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Dall Agnol AM, Guimarães NS, Leme RA, da Costa AR, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA. The vaccination changed the profile of rotavirus infection with the increase of non-rotavirus A species diagnosis in one-week-old diarrheic piglets. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:991-996. [PMID: 38280092 PMCID: PMC10920487 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine rotavirus (RV) is a major viral agent associated with severe diarrhea in newborn piglets. RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH are RV species that have already been identified in pigs. RVA is considered the most prevalent and relevant virus in pig production worldwide. This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of RV infection associated with diarrhea in suckling piglets from regular RVA-vaccinated Brazilian pig herds between 2015 and 2021. Therefore, 511 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from suckling piglets aged up to 3 weeks from 112 pig farms located in three main Brazilian pork production regions. All piglets were born to RVA-vaccinated sows. The nucleic acids of RVA, RVC, and RVH were investigated by RT-PCR assays and RVB by semi-nested RT-PCR assay. Of the diarrheic fecal samples analyzed, 221/511 (43.3%) were positive for at least one of the RV species. Regarding the distribution of RV species among the positive fecal samples that presented with only one RV species, 99 (44.8%), 63 (28.5%), and 45 (20.4%) were identified as RVB, RVC, and RVA, respectively. RVH was not identified in diarrheic piglets with a single infection. More than one RV species was identified in 14/221 (6.3%) of the diarrheic fecal samples evaluated. Co-detection of RVB + RVH (11/221; 5.0%), RVA + RVB (1/221; 0.4%), RVA + RVC (1/221; 0.4%), and RVB + RVC (1/221; 0.4%) was identified in fecal samples. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the RVC and, mainly, RVB detection rates in single infections. This study allowed us to characterize the importance of other RV species, in addition to RVA, in the etiology of neonatal diarrhea in piglets from pig herds with a regular vaccination program for RVA diarrhea control and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alais M Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Nathália S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel A Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arthur R da Costa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alice F Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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2
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Li Q, Wang Z, Jiang J, He B, He S, Tu C, Guo Y, Gong W. Outbreak of piglet diarrhea associated with a new reassortant porcine rotavirus B. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109947. [PMID: 38101077 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Rotavirus B (RVB) is a causative agent leading to acute viral gastroenteritis diarrhea in both children and young animals, and has been commonly detected in piglets. In order to determine the causative agent of diarrheal outbreak occurring in December 2022 in piglets from a pig herd in Luoyang, Henan province of China, four common viral pathogens causing piglet diarrhea-three coronaviruses and rotavirus A (RVA) were first tested and found negative, therefore metagenomic sequencing was performed to explore other potential pathogens in the diarrheal samples. Unexpectedly, the most abundant viral reads mapped to RVB, and were de novo assembled to complete 11 viral gene segments. Sequence comparisons revealed that 5 gene segments encoding VP1, VP2, VP3, NSP3 and NSP4 of RVB strain designated as HNLY-2022 are most closely related to RVB strains derived from herbivores with low nucleotide similarities of 65.7-75.3%, and the remaining segments were relatively close to porcine RVB strains with the VP4 gene segment showing very low nucleotide identity (65.0%) with reference strains, indicating HNLY-2022 is a new reassortant RVB strain. Based on the previously proposed genotype classification criterion, the genotype constellation of RVB strain HNLY-2022 is G6-P[6]-I4-R6-C6-M6-A7-N5-T7-E5-H4 with more than half of the genotypes (P[6], R6, C6, M6, T7 and E5) newly reported. Therefore, the new reassortant RVB strain is the likely causative agent for the diarrheal outbreak of piglets occurred in China and more epidemiological studies should be conducted to monitor the spread of this newly identified porcine RVB strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zunbao Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianfeng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Biao He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Sun He
- TECON Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830000, China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Wenjie Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China.
