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Wang Y, Jiang H, Li M, Xu Z, Xu H, Chen Y, Chen K, Zheng W, Lin W, Liu Z, Lin Z, Zhang M. Delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 system by AAV as vectors for gene therapy. Gene 2024; 927:148733. [PMID: 38945310 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a defective single-stranded DNA virus with the simplest structure reported to date. It constitutes a capsid protein and single-stranded DNA. With its high transduction efficiency, low immunogenicity, and tissue specificity, it is the most widely used and promising gene therapy vector. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic sequence (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing system is an emerging technology that utilizes cas9 nuclease to specifically recognize and cleave target genes under the guidance of small guide RNA and realizes gene editing through homologous directional repair and non-homologous recombination repair. In recent years, an increasing number of animal experiments and clinical studies have revealed the great potential of AAV as a vector to deliver the CRISPR/cas9 system for treating genetic diseases and viral infections. However, the immunogenicity, toxicity, low transmission efficiency in brain and ear tissues, packaging size limitations of AAV, and immunogenicity and off-target effects of Cas9 protein pose several clinical challenges. This research reviews the role, challenges, and countermeasures of the AAV-CRISPR/cas9 system in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Department of Anesthesiology, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mopu Li
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zidi Xu
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hang Xu
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuetong Chen
- The First School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kepei Chen
- Department of Neonatology, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Zheng
- Department of Neonatology, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Zhenlang Lin
- Department of Neonatology, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Perinatal Medicine of Wenzhou, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China; Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Pediatric Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Luo YH, Zhang T, Cao JL, Hou WS, Wang AQ, Jin CH. Monkeypox: An outbreak of a rare viral disease. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2024; 57:1-10. [PMID: 38177001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox is a viral zoonotic disease rarely found outside Africa. Monkeypox can be spread from person to person through close contact with an infected person, and the rate of transmission is not very high. In addition, monkeypox and variola virus are both pox viruses, and the spread of monkeypox virus was also controlled to some extent by the smallpox campaign, so monkeypox was not widely paid attention to. However, as smallpox vaccination is phased out in various countries or regions, people's resistance to orthopoxviruses is decreasing, especially among people who have not been vaccinated against smallpox. This has led to a significant increase in the frequency and geographical distribution of human monkeypox cases in recent years, and the monkeypox virus has become the orthopoxvirus that poses the greatest threat to public health. Since the last large-scale monkeypox infection was detected in 2022, the number of countries or territories affected has exceeded 100. Many confirmed and suspected cases of monkeypox have been found in individuals who have not travelled to affected areas, and the route of infection is not obvious, making this outbreak of monkeypox a cause for concern globally. The purpose of this systematic review is to further understand the pathophysiological and epidemiological characteristics of monkeypox, as well as existing prevention and treatment methods, with a view to providing evidence for the control of monkeypox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Luo
- Department of Grass Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jing-Long Cao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Wen-Shuang Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - An-Qi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Cheng-Hao Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China; National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Daqing, 163319, China.
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Dwivedi S, Singh V, Agrawal R, Misra R, Sadashiv, Fatima G, Abidi A, Misra S. Human Monkeypox Virus and Host Immunity: New Challenges in Diagnostics and Treatment Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:219-237. [PMID: 38801581 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV), responsible for human disease, has historically been limited to the African countries, with only a few isolated instances reported elsewhere in the world. Nevertheless, in recent years, there have been occurrences of monkeypox in regions where the disease is typically absent, which has garnered global interest. Within a period of less than four months, the incidence of MPXV infections has surged to over 48,000 cases, resulting in a total of 13 deaths. This chapter has addressed the genetics of the pox virus, specifically the human monkeypox virus, and its interaction with the immune systems of host organisms. The present chapter is skillfully constructed, encompassing diagnostic methodologies that span from traditional to developing molecular techniques. Furthermore, the chapter provides a succinct analysis of the therapeutic methods employed, potential future developments, and the various emerging difficulties encountered in illness management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailendra Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008, India.
