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Uprety T, Yu J, Nogales A, Naveed A, Yu H, Chen X, Liu Y, Bowman AS, Martinez-Sobrido L, Parrish CR, Melikyan GB, Wang D, Li F. Influenza D virus utilizes both 9- O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic and 9- O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acids as functional entry receptors. J Virol 2024; 98:e0004224. [PMID: 38376198 PMCID: PMC10949506 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00042-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) utilizes bovines as a primary reservoir with periodical spillover to other hosts. We have previously demonstrated that IDV binds both 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac). Bovines produce both Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac, while humans are genetically unable to synthesize Neu5Gc9Ac. 9-O-Acetylation of sialic acids is catalyzed by CASD1 via a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. To characterize the role of Neu5,9Ac2 and Neu5Gc9Ac in IDV infection and determine which form of 9-O-acetylated sialic acids drives IDV entry, we took advantage of a CASD1 knockout (KO) MDCK cell line and carried out feeding experiments using synthetic 9-O-acetyl sialic acids in combination with the single-round and multi-round IDV infection assays. The data from our studies show that (i) CASD1 KO cells are resistant to IDV infection and lack of IDV binding to the cell surface is responsible for the failure of IDV replication; (ii) feeding CASD1 KO cells with Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac resulted in a dose-dependent rescue of IDV infectivity; and (iii) diverse IDVs replicated robustly in CASD1 KO cells fed with either Neu5,9Ac2 or Neu5Gc9Ac at a level similar to that in wild-type cells with a functional CASD1. These data demonstrate that IDV can utilize Neu5,9Ac2- or non-human Neu5Gc9Ac-containing glycan receptor for infection. Our findings provide evidence that IDV has acquired the ability to infect and transmit among agricultural animals that are enriched in Neu5Gc9Ac, in addition to posing a zoonotic risk to humans expressing only Neu5,9Ac2.IMPORTANCEInfluenza D virus (IDV) has emerged as a multiple-species-infecting pathogen with bovines as a primary reservoir. Little is known about the functional receptor that drives IDV entry and promotes its cross-species spillover potential among different hosts. Here, we demonstrated that IDV binds exclusively to 9-O-acetylated N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5,9Ac2) and non-human 9-O-acetylated N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc9Ac) and utilizes both for entry and infection. This ability in effective engagement of both 9-O-acetylated sialic acids as functional receptors for infection provides an evolutionary advantage to IDV for expanding its host range. This finding also indicates that IDV has the potential to emerge in humans because Neu5,9Ac2 is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including lung. Thus, results of our study highlight a need for continued surveillance of IDV in humans, as well as for further investigation of its biology and cross-species transmission mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, INIA-CSIC. Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ahsan Naveed
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Hai Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Andrew S. Bowman
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Colin R. Parrish
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | | | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Hause B, Christopher-Hennings J, Miskimis D, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Wang D, Li F. Prevalence and characterization of seven-segmented influenza viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex. Virology 2023; 587:109859. [PMID: 37544044 PMCID: PMC10592214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle. Seven-segmented influenza C (ICV) and D (IDV) viruses have been identified in cattle with BRD, however, molecular epidemiology and prevalence of IDV and ICV in the diseased population remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a molecular screening of 208 lung samples of bovine pneumonia cases for the presence of IDV and ICV. Our results demonstrated that both viruses were prevalent in BRD cases and the overall positivity rates of IDV and ICV were 20.88% and 5.99% respectively. Further analysis of three IDV strains isolated from lungs of cattle with BRD showed that these lung-tropic strains belonged to D/Michigan/2019 clade and diverged antigenically from the circulating dominant IDV clades D/OK and D/660. Our results reveal that IDV and ICV are associated with BRD complex and support a role for IDV and ICV in the etiology of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dale Miskimis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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3