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3
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Brnić D, Vlahović D, Gudan Kurilj A, Maltar-Strmečki N, Lojkić I, Kunić V, Jemeršić L, Bačani I, Kompes G, Beck R, Mikuletič T, Steyer A. The impact and complete genome characterisation of viruses involved in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in a farrow-to-finish holding. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18780. [PMID: 37907693 PMCID: PMC10618538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral enteric pathogens continuously burden intensive pig farming, causing gastrointestinal diseases of epidemic and endemic nature. The present study investigated two diarrhoea outbreaks on a large farrow-to-finish holding and subsequent circulation of outbreak-related enteric viruses. These viruses were characterised by whole genome sequencing, and statistical evaluation of the impact on specific production metrics was performed. The results provided evidence that the Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus-swine enteric coronavirus (PEDV-SeCoV) S gene recombinant strain was responsible for the first outbreak, whilst Rotavirus A (RVA) in a mixed infection with Rotavirus B (RVB) and porcine kobuvirus (PKV) probably caused the second diarrhoea outbreak. Whole genome characterisation revealed a porcine origin of all viruses involved and significant heterogeneity of RVB strain, proposing four novel genotypes and changes in RVB VP1 genotype classification. The statistical evaluation confirmed only a minor disturbance in the number of weaned pigs per sow, with statistical forecasting showing positive trends. A follow-up study corroborated the endemicity of RVA and PKV, in contrast to PEDV-SeCoV. Punctual, comprehensive and timely investigation of diarrhoea outbreaks is a prerequisite for applying adequate pig health and biosecurity management. Calculating such outbreaks' impact on production metrics can potentially shape future decisions on management improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Brnić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Dunja Vlahović
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrea Gudan Kurilj
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nadica Maltar-Strmečki
- Laboratory for Electron Spin Spectroscopy, Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Lojkić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Kunić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lorena Jemeršić
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivica Bačani
- Animal Feed Factory, Dr Ivana Novaka 11, 40000, Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Gordan Kompes
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Relja Beck
- Croatian Veterinary Institute, Savska cesta 143, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Mikuletič
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Steyer
- Division of Public Health Microbiology, National Laboratory of Health, Environment and Food, Grablovičeva 44, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Shi K, Zhou H, Feng S, He J, Li B, Long F, Shi Y, Yin Y, Li Z. Development of a Quadruplex RT-qPCR for the Detection of Porcine Rotaviruses and the Phylogenetic Analysis of Porcine RVH in China. Pathogens 2023; 12:1091. [PMID: 37764899 PMCID: PMC10538229 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus A species (RVA), RVB, RVC, and RVH are four species of rotaviruses (RVs) that are prevalent in pig herds, and co-infections occur frequently. In this study, a quadruplex real-time quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) for the simultaneous detection of four porcine RVs was developed by designing specific primers and probes based on the VP6 gene of RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH, respectively. The method showed high specificity and could only detect RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH, without cross-reaction with other porcine viruses; showed excellent sensitivity, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.5 copies/µL for each virus; showed good repeatability, with intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs) of 0.15-1.14% and inter-assay CVs of 0.07-0.96%. A total of 1447 clinical fecal samples from Guangxi province in China were tested using the developed quadruplex RT-qPCR. The results showed that RVA (42.71%, 618/1447), RVB (26.95%, 390/1447), RVC (42.92%, 621/1447), and RVH (13.68%, 198/1447) were simultaneously circulating in the pig herds, and the co-infection rate of different species of rotaviruses was found to be up to 44.01% (579/1447). The clinical samples were also detected using one previously reported method, and the coincidence rate of the detection results using two methods was more than 99.65%. The phylogenetic tree based on the VP6 gene sequences of RVH revealed that the porcine RVH strains from Guangxi province belonged to the genotype I5, which was closely related to Japanese and Vietnamese strains. In summary, an efficient, sensitive, and accurate method for the detection and differentiation of RVA, RVB, RVC, and RVH was developed and applied to investigate the prevalence of porcine RVs in Guangxi province, China. This study is the first to report the prevalence of porcine RVH in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaichuang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Hongjin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Shuping Feng
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Junxian He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Biao Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Feng Long
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Yuwen Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
| | - Yanwen Yin
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530001, China
| | - Zongqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530005, China
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Carossino M, Balasuriya UBR, Thieulent CJ, Barrandeguy ME, Vissani MA, Parreño V. Quadruplex Real-Time TaqMan ® RT-qPCR Assay for Differentiation of Equine Group A and B Rotaviruses and Identification of Group A G3 and G14 Genotypes. Viruses 2023; 15:1626. [PMID: 37631969 PMCID: PMC10459720 DOI: 10.3390/v15081626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus A (ERVA) is the leading cause of diarrhea in foals, with G3P[12] and G14P[12] genotypes being the most prevalent. Recently, equine G3-like RVA was recognized as an emerging infection in children, and a group B equine rotavirus (ERVB) was identified as an emergent cause of foal diarrhea in the US. Thus, there is a need to adapt molecular diagnostic tools for improved detection and surveillance to identify emerging strains, understand their molecular epidemiology, and inform future vaccine development. We developed a quadruplex TaqMan® RT-qPCR assay for differentiation of ERVA and ERVB and simultaneous G-typing of ERVA strains, evaluated its analytical and clinical performance, and compared it to (1) a previously established ERVA triplex RT-qPCR assay and (2) standard RT-PCR assay and Sanger sequencing of PCR products. This quadruplex RT-qPCR assay demonstrated high sensitivity (>90%)/specificity (100%) for every target and high overall agreement (>96%). Comparison between the triplex and quadruplex assays revealed only a slightly higher sensitivity for the ERVA NSP3 target using the triplex format (p-value 0.008) while no significant differences were detected for other targets. This quadruplex RT-qPCR assay will significantly enhance rapid surveillance of both ERVA and ERVB circulating and emerging strains with potential for interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Côme J. Thieulent
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Maria E. Barrandeguy
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires B1630, Argentina; (M.E.B.); (M.A.V.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina;
| | - Maria Aldana Vissani
- Escuela de Veterinaria, Universidad del Salvador, Buenos Aires B1630, Argentina; (M.E.B.); (M.A.V.)
