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Yu B, Kang L, Liu J, Xia H, Deng W, Zhao X. Impact Deposition of a Single Droplet of Low-Melting-Point Alloy as the Top Electrode for Organic Photovoltaics. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2401235. [PMID: 39363685 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202401235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2024] [Revised: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Top electrodes of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are usually thermally evaporated in the vacuum, which is non-continuous and time-consuming and has been the bottleneck for the OPV fabrication process. Printable top electrodes that are free of vacuum, high temperature, and solvents will make OPVs more attractive. Low-melting-point alloys (LMPAs) are promising candidates for printable OPV electrodes thanks to the merits of matching work functions, high electron conductivity, high environment stability, and no need for post-treatment. Here, LMPA electrodes are directly deposited on OPVs by simply falling a single LMPA droplet onto the substrate. The LMPA droplet spreads to form a thin film with a smooth interface intimately contacting the substrate. The electrode area can be tailored by adjusting the droplet diameter or the Weber number, which is the ratio of inertia to surface tension. The interface morphology is mainly affected by the contact temperature. The degree of oxidation and charges on the droplet can also influence the electrode area and interface morphology. OPVs with droplet-impacted LMPA electrodes exhibit power conversion efficiencies of up to 16.17%. This work demonstrates the potential of single-droplet impact deposition as a simple method for printing OPV electrodes for scalable manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Yu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liangyuqi Kang
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianning Liu
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Huihui Xia
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Shenzhen Jinxin Technology Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, 518108, China
| | - Weiwei Deng
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- Department of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Paci B, Righi Riva F, Generosi A, Guaragno M, Mangiacapre E, Brutti S, Wagner M, Distler A, Egelhaaf HJ. Semitransparent Organic Photovoltaic Devices: Interface/Bulk Properties and Stability Issues. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:269. [PMID: 38334540 PMCID: PMC10857079 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
In the present work, an insight on the morpho/structural properties of semitransparent organic devices for buildings' integrated photovoltaics is presented, and issues related to interface and bulk stability are addressed. The organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells under investigation are characterized by a blend of PM6:Y6 as a photo-active layer, a ZnO ETL (electron transporting layer), a HTL (hole transporting layer) of HTL-X and a transparent electrode composed by Ag nanowires (AgNWs). The devices' active nanomaterials, processed as thin films, and their mutual nanoscale interfaces are investigated by a combination of in situ Energy Dispersive X-ray Reflectometry (EDXR) and ex situ Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman spectroscopy. In order to discriminate among diverse concomitant aging pathways potentially occurring upon working conditions, the effects of different stress factors were investigated: light and temperature. Evidence is gained of an essential structural stability, although an increased roughness at the ZnO/PM6:Y6 interface is deduced by EDXR measurements. On the contrary, an overall stability of the system subjected to thermal stress in the dark was observed, which is a clear indication of the photo-induced origin of the observed degradation phenomenon. Micro-Raman spectroscopy brings light on the origin of such effect, evidencing a photo-oxidation process of the active material in the device, using hygroscopic organic HTL, during continuous illumination in ambient moisture conditions. The process may be also triggered by a photocatalytic role of the ZnO layer. Therefore, an alternative configuration is proposed, where the hygroscopic HTL-X is replaced by the inorganic compound MoOx. The results show that such alternative configuration is stable under light stress (solar simulator), suggesting that the use of Molybdenum Oxide, limiting the photo-oxidation of the bulk PM6:Y6 active material, can prevent the cell from degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Paci
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Flavia Righi Riva
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Amanda Generosi
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Guaragno
- SpecX-Lab, Istituto di Struttura della Materia CNR, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Mangiacapre
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P. Le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Roma La Sapienza, P. Le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Michael Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Distler