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008, India
| | - Ruchika Agrawal
- Department of ENT, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, 273008, India
| | - Radhieka Misra
- Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sadashiv
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli, 229405, India
| | - Ghizal Fatima
- Department of Biotechnology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Afroz Abidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, Era University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sanjeev Misra
- Atal Bihari Bajpayee Medical University, Lucknow, 225001, India
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Li X, Li Y, Yu W, Jia Z, Li J, Liu Y, Yang J. Frontiers of monkeypox research: An analysis from the top 100 most influential articles in the field. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20566. [PMID: 37822624 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20566if:] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox (MPX) has made recurrence after decades as a neglected zoonotic disease. More nations have reported endemic monkeypox in the past decade than in the previous forty. The World Health Organization has warned that the world may face another significant challenge after dealing with COVID-19, a pandemic, and the Monkeypox outbreak. Early appraisal of monkeypox research and development allows researchers to anticipate solutions for large outbreaks. We conducted a bibliometric analysis of this study's top 100 cited papers to identify regional research patterns. METHODS Our method was to search the SCI-Expanded database on Web of Science (WOS) for the top 100 papers that were cited in MPX on this database. We examined relevant literature from different years, journals, countries/regions, institutions, authors, and keywords.In order to create knowledge maps, we used the programs VOSviewer, Citespace, Scimago Graphica and the bibliometric online analysis platform. After compiling the relevant literature in Excel, we could estimate the field's focus and trends. RESULTS A total of 47 journals from 36 countries and regions published the top 100 cited papers between 1999 and 2023. The majority of articles were published in EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES, while the highest average number of citations per paper were found in the NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE. The UNITED STATES contributed the most publications, followed by ENGLAND and SWITZERLAND. As far as the total number of publications goes, the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention in the USA, the National Institute of Health in the USA, and the World Health Organization each contributed the most papers. The major categories are immunology, virology and infectious diseases. The top five keywords were infection, Congo, virus, smallpox, and transmission. The cluster analysis suggests MPX research will focus on safe and effective vaccines and epidemic prevention. CONCLUSION By using bibliometric analysis, MPX researchers can quickly and visually identify their research focus and boundaries. Although studies suggest that antiviral medicine is the best treatment, creating an effective vaccine might lessen and avoid MPX pandemics in the long term. Our findings imply that safe and effective vaccines may be the focus and trends for future MPX research. International coordination for case monitoring and identification is essential to understand monkeypox disease's ever-changing epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhao Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Wenyan Yu
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Zhixia Jia
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jinling Li
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yuanxiang Liu
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jiguo Yang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Didara Z, Reithofer F, Zöttl K, Jürets A, Kiss I, Witte A, Klein R. Inhibition of adenovirus replication by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated targeting of the viral E1A gene. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:48-60. [PMID: 36950281 PMCID: PMC10025986 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA-targeting CRISPR-Cas systems are able to cleave dsDNA in mammalian cells. Accordingly, they have been employed to target the genomes of dsDNA viruses, mostly when present in cells in a non-replicative state with low copy numbers. However, the sheer amount of viral DNA produced within a very short time by certain lytically replicating viruses potentially brings the capacities of CRISPR-Cas systems to their limits. The accessibility of viral DNA replication sites, short time of accessibility of the DNA before encapsidation, or its complexation with shielding proteins are further potential hurdles. Adenoviruses are fast-replicating dsDNA viruses for which no approved antiviral therapy currently exists. We evaluated the potency of CRISPR-Cas9 in inhibiting the replication of human adenovirus 5 in vitro by targeting its master regulator E1A with a set of guide RNAs and observed a decrease in infectious virus particles by up to three orders of magnitude. Target DNA cleavage also negatively impacted the amount of viral DNA accumulated during the infection cycle. This outcome was mainly caused by specific deletions, inversions, and duplications occurring between target sites, which abolished most E1A functions in most cases. Additionally, we compared two strategies for multiplex gRNA expression and obtained comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Didara
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Florian Reithofer
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Karina Zöttl
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Alexander Jürets
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Izabella Kiss
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Angela Witte
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology, and Genetics, Max Perutz Labs, University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Reinhard Klein
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria
- Corresponding author: Reinhard Klein, Department of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Krems, Piaristengasse 1, 3500 Krems, Austria.