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Instituto de Virología, CICVyA, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Buenos Aires B1686, Argentina;
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425, Argentina
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Veletanlic V, Sartalamacchia K, Diller JR, Ogden KM. Multiple rotavirus species encode fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins with cell type-specific activity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.07.536061. [PMID: 37066280 PMCID: PMC10104117 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.07.536061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Fusion-associated small transmembrane (FAST) proteins are viral nonstructural proteins that mediate cell-cell fusion to form multinucleated syncytia. We previously reported that human species B rotavirus NSP1-1 is a FAST protein that induces syncytia in primate epithelial cells but not rodent fibroblasts. We hypothesized that the NSP1-1 proteins of other rotavirus species could also mediate cell-cell fusion and that fusion activity might be limited to cell types derived from homologous hosts. To test this hypothesis, we predicted the structure and domain organization of NSP1-1 proteins of species B rotavirus from a human, goat, and pig, species G rotavirus from a pigeon and turkey, and species I rotavirus from a dog and cat. We cloned these sequences into plasmids and transiently expressed the NSP1-1 proteins in avian, canine, hamster, human, porcine, and simian cells. Regardless of host origin of the virus, each NSP1-1 protein induced syncytia in primate cells, while few induced syncytia in other cell types. To identify the domains that determined cell-specific fusion activity for human species B rotavirus NSP1-1, we engineered chimeric proteins containing domain exchanges with the p10 FAST protein from Nelson Bay orthoreovirus. Using the chimeric proteins, we found that the N-terminal and transmembrane domains determined the cell type specificity of fusion activity. Although the species and cell type criteria for fusion activity remain unclear, these findings suggest that rotavirus species B, G, and I NSP1-1 are functional FAST proteins whose N termini play a role in specifying the cells in which they mediate syncytia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa Veletanlic
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kylie Sartalamacchia
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Julia R. Diller
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Diagnostic Approach to Enteric Disorders in Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030338. [PMID: 36766227 PMCID: PMC9913336 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of enteric disorders in pigs is extremely challenging, at any age. Outbreaks of enteric disease in pigs are frequently multifactorial and multiple microorganisms can co-exist and interact. Furthermore, several pathogens, such as Clostridium perfrigens type A, Rotavirus and Lawsonia intracellularis, may be present in the gut in the absence of clinical signs. Thus, diagnosis must be based on a differential approach in order to develop a tailored control strategy, considering that treatment and control programs for enteric diseases are pathogen-specific. Correct sampling for laboratory analyses is fundamental for the diagnostic work-up of enteric disease in pigs. For example, histology is the diagnostic gold standard for several enteric disorders, and sampling must ensure the collection of representative and optimal intestinal samples. The aim of this paper is to focus on the diagnostic approach, from sampling to the aetiological diagnosis, of enteric disorders in pigs due to different pathogens during the different phases of production.