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI-ERN), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH (FZJ), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institute Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Material Science, Faculty of Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Yoshioka NA, Faraco TA, Barud HS, Ribeiro SJL, Cremona M, Fragneaud B, Maciel IO, Quirino WG, Legnani C. Synthesis of Organic Semiconductor Nanoparticles with Different Conformations Using the Nanoprecipitation Method. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14245336. [PMID: 36559705 PMCID: PMC9785456 DOI: 10.3390/polym14245336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, nanoparticulate materials have aroused interest in the field of organic electronics due to their high versatility which increases the efficiency of devices. In this work, four different stable conformations based on the organic semiconductors P3HT and PC71BM were synthesized using the nanoprecipitation method, including blend and core-shell nanoparticles. All nanoparticles were obtained free of surfactants and in aqueous suspensions following the line of ecologically correct routes. The structural and optoelectronic properties of the nanoparticles were investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and UV-visible photoluminescence (PL). Even in aqueous media, the blend and core-shell nanoparticles exhibited a greater light absorption capacity, and these conformations proved to be effective in the process of dissociation of excitons that occurs at the P3HT donor/PC71BM acceptor interface. With all these characteristics and allied to the fact that the nanoparticles are surfactant-free aqueous suspensions, this work paves the way for the use of these colloids as a photoactive layer of organic photovoltaic devices that interface with biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia A. Yoshioka
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Thales A. Faraco
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Hernane S. Barud
- Laboratório de Biopolímeros e Biomateriais (BIOPOLMAT), Departamento de Química, Universidade de Araraquara (UNIARA), Araraquara 14801-340, SP, Brazil
| | - Sidney J. L. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Materiais Fotônicos, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Cremona
- Laboratório de Optoeletrônica Molecular (LOEM), Departamento de Física, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro 22453-970, RJ, Brazil
| | - Benjamin Fragneaud
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Indhira O. Maciel
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Welber G. Quirino
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Legnani
- Grupo de Nanociência e Nanotecnologia (NANO), Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-330, MG, Brazil
- Correspondence: (N.A.Y.); (C.L.)
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Çetinkaya Ç, Çokduygulular E, Kınacı B, Emik S, Sönmez NA, Özçelik S. Enhancement of color and photovoltaic performance of semi-transparent organic solar cell via fine-tuned 1D photonic crystal. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19400. [PMID: 36371470 PMCID: PMC9653454 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-transparent organic solar cells' (ST-OSCs) photovoltaic and high optical performance parameters are evaluated in innovative applications such as power-generating windows for buildings, automobiles, and aesthetic designs in architectural and industrial products. These parameters require the precision design of structures that optimize optical properties in the visible region and aim to achieve the required photon harvest in UV and IR. These designs can be realized by integrating wavelength-selective photonics-based systems into ST-OSC to increase localized absorption in wavelengths greater than 600 nm and NIR and provide modifiable optical properties. In this study, methodologically, we followed highly detailed light management engineering and transfer matrix method-based theoretical and experimental approaches. We discussed the optimal structures by evaluating color, color rendering index, correlated color temperature, and photovoltaic performances for ST-OSCs, including one-dimensional photonic crystal (1D-PC) designed at different resonance wavelengths (λB) and periods. Finally, by integrating fine-tuned (MgF2/MoO3)N 1D-PC, we report the inherently dark purple-red color of the P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction-based ST-OSC neutralizes with the optimal state was 0.3248 and 0.3733 by adjusting close to the Planckian locus. We also enhanced short current density from 5.77 mA/cm2 to 6.12 mA/cm2 and PCE were increased by 7.34% from 1.77% to 1.90% designed for the N = 4 period and λB = 700 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Çağlar Çetinkaya
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, 34134, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Erman Çokduygulular
- Department of Engineering Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Barış Kınacı
- Department of Photonics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
- Photonics Application and Research Center, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Serkan Emik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, 34320, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihan Akın Sönmez
- Department of Photonics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
- Photonics Application and Research Center, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Süleyman Özçelik
- Department of Photonics, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
- Photonics Application and Research Center, Gazi University, 06500, Ankara, Turkey