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Gao R, Wang Z, Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Sheng Z, Hause BM, Brunick C, Wu H, Luke T, Bausch CL, Sullivan EJ, Hoppe AD, Huber VC, Wang D, Li F. A fully human monoclonal antibody possesses antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against the H1 subtype of influenza A virus by targeting a conserved epitope at the HA1 protomer interface. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28901. [PMID: 37394780 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The DiversitabTM system produces target specific high titer fully human polyclonal IgG immunoglobulins from transchromosomic (Tc) bovines shown to be safe and effective against multiple virulent pathogens in animal studies and Phase 1, 2 and 3 human clinical trials. We describe the functional properties of a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), 38C2, identified from this platform, which recognizes recombinant H1 hemagglutinins (HAs) and induces appreciable antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity in vitro. Interestingly, 38C2 monoclonal antibody demonstrated no detectable neutralizing activity against H1N1 virus in both hemagglutination inhibition and virus neutralization assays. Nevertheless, this human monoclonal antibody induced appreciable ADCC against cells infected with multiple H1N1 strains. The HA-binding activity of 38C2 was also demonstrated in flow cytometry using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells infected with multiple influenza A H1N1 viruses. Through further investigation with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay involving the HA peptide array and 3-dimensional structural modeling, we demonstrated that 38C2 appears to target a conserved epitope located at the HA1 protomer interface of H1N1 influenza viruses. A novel mode of HA-binding and in vitro ADCC activity pave the way for further evaluation of 38C2 as a potential therapeutic agent to treat influenza virus infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Research and Development Division, Cambridge Technologies Inc, Worthington, Minnesota, USA
| | - Colin Brunick
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Hua Wu
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | - Thomas Luke
- SAB Biotherapeutics, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
| | | | | | - Adam D Hoppe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Victor C Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Veterinary Science, Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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4
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Huang C, Yu J, Hause BM, Park JY, Sreenivasan C, Uprety T, Sheng Z, Wang D, Li F. Emergence of new phylogenetic lineage of Influenza D virus with broad antigenicity in California, United States. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:739-742. [PMID: 33771071 PMCID: PMC8043534 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1910078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV), with bovines as a primary host, circulates widely in cattle populations across North America and Eurasia. Here we report the identification of a novel IDV group with broad antigenicity in U.S. bovine herds, which is genetically different from previously known lineages of IDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jieshi Yu
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Cambridge Technologies, Worthington, MN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dan Wang
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Feng Li
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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5
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Hause BM, Li G, Odemuyiwa SO, Locke S, Morgan J, Zeng L, Gilsenan WF, Slovis N, Metcalfe L, Carter CN, Timoney P, Horohov D, Wang D, Erol E, Adam E, Li F. Identification of a Ruminant Origin Group B Rotavirus Associated with Diarrhea Outbreaks in Foals. Viruses 2021; 13:1330. [PMID: 34372536 PMCID: PMC8310321 DOI: 10.3390/v13071330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine rotavirus group A (ERVA) is one of the most common causes of foal diarrhea. Starting in February 2021, there was an increase in the frequency of severe watery to hemorrhagic diarrhea cases in neonatal foals in Central Kentucky. Diagnostic investigation of fecal samples failed to detect evidence of diarrhea-causing pathogens including ERVA. Based on Illumina-based metagenomic sequencing, we identified a novel equine rotavirus group B (ERVB) in fecal specimens from the affected foals in the absence of any other known enteric pathogens. Interestingly, the protein sequence of all 11 segments had greater than 96% identity with group B rotaviruses previously found in ruminants. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis demonstrated clustering of the ERVB with group B rotaviruses of caprine and bovine strains from the USA. Subsequent analysis of 33 foal diarrheic samples by RT-qPCR identified 23 rotavirus B-positive cases (69.69%). These observations suggest that the ERVB originated from ruminants and was associated with outbreaks of neonatal foal diarrhea in the 2021 foaling season in Kentucky. Emergence of the ruminant-like group B rotavirus in foals clearly warrants further investigation due to the significant impact of the disease in neonatal foals and its economic impact on the equine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Chithra C. Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Ben M. Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA;
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Solomon O. Odemuyiwa
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA;
| | - Stephan Locke
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Jocelynn Morgan
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Li Zeng
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | | | - Nathan Slovis
- Hagyard Equine Medical Institute, Lexington, KY 40511, USA;
| | - Laurie Metcalfe
- Rood and Riddle Equine Hospital, Lexington, KY 40511, USA; (W.F.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Craig N. Carter
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Peter Timoney
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - David Horohov
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Erdal Erol
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40512, USA; (S.L.); (J.M.); (L.Z.); (C.N.C.)
| | - Emma Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA; (T.U.); (C.C.S.); (P.T.); (D.H.); (D.W.)