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Tran H, Friendship R, Ojkic D, Poljak Z. Assessment of seasonality of rotavirus PCR detection in swine from Ontario and Quebec between 2016-2020 using submissions to a diagnostic laboratory. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2022; 86:241-253. [PMID: 36211211 PMCID: PMC9536357 DOI: pmid/36211211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine if seasonality of rotavirus A, B, and C infection is present in Ontario and Quebec swine herds by investigating submissions to a diagnostic laboratory. Samples (N = 1557) within 755 case submissions from Canadian swine herds between 2016 and 2020 were tested for rotaviruses A, B, and C using a real-time polymerase-chain reaction assay and described. Data from Ontario and Quebec were additionally analyzed using boxplots, 6-week rolling averages, time-series decomposition, and negative binomial regression models. Percentage positivity of submissions for rotaviruses A, B, and C were discovered to be highest in nursery/weaner (n = 100, 94.0%, 60.0%, 80.0%) and grower/finisher (n = 13, 84.6%, 46.2%, 61.5%) pigs and lowest in gilt/sow (n = 45, 68.9%, 20.0%, 40.0%) and suckling pigs (n = 102, 67.6%, 10.8%, 38.2%), respectively. The most common combination of rotavirus at the sample level was AC (n = 252, 17%) and ABC (n = 175, 23.2%) at the submission level. Percent positivity for rotavirus A, B, and C across all Canadian provinces included in the study were 69.9%, 32.6%, and 53.1%, respectively. Descriptive analysis suggested little to no evidence of seasonal patterns, although a spike in November was seen in the monthly total submissions and monthly total positive submissions. Statistically, the overall month effect could not be identified as statistically significant (P > 0.05) for any of the evaluated submission counts. Overall, there was no evidence supporting seasonality of rotavirus within Ontario and Quebec swine herds between 2016 and 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoc Tran
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Robert Friendship
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Davor Ojkic
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
| | - Zvonimir Poljak
- Department of Population Medicine (Tran, Friendship, Poljak) and Animal Health Laboratory (Ojkic), Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1
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9
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Qu H, Zong Q, Wang H, Wu S, Cai D, Bao W. C/EBPα Epigenetically Modulates TFF1 Expression via mC-6 Methylation in the Jejunum Inflammation Induced by a Porcine Coronavirus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:881289. [PMID: 35693767 PMCID: PMC9174463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.881289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is an emerging coronavirus which causes acute diarrhea and destroys gastrointestinal barrier function in neonatal pigs. Trefoil factor 1 (TFF1) is a protective peptide for maintaining the integrity of gastrointestinal mucosa and reducing intestinal inflammation. However, its role in protecting intestinal epithelium against PEDV infection is still unclear. In this study, we discovered that TFF1 expression was activated in the jejunum of pigs with PEDV infection and TFF1 is required for the growth of porcine intestinal epithelial cells. For instance, inhibited cell proliferation and cell arrest were observed when TFF1 is genetically knocked-out using CRISPR-Cas9. Additionally, TFF1 depletion increased viral copy number and PEDV titer, along with the elevated genes involved in antiviral and inflammatory cytokines. The decreased TFF1 mRNA expression is in line with hypermethylation on the gene promoter. Notably, the strong interactions of protein-DNA complexes containing CCAAT motif significantly increased C/EBPα accessibility, whereas hypermethylation of mC-6 loci decreased C/EBPα binding occupancies in TFF1 promoter. Overall, our findings show that PEDV triggers the C/EBPα-mediated epigenetic regulation of TFF1 in intestine epithelium and facilitates host resistance to PEDV and other Coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qiufang Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Haifei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shenglong Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Demin Cai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Hu L, Salmen W, Sankaran B, Lasanajak Y, Smith DF, Crawford SE, Estes MK, Prasad BVV. Novel fold of rotavirus glycan-binding domain predicted by AlphaFold2 and determined by X-ray crystallography. Commun Biol 2022; 5:419. [PMID: 35513489 PMCID: PMC9072675 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The VP8* domain of spike protein VP4 in group A and C rotaviruses, which cause epidemic gastroenteritis in children, exhibits a conserved galectin-like fold for recognizing glycans during cell entry. In group B rotavirus, which causes significant diarrheal outbreaks in adults, the VP8* domain (VP8*B) surprisingly lacks sequence similarity with VP8* of group A or group C rotavirus. Here, by using the recently developed AlphaFold2 for ab initio structure prediction and validating the predicted model by determining a 1.3-Å crystal structure, we show that VP8*B exhibits a novel fold distinct from the galectin fold. This fold with a β-sheet clasping an α-helix represents a new fold for glycan recognition based on glycan array screening, which shows that VP8*B recognizes glycans containing N-acetyllactosamine moiety. Although uncommon, our study illustrates how evolution can incorporate structurally distinct folds with similar functionality in a homologous protein within the same virus genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Wilhelm Salmen