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Altaf CT, Coskun O, Kumtepe A, Rostas AM, Iatsunskyi I, Coy E, Erdem E, Sankir M, Sankir ND. Photo-supercapacitors based on nanoscaled ZnO. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11487. [PMID: 35798769 PMCID: PMC9262889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, zinc oxide (ZnO) powders in two different morphologies, nanowire (NW) and nanoflower (NF), have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The eligibility of the pristine ZnO nanopowders as a photo-active material has been revealed by designing P-SC devices via the facile drop-casting method on both glass and plastic substrates in large-area applications. The impact of physical properties and especially defect structures on photo-supercapacitor (P-SC) performance have been explored. Although the dark Coulombic efficiency (CE%) of both NW and NF-based P-SC were very close to each other, the CE% of NW P-SC increased 3 times, while the CE% of NF P-SC increased 1.7 times under the UV-light. This is because the charge carriers produced under light excitation, extend the discharge time, and as confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance, photoluminescence, and transmission electron microscopy analyses, the performance of P-SCs made from NF powders was relatively low compared to those produced from NW due to the high core defects in NF powders. The energy density of 78.1 mWh kg−1 obtained for NF-based P-SCs is very promising, and the capacitance retention value of almost 100% for 3000 cycles showed that the P-SCs produced from these materials were entirely stable. Compared to the literature, the P-SCs we propose in this study are essential for new generation energy storage systems, thanks to their ease of design, adaptability to mass production for large-area applications, and their ability to store more energy under illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Tuc Altaf
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Coskun
- Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alihan Kumtepe
- Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arpad Mihai Rostas
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donat, PO 5 Box 700, 400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Igor Iatsunskyi
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emerson Coy
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emre Erdem
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orhanli, 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Sankir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey. .,Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nurdan Demirci Sankir
- Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey. .,Micro and Nanotechnology Graduate Program, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Sogutozu Caddesi No 43 Sogutozu, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
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Blau R, Chen AX, Polat B, Becerra LL, Runser R, Zamanimeymian B, Choudhary K, Lipomi DJ. Intrinsically Stretchable Block Copolymer Based on PEDOT:PSS for Improved Performance in Bioelectronic Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4823-4835. [PMID: 35072473 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The conductive polyelectrolyte complex poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is ubiquitous in research dealing with organic electronic devices (e.g., solar cells, wearable and implantable sensors, and electrochemical transistors). In many bioelectronic applications, the applicability of commercially available formulations of PEDOT:PSS (e.g., Clevios) is limited by its poor mechanical properties. Additives can be used to increase the compliance but pose a risk of leaching, which can result in device failure and increased toxicity (in biological settings). Thus, to increase the mechanical compliance of PEDOT:PSS without additives, we synthesized a library of intrinsically stretchable block copolymers. In particular, controlled radical polymerization using a reversible addition-fragmentation transfer process was used to generate block copolymers consisting of a block of PSS (of fixed length) appended to varying blocks of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate) (PPEGMEA). These block copolymers (PSS(1)-b-PPEGMEA(x), where x ranges from 1 to 6) were used as scaffolds for oxidative polymerization of PEDOT. By increasing the lengths of the PPEGMEA segments on the PEDOT:[PSS(1)-b-PPEGMEA(1-6)] block copolymers, ("Block-1" to "Block-6"), or by blending these copolymers with PEDOT:PSS, the mechanical and electronic properties of the polymer can be tuned. Our results indicate that the polymer with the longest block of PPEGMEA, Block-6, had the highest fracture strain (75%) and lowest elastic modulus (9.7 MPa), though at the expense of conductivity (0.01 S cm-1). However, blending Block-6 with PEDOT:PSS to compensate for the insulating nature of the PPEGMEA resulted in increased conductivity [2.14 S cm-1 for Blend-6 (2:1)]. Finally, we showed that Block-6 outperforms a commercial formulation of PEDOT:PSS as a dry electrode for surface electromyography due to its favorable mechanical properties and better adhesion to skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Blau
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Alexander X Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Beril Polat
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Laura L Becerra
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Rory Runser
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Beeta Zamanimeymian
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Kartik Choudhary
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0448, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
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