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6
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Bhattarai S, Wang D, Kaushik RS, Li F. Isolation and development of bovine primary respiratory cells as model to study influenza D virus infection. Virology 2021; 559:89-99. [PMID: 33862336 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel type of influenza virus that infects and causes respiratory illness in bovines. Lack of host-specific in vitro model that can recapitulate morphology and physiology of in vivo airway epithelial cells has impeded the study of IDV infection. Here, we established and characterized bovine primary respiratory epithelial cells from nasal turbinate, soft palate, and trachea of the same calf. All three cell types showed characteristics peculiar of epithelial cells, polarized into apical-basolateral membrane, and formed tight junctions. Furthermore, these cells expressed both α-2,3- and α-2,6-linked sialic acids with α-2,3 linkage being more abundant. IDV strains replicated to high titers in these cells, while influenza A and B viruses exhibited moderate to low titers, with influenza C virus replication not detected. These findings suggest that bovine primary airway epithelial cells can be utilized to model infection biology and pathophysiology of IDV and other respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Shaurav Bhattarai
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- M. H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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7
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Kobylkevich BM, Raihan MJ, Uprety T, Kaushik RS, Shore JS, Sohn JJ, Messerli MA. Linear polysaccharides reduce production of inflammatory cytokines by LPS-stimulated bovine fibroblasts. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 234:110220. [PMID: 33713903 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lesions in the limbs of farm animals cause lameness due to chronic infection and inflammation. Exploratory treatments for chronic wounds in humans may be suitable for adaptation into the field of animal care. Specifically, antimicrobial linear polysaccharides like oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) and chitin/chitosan are biodegradable hemostats that are being explored to promote healing of chronic wounds but have not been directly compared using the same biological specimen. Despite their current use in humans, linear polysaccharides possess features that may preclude their use as biodegradable bandages. For example, ORC promotes inflammation when it remains in vivo and chitin/chitosan stimulate size-dependent proinflammatory responses. In order to assess the use of these materials to treat chronic wounds we have compared their effects on cellular toxicity and in stimulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines by bovine epidermal fibroblasts. While neither polysaccharide increased cell mortality, on average, they caused minor alterations in expression of proinflammatory cytokines from cells isolated from different animals. Both polysaccharides reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines stimulated by microbial lipopolysaccharide. We conclude that the polysaccharides used in this study are relatively inert and may improve healing of chronic epidermal wounds in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Kobylkevich
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States
| | - M Jahir Raihan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States
| | - Jay S Shore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States
| | - Joel J Sohn
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, United States
| | - Mark A Messerli
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, United States.
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8
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Yu J, Sreenivasan C, Uprety T, Gao R, Huang C, Lee EJ, Lawson S, Nelson J, Christopher-Hennings J, Kaushik RS, Nelson E, Diel DG, Hause BM, Li F, Wang D. Piglet immunization with a spike subunit vaccine enhances disease by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:22. [PMID: 33526776 PMCID: PMC7851141 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization with an insect cell lysate/baculovirus mixture containing recombinant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike protein induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies in both mice and piglets. However, immunization of piglets with this vaccine resulted in enhancement of disease symptoms and virus replication in vaccine recipients exposed to PEDV challenge. Thus, these observations demonstrate a previously unrecognized challenge of PEDV vaccine research, which has important implications for coronavirus vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshi Yu
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Chen Huang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ella J Lee
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Julie Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ben M Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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9
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Katwal P, Uprety T, Okda F, Antony L, Thomas M, Chase C, Diel DG, Nelson E, Young A, Li F, Scaria J, Kaushik RS. Characterization of bovine ileal epithelial cell line for lectin binding, susceptibility to enteric pathogens, and TLR mediated immune responses. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 74:101581. [PMID: 33260019 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs) were characterized for the expression of surface carbohydrate moieties. Primary BIEC-c4 cells showed staining greater than 90 % for 16 lectins but less than 50 % staining for four lectins. Immortalized BIECs showed significantly different lectin binding profile for few lectins compared to BIEC-c4 cells. BIEC-c4 cells were studied for infectivity to E. coli, Salmonella enterica, bovine rotavirus, bovine coronavirus, and bovine viral diarrhea virus. Bovine strain E. coli B41 adhered to BIEC-c4 cells and Salmonella strains S. Dublin and S. Mbandaka showed strong cell invasion. BIEC-c4 cells were susceptible to bovine rotavirus. LPS stimulation upregulated IL-10, IL-8, and IL-6 expression and Poly I:C upregulated TLR 8 and TLR 9 expression. This study provides important knowledge on the glycoconjugate expression profile of primary and immortalized BIECs and infectivity and immune responses of primary BIECs to bacterial and viral pathogens or ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Dept. of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA; National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Linto Antony
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Christopher Chase
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alan Young
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA; Department of Veterinary Science, M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Joy Scaria
- Dept of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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10
