMID: 36264277 PMCID: PMC9786870 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Source traits are currently of great interest for the enhancement of yield potential; for example, much effort is being expended to find ways of modifying photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is but one component of crop regulation, so sink activities and the coordination of diverse processes throughout the crop must be considered in an integrated, systems approach. A set of 'wiring diagrams' has been devised as a visual tool to integrate the interactions of component processes at different stages of wheat development. They enable the roles of chloroplast, leaf, and whole-canopy processes to be seen in the context of sink development and crop growth as a whole. In this review, we dissect source traits both anatomically (foliar and non-foliar) and temporally (pre- and post-anthesis), and consider the evidence for their regulation at local and whole-plant/crop levels. We consider how the formation of a canopy creates challenges (self-occlusion) and opportunities (dynamic photosynthesis) for components of photosynthesis. Lastly, we discuss the regulation of source activity by feedback regulation. The review is written in the framework of the wiring diagrams which, as integrated descriptors of traits underpinning grain yield, are designed to provide a potential workspace for breeders and other crop scientists that, along with high-throughput and precision phenotyping data, genetics, and bioinformatics, will help build future dynamic models of trait and gene interactions to achieve yield gains in wheat and other field crops.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Gustavo A Slafer
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida–AGROTECNIO-CERCA Center, Av. R. Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- ICREA (Catalonian Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M John Foulkes
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Liana Acevedo-Siaca
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Km. 45, Carretera Mexico-Veracruz, El Batan, Texcoco, Mexico
| | - Lorna McAusland
- Division of Plant and Crop Science, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Robert Sharwood
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond NSW 2753, Australia
| | - Simon Griffiths
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney Ln, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard B Flavell
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jeff Gwyn
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mark Sawkins
- International Wheat Yield Partnership, 1500 Research Parkway, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Hu Y, Sjoberg SM, Chen CJ, Hauvermale AL, Morris CF, Delwiche SR, Cannon AE, Steber CM, Zhang Z. As the number falls, alternatives to the Hagberg-Perten falling number method: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:2105-2117. [PMID: 35411636 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the application, limitations, and potential alternatives to the Hagberg-Perten falling number (FN) method used in the global wheat industry for detecting the risk of poor end-product quality mainly due to starch degradation by the enzyme α-amylase. By viscometry, the FN test indirectly detects the presence of α-amylase, the primary enzyme that digests starch. Elevated α-amylase results in low FN and damages wheat product quality resulting in cakes that fall, and sticky bread and noodles. Low FN can occur from preharvest sprouting (PHS) and late maturity α-amylase (LMA). Moist or rainy conditions before harvest cause PHS on the mother plant. Continuously cool or fluctuating temperatures during the grain filling stage cause LMA. Due to the expression of additional hydrolytic enzymes, PHS has a stronger negative impact than LMA. Wheat grain with low FN/high α-amylase results in serious losses for farmers, traders, millers, and bakers worldwide. Although blending of low FN grain with sound wheat may be used as a means of moving affected grain through the marketplace, care must be taken to avoid grain lots from falling below contract-specified FN. A large amount of sound wheat can be ruined if mixed with a small amount of sprouted wheat. The FN method is widely employed to detect α-amylase after harvest. However, it has several limitations, including sampling variability, high cost, labor intensiveness, the destructive nature of the test, and an inability to differentiate between LMA and PHS. Faster, cheaper, and more accurate alternatives could improve breeding for resistance to PHS and LMA and could preserve the value of wheat grain by avoiding inadvertent mixing of high- and low-FN grain by enabling testing at more stages of the value stream including at harvest, delivery, transport, storage, and milling. Alternatives to the FN method explored here include the Rapid Visco Analyzer, enzyme assays, immunoassays, near-infrared spectroscopy, and hyperspectral imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephanie M Sjoberg
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Chunpen James Chen
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Amber L Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Craig F Morris
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen R Delwiche
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Food Quality, Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley E Cannon
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Camille M Steber
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA.,USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
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6
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Cannon AE, Marston EJ, Kiszonas AM, Hauvermale AL, See DR. Late-maturity α-amylase (LMA): exploring the underlying mechanisms and end-use quality effects in wheat. PLANTA 2021; 255:2. [PMID: 34837530 PMCID: PMC8627422 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03749-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION A comprehensive understanding of LMA from the underlying molecular aspects to the end-use quality effects will greatly benefit the global wheat industry and those whose livelihoods depend upon it. Late-maturity α-amylase (LMA) leads to the expression and protein accumulation of high pI α-amylases during late grain development. This α-amylase is maintained through harvest and leads to an unacceptable low falling number (FN), the wheat industry's standard measure for predicting end-use quality. Unfortunately, low FN leads to significant financial losses for growers. As a result, wheat researchers are working to understand and eliminate LMA from wheat breeding programs, with research aims that include unraveling the genetic, biochemical, and physiological mechanisms that lead to LMA expression. In addition, cereal chemists and quality scientists are working to determine if and how LMA-affected grain impacts end-use quality. This review is a comprehensive overview of studies focused on LMA and includes open questions and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Cannon
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA USA
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Elliott J. Marston
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Alecia M. Kiszonas
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Amber L. Hauvermale
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
| | - Deven R. See
- Wheat Health, Genetics, and Quality Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA
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8
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Neoh GKS, Dieters MJ, Tao K, Fox GP, Nguyen PTM, Gilbert RG. Late-Maturity Alpha-Amylase in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum) and Its Impact on Fresh White Sauce Qualities. Foods 2021; 10:foods10020201. [PMID: 33498449 PMCID: PMC7909430 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When wheat experiences a cold-temperature ‘shock’ during the late stage of grain filling, it triggers the abnormal synthesis of late-maturity α-amylase (LMA). This increases the enzyme content in affected grain, which can lead to a drastic reduction in falling number (FN). By commercial standards, a low FN is taken as an indication of inferior quality, deemed unsuitable for end-product usage. Hence, LMA-affected grains are either rejected or downgraded to feed grade at the grain receiving point. However, previous studies have found no substantial correlation between low FN-LMA and bread quality. The present study extends previous investigations to semi-solid food, evaluating the physical quality of fresh white sauce processed from LMA-affected flour. Results show that high-LMA flours had low FNs and exhibited poor pasting characteristics. However, gelation occurred in the presence of other components during fresh white sauce processing. This demonstrates that LMA-affected flours may have new applications in low-viscosity products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galex K. S. Neoh
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.K.S.N.); (K.T.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
| | - Mark J. Dieters
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Keyu Tao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.K.S.N.); (K.T.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
| | - Glen P. Fox
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Phuong T. M. Nguyen
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Robert G. Gilbert
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (G.K.S.N.); (K.T.)
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Science, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.J.D.); (G.P.F.)
- Correspondence:
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