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- Emory Glycomics and Molecular Interactions Core (EGMIC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Emory Glycomics and Molecular Interactions Core (EGMIC), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Morales-Ferré C, Azagra-Boronat I, Massot-Cladera M, Tims S, Knipping K, Garssen J, Knol J, Franch À, Castell M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ. Preventive Effect of a Postbiotic and Prebiotic Mixture in a Rat Model of Early Life Rotavirus Induced-Diarrhea. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061163. [PMID: 35334820 PMCID: PMC8954028 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) is the main cause of gastroenteritis in children. Prebiotics and, more recently, postbiotics are used for preventing and treating gastrointestinal infections. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of a LactofidusTM, short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS) and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) mixture, and their combination on RV infection, in a rat model, for early life diarrhea. Fifteen litters of suckling rats were intragastrically administered daily with the vehicle, the prebiotic mixture, the postbiotic or the combination. The RV was inoculated on day 5 and then fecal samples were clinically evaluated daily. Viral shedding, intestinal permeability assay, in vitro blocking assay, immunoglobulin profiles, and anti-RV response were assessed at day 8 and 16 of life. Cecal microbiota composition, intestinal gene expression, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were analyzed at day 16. The incidence and severity of diarrhea were significantly reduced by all the supplementations. Moreover, they showed blocking activity, changes in the immunoglobulin profiles, in gut microbiota, and in the intestinal gene expression. The prebiotic mixture reduced gut permeability and changed the SCFA profile, whereas the postbiotic enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The combination preserved most of the individual observed effects, and furthermore, complementary effects, such as an increase in white blood cells and lymphocytes recruitment, as well as upregulation of TLR7 and TLR9 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Morales-Ferré
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Ignasi Azagra-Boronat
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Sebastian Tims
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
| | - Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Knol
- Danone Nutricia Research, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; (S.T.); (K.K.); (J.G.); (J.K.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.M.-F.); (I.A.-B.); (M.M.-C.); (À.F.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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12
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Dynamics of the Enteric Virome in a Swine Herd Affected by Non-PCV2/PRRSV Postweaning Wasting Syndrome. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122538. [PMID: 34960807 PMCID: PMC8705478 DOI: 10.3390/v13122538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A commercial pig farm with no history of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) or porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) repeatedly reported a significant reduction in body weight gain and wasting symptoms in approximately 20–30% of the pigs in the period between three and six weeks after weaning. As standard clinical interventions failed to tackle symptomatology, viral metagenomics were used to describe and monitor the enteric virome at birth, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 6 weeks, and 9 weeks of age. The latter four sampling points were 7 days, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks post weaning, respectively. Fourteen distinct enteric viruses were identified within the herd, which all have previously been linked to enteric diseases. Here we show that wasting is associated with alterations in the enteric virome of the pigs, characterized by: (1) the presence of enterovirus G at 3 weeks of age, followed by a higher prevalence of the virus in wasting pigs at 6 weeks after weaning; (2) rotaviruses at 3 weeks of age; and (3) porcine sapovirus one week after weaning. However, the data do not provide a causal link between specific viral infections and the postweaning clinical problems on the farm. Together, our results offer evidence that disturbances in the enteric virome at the preweaning stage and early after weaning have a determining role in the development of intestinal barrier dysfunctions and nutrient uptake in the postweaning growth phase. Moreover, we show that the enteric viral load sharply increases in the week after weaning in both healthy and wasting pigs. This study is also the first to report the dynamics and co-infection of porcine rotavirus species and porcine astrovirus genetic lineages during the first 9 weeks of the life of domestic pigs.
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13
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Hause BM, Li G, Odemuyiwa SO, Locke S, Morgan J, Zeng L, Gilsenan WF, Slovis N, Metcalfe L, Carter CN, Timoney P, Horohov D, Wang D, Erol E, Adam E, Li F. Identification of a Ruminant Origin Group B Rotavirus Associated with Diarrhea Outbreaks in Foals. Viruses 2021; 13:1330. [PMID: 34372536 PMCID: PMC8310321 DOI: 10.3390/v13071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus group A (ERVA) is one of the most common causes of foal diarrhea. Starting in February 2021, there was an increase in the frequency of severe watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea cases in neonatal foals in Central Kentucky. Diagnostic investigation of fecal samples failed to detect evidence of diarrhea-causing pathogens including ERVA. Based on Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, we identified a novel equine rotavirus group B (ERVB) in fecal specimens from the affected foals in the absence of any other known enteric pathogens. Interestingly, the protein sequence of all 11 segments had greater than 96% identity with group B rotaviruses previously found in ruminants. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of the ERVB with group B rotaviruses of caprine and bovine strains from the USA. Subsequent analysis of 33 foal diarrheic samples by RT-qPCR identified 23 rotavirus B-positive cases (69.69%). These observations suggest that the ERVB originated from ruminants and was associated with outbreaks of neonatal foal diarrhea in the 2021 foaling season in Kentucky. Emergence of the ruminant-like group B rotavirus in foals clearly warrants further investigation due to the significant impact of the disease in neonatal foals and its economic impact on the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Solomon O. Odemuyiwa
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Stephan Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Jocelynn Morgan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Li Zeng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | | | - Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, KY 40511, USA;
| | - Laurie Metcalfe
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA; (W.F.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Craig N. Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Peter Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - David Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Erdal Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Emma Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
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