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Uprety T, Spurlin BB, Antony L, Sreenivasan C, Young A, Li F, Hildreth MB, Kaushik RS. Development and characterization of a stable bovine intestinal sub-epithelial myofibroblast cell line from ileum of a young calf. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2019; 55:533-547. [PMID: 31183683 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-019-00365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal sub-epithelial myofibroblasts (ISEMFs) are mesenchymal cells that do not express cytokeratin but express α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin. Despite being cells with diverse functions, there is a paucity of knowledge about their origin and functions primarily due to the absence of a stable cell line. Although myofibroblast in vitro models for human, mouse, and pig are available, there is no ISEMF cell line available from young calves. We isolated and developed an ileal ISEMF cell line from a 2-d-old calf that expressed α-smooth muscle actin and vimentin but no cytokeratin indicating true myofibroblast cells. To overcome replicative senescence, we immortalized primary cells with SV40 large T antigen. We characterized and compared both primary and immortalized ileal ISEMF cells for surface glycan and Toll-like-receptor (TLR) expression by lectin-binding assay and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay respectively. SV40 immortalization significantly decreased surface lectin binding for lectins GSL-I, PHA-L, ECL, Jacalin, Con-A, LCA, and LEL. Both cell types expressed TLRs 1-9 and showed no significant differences in TLR expression. Thus, these cells can be useful in vitro model to study ISEMF's origin, physiology, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Brionna B Spurlin
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Linto Antony
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Chithra Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Alan Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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11
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Katwal P, Thomas M, Uprety T, Hildreth MB, Kaushik RS. Development and biochemical and immunological characterization of early passage and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cell lines from the ileum of a young calf. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:127-148. [PMID: 30600465 PMCID: PMC6368510 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-018-0272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a major site of interaction with pathogens. In bovine intestinal epithelial cells (BIECs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in innate immune responses against enteric pathogens. This study is aimed at establishing a stable bovine intestinal epithelial cell line that can be maintained by a continuous passage so that studies on innate immune responses against various enteric pathogens can be performed. The main goal was to establish pure cultures of primary and immortalized bovine intestinal epithelial cells from the ileum and then characterize them biochemically and immunologically. Mixed epithelial and fibroblast bovine ileal intestinal cultures were first established from a 2-day old calf. Limiting dilution method was used to obtain a clone of epithelial cells which was characterized using immunocytochemistry (ICC). The selected clone BIEC-c4 was cytokeratin positive and expressed low levels of vimentin, confirming the epithelial cell phenotype. Early passage BIEC-c4 cells were transfected with either simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen or human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), or human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16E6/E7 genes to establish three immortalized BIEC cell lines. The expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6/E7 genes in immortalized BIECs was confirmed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence assays also confirmed the expression of SV40, hTERT and HPV E6 proteins. The immortalized BIECs were cytokeratin positive and all except HPV-BIECs expressed low levels of vimentin. A growth kinetics study indicated that there were no significant differences in the doubling time of immortalized BIECs as compared to early passage BIEC-c4 cells. All four BIEC types expressed TLR 1-10 genes, with TLR 3 and 4 showing higher expression across all cell types. These newly established early passage and immortalized BIEC cell lines should serve as a good model for studying infectivity, pathogenesis and innate immune responses against enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Katwal
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Michael B Hildreth
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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12
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Thomas M, Pierson M, Uprety T, Zhu L, Ran Z, Sreenivasan CC, Wang D, Hause B, Francis DH, Li F, Kaushik RS. Comparison of Porcine Airway and Intestinal Epithelial Cell Lines for the Susceptibility and Expression of Pattern Recognition Receptors upon Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2018; 10:E312. [PMID: 29880757 PMCID: PMC6024858 DOI: 10.3390/v10060312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses infect the epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract. Cell lines derived from the respiratory tract of pigs could serve as an excellent in vitro model for studying the pathogenesis of influenza viruses. In this study, we examined the replication of influenza viruses in the MK1-OSU cell line, which was clonally derived from pig airway epithelium. MK1-OSU cells expressed both cytokeratin and vimentin proteins and displayed several sugar moieties on the cell membrane. These cells also expressed both Sial2-3Gal and Sial2-6Gal receptors and were susceptible to swine influenza A, but not to human B and C viruses. Interestingly, these cells were also permissive to infection by influenza D virus that utilized 9-O-acetylated glycans. To study the differences in the expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon influenza virus infection in the respiratory and digestive tract, we compared the protein expression of various PRRs in MK1-OSU cells with that in the SD-PJEC cell line, a clonally derived cell line from the porcine jejunal epithelium. Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5) receptors showed decreased expression in influenza A infected MK1-OSU cells, while only TLR-7 expression decreased in SD-PJEC cells. Further research is warranted to study the mechanism behind the virus-mediated suppression of these proteins. Overall, this study shows that the porcine respiratory epithelial cell line, MK1-OSU, could serve as an in-vitro model for studying the pathogenesis and innate immune responses to porcine influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Thomas
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Max Pierson
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Tirth Uprety
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Laihua Zhu
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Zhiguang Ran
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge Technologies, Oxford Street Worthington, MN 56187, USA.
| | - David H Francis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
- BioSNTR, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Radhey S Kaushik
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
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