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Banuet-Martinez M, Yang Y, Jafari B, Kaur A, Butt ZA, Chen HH, Yanushkevich S, Moyles IR, Heffernan JM, Korosec CS. Monkeypox: a review of epidemiological modelling studies and how modelling has led to mechanistic insight. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e121. [PMID: 37218612 PMCID: PMC10468816 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox (mpox) virus is a viral zoonosis that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which presents with similar symptoms as those seen in human smallpox patients. Mpox is an increasing concern globally, with over 80,000 cases in non-endemic countries as of December 2022. In this review, we provide a brief history and ecology of mpox, its basic virology, and the key differences in mpox viral fitness traits before and after 2022. We summarize and critique current knowledge from epidemiological mathematical models, within-host models, and between-host transmission models using the One Health approach, where we distinguish between models that focus on immunity from vaccination, geography, climatic variables, as well as animal models. We report various epidemiological parameters, such as the reproduction number, R0, in a condensed format to facilitate comparison between studies. We focus on how mathematical modelling studies have led to novel mechanistic insight into mpox transmission and pathogenesis. As mpox is predicted to lead to further infection peaks in many historically non-endemic countries, mathematical modelling studies of mpox can provide rapid actionable insights into viral dynamics to guide public health measures and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Banuet-Martinez
- Climate Change and Global Health Research Group, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Behnaz Jafari
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Avneet Kaur
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Zahid A. Butt
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Helen H. Chen
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Svetlana Yanushkevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Iain R. Moyles
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Cai B, Chang S, Tian Y, Zhen S. CRISPR/Cas9 for hepatitis B virus infection treatment. Immun Inflamm Dis 2023; 11:e866. [PMID: 37249290 PMCID: PMC10170306 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a global health challenge. Despite the availability of effective preventive vaccines, millions of people are at risk of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Current drug therapies inhibit viral replication, slow the progression of liver fibrosis and reduce infectivity, but they rarely remove the covalently sealed circular DNA (cccDNA) of the virus that causes HBV persistence. Alternative treatment strategies, including those based on CRISPR/cas9 knockout virus gene, can effectively inhibit HBV replication, so it has a good prospect. During chronic infection, some virus gene knockouts based on CRISPR/cas9 may even lead to cccDNA inactivation. This paper reviews the progress of different HBV CRISPR/cas9, vectors for delivering to the liver, and the current situation of preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cai
- Center of Medical GeneticsNorthwest Women's and Children's HospitalXi'anShaanxiPR. China
| | - Shixue Chang
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiPR. China
| | - Yuhan Tian
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiPR. China
| | - Shuai Zhen
- Center for Translational MedicineThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anShaanxiPR. China
- Genetic Disease Diagnosis Center of Shaanxi provinceXi'anShaanxiPR. China
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Rampogu S, Kim Y, Kim SW, Lee KW. An overview on monkeypox virus: Pathogenesis, transmission, host interaction and therapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1076251. [PMID: 36844409 PMCID: PMC9950268 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1076251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus is one of the most notorious genus amongst the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox (MP) is a zoonotic disease that has been spreading throughout Africa. The spread is global, and incidence rates are increasing daily. The spread of the virus is rapid due to human-to-human and animals-to-human transmission. World Health Organization (WHO) has declared monkeypox virus (MPV) as a global health emergency. Since treatment options are limited, it is essential to know the modes of transmission and symptoms to stop disease spread. The information from host-virus interactions revealed significantly expressed genes that are important for the progression of the MP infection. In this review, we highlighted the MP virus structure, transmission modes, and available therapeutic options. Furthermore, this review provides insights for the scientific community to extend their research work in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shailima Rampogu
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseong Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Kyungnam University, Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Won Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), ABC-RLRC, PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Woo Lee
- Department of Bio & Medical Big Data (BK4 Program), Division of Life Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Science (RINS), Gyeongsang National University (GNU), Jinju, Republic of Korea
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Khani E, Afsharirad B, Entezari-Maleki T. Monkeypox treatment: Current evidence and future perspectives. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28229. [PMID: 36253931 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
As of September 11, 2022, 57 669 reports of monkeypox infection raised global concern. Previous vaccinia virus vaccination can protect from monkeypox. However, after smallpox eradication, immunization against that was stopped. Indeed, therapeutic options following the disease onset are of great value. This study aimed to review the available evidence on virology and treatment approaches for monkeypox and provide guidance for patient care and future studies. Since no randomized clinical trials were ever performed, we reviewed monkeypox animal model studies and clinical trials on the safety and pharmacokinetics of available medications. Brincidofovir and tecovirimat were the most studied medications that got approval for smallpox treatment according to the Animal Rule. Due to the conserved virology among Orthopoxviruses, available medications might also be effective against monkeypox. However, tecovirimat has the strongest evidence to be effective and safe for monkeypox treatment, and if there is a choice between the two drugs, tecovirimat has shown more promise so far. The risk of resistance should be considered in patients who failed to respond to tecovirimat. Hence, the target-based design of novel antivirals will enhance the availability and spectrum of effective anti-Orthopoxvirus agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Khani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Bentelhoda Afsharirad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Taher Entezari-Maleki
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Lansiaux E, Jain N, Laivacuma S, Reinis A. The virology of human monkeypox virus (hMPXV): A brief overview. Virus Res 2022; 322:198932. [PMID: 36165924 PMCID: PMC9534104 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
First described in 1958, the human monkeypox virus (hMPXV) is a neglected zoonotic pathogen closely associated with the smallpox virus. The virus usually spreads via close contact with the infected animal or human and has been endemic mostly in parts of the African continent. However, with the recent increase in trade, tourism, and travel, the virus has caused outbreaks in countries outside Africa. The recent outbreak in 2022 has been puzzling given the lack of epidemiological connection and the possible sexual transmission of the virus. Furthermore, there is limited understanding of the structural and pathogenetic mechanisms that are employed by the virus to invade the host cells. Henceforth, it is critical to understand the working apparatus governing the viral-immune interactions to develop effective therapeutical and prophylactic modalities. Hence, in the present short communication, we summarize the previously reported research findings regarding the virology of the human monkeypox virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Lansiaux
- Lille University School of Medicine, 2 Avenue Eugène Avinée, 59120, Loos, Lille, France,Corresponding author
| | - Nityanand Jain
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia,Corresponding author
| | - Sniedze Laivacuma
- Department of Infectiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradiņš University, Dzirciema Street 16, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
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bin Umair M, Akusa FN, Kashif H, Seerat-e-Fatima, Butt F, Azhar M, Munir I, Ahmed M, Khalil W, Sharyar H, Rafique S, Shahid M, Afzal S. Viruses as tools in gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1387-1404. [PMID: 35462594 PMCID: PMC9035288 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05432-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Using viruses to our advantage has been a huge leap for humanity. Their ability to mediate horizontal gene transfer has made them useful tools for gene therapy, vaccine development, and cancer treatment. Adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses, retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses, and herpesviruses are a few of the most common candidates for use as therapeutic agents or efficient gene delivery systems. Efforts are being made to improve and perfect viral-vector-based therapies to overcome potential or reported drawbacks. Some preclinical trials of viral vector vaccines have yielded positive results, indicating their potential as prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine candidates. Utilization of the oncolytic activity of viruses is the future of cancer therapy, as patients will then be free from the harmful effects of chemo- or radiotherapy. This review discusses in vitro and in vivo studies showing the brilliant therapeutic potential of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musab bin Umair
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fujimura Nao Akusa
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hadia Kashif
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seerat-e-Fatima
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Butt
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Marium Azhar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Munir
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajeeha Khalil
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Sharyar
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Rafique
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Samia Afzal
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology (CEMB), University of the Punjab, 87-West Canal Bank Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
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Pandey M, Ojha D, Bansal S, Rode AB, Chawla G. From bench side to clinic: Potential and challenges of RNA vaccines and therapeutics in infectious diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 81:101003. [PMID: 34332771 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The functional and structural versatility of Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) makes them ideal candidates for overcoming the limitations imposed by small molecule-based drugs. Hence, RNA-based biopharmaceuticals such as messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), microRNA mimics, anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs), aptamers, riboswitches, and CRISPR-Cas9 are emerging as vital tools for the treatment and prophylaxis of many infectious diseases. Some of the major challenges to overcome in the area of RNA-based therapeutics have been the instability of single-stranded RNAs, delivery to the diseased cell, and immunogenicity. However, recent advancements in the delivery systems of in vitro transcribed mRNA and chemical modifications for protection against nucleases and reducing the toxicity of RNA have facilitated the entry of several exogenous RNAs into clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of RNA-based vaccines and therapeutics, their production, delivery, current advancements, and future translational potential in treating infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pandey
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Divya Ojha
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Sakshi Bansal
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India
| | - Ambadas B Rode
- Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
| | - Geetanjali Chawla
- RNA Biology Laboratory, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, 121001, India.
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Tang N, Zhang Y, Shen Z, Yao Y, Nair V. Application of CRISPR-Cas9 Editing for Virus Engineering and the Development of Recombinant Viral Vaccines. CRISPR J 2021; 4:477-490. [PMID: 34406035 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas technology, discovered originally as a bacterial defense system, has been extensively repurposed as a powerful tool for genome editing for multiple applications in biology. In the field of virology, CRISPR-Cas9 technology has been widely applied on genetic recombination and engineering of genomes of various viruses to ask some fundamental questions about virus-host interactions. Its high efficiency, specificity, versatility, and low cost have also provided great inspiration and hope in the field of vaccinology to solve a series of bottleneck problems in the development of recombinant viral vaccines. This review highlights the applications of CRISPR editing in the technological advances compared to the traditional approaches used for the construction of recombinant viral vaccines and vectors, the main factors affecting their application, and the challenges that need to be overcome for further streamlining their effective usage in the prevention and control of diseases. Factors affecting efficiency, target specificity, and fidelity of CRISPR-Cas editing in the context of viral genome editing and development of recombinant vaccines are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Tang
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yaoyao Zhang
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Academy and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Binzhou, P.R. China; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The Jenner Institute Laboratories, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; and University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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