1
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Uprety T, Sreenivasan CC, Thomas M, Hause B, Christopher-Hennings J, Miskimis D, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Wang D, Li F. Prevalence and characterization of seven-segmented influenza viruses in bovine respiratory disease complex. Virology 2023; 587:109859. [PMID: 37544044 PMCID: PMC10592214 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex is a multifactorial respiratory disease of cattle. Seven-segmented influenza C (ICV) and D (IDV) viruses have been identified in cattle with BRD, however, molecular epidemiology and prevalence of IDV and ICV in the diseased population remain poorly characterized. Here, we conducted a molecular screening of 208 lung samples of bovine pneumonia cases for the presence of IDV and ICV. Our results demonstrated that both viruses were prevalent in BRD cases and the overall positivity rates of IDV and ICV were 20.88% and 5.99% respectively. Further analysis of three IDV strains isolated from lungs of cattle with BRD showed that these lung-tropic strains belonged to D/Michigan/2019 clade and diverged antigenically from the circulating dominant IDV clades D/OK and D/660. Our results reveal that IDV and ICV are associated with BRD complex and support a role for IDV and ICV in the etiology of BRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirth Uprety
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Chithra C Sreenivasan
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - Milton Thomas
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dale Miskimis
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA.
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2
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Sane S, Srinivasan R, Potts RA, Eikanger M, Zagirova D, Freeling J, Reihe CA, Antony RM, Gupta BK, Lynch D, Bleeker J, Turaihi H, Pillatzki A, Zhou W, Luo X, Linnebacher M, Agany D, Zohim EG, Humphrey LE, Black AR, Rezvani K. UBXN2A suppresses the Rictor-mTORC2 signaling pathway, an established tumorigenic pathway in human colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2023; 42:1763-1776. [PMID: 37037900 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
The mTORC2 pathway plays a critical role in promoting tumor progression in human colorectal cancer (CRC). The regulatory mechanisms for this signaling pathway are only partially understood. We previously identified UBXN2A as a novel tumor suppressor protein in CRCs and hypothesized that UBXN2A suppresses the mTORC2 pathway, thereby inhibiting CRC growth and metastasis. We first used murine models to show that haploinsufficiency of UBXN2A significantly increases colon tumorigenesis. Induction of UBXN2A reduces AKT phosphorylation downstream of the mTORC2 pathway, which is essential for a plethora of cellular processes, including cell migration. Meanwhile, mTORC1 activities remain unchanged in the presence of UBXN2A. Mechanistic studies revealed that UBXN2A targets Rictor protein, a key component of the mTORC2 complex, for 26S proteasomal degradation. A set of genetic, pharmacological, and rescue experiments showed that UBXN2A regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) in CRC. CRC patients with a high level of UBXN2A have significantly better survival, and high-grade CRC tissues exhibit decreased UBXN2A protein expression. A high level of UBXN2A in patient-derived xenografts and tumor organoids decreases Rictor protein and suppresses the mTORC2 pathway. These findings provide new insights into the functions of an ubiquitin-like protein by inhibiting a dominant oncogenic pathway in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanam Sane
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rekha Srinivasan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Rashaun A Potts
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Morgan Eikanger
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Diana Zagirova
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Jessica Freeling
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Casey A Reihe
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Ryan M Antony
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Brij K Gupta
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA
| | - Douglas Lynch
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | | | - Angela Pillatzki
- Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Department, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xu Luo
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Diing Agany
- Biomedical Engineering Department, GEAR Center, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | | | - Lisa E Humphrey
- Tissue Sciences, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Adrian R Black
- Tissue Sciences, Eppley Institute for Cancer Research, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Khosrow Rezvani
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Lee Medical Building, Vermillion, SD, USA.
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3
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Freeling JL, Scholl JL, Eikanger M, Knoblich C, Potts RA, Anderson DJ, Rower JE, Farjoo MH, Zhao H, Pillatzki A, Rezvani K. Pre-clinical safety and therapeutic efficacy of a plant-based alkaloid in a human colon cancer xenograft model. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:135. [PMID: 35347121 PMCID: PMC8960818 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00936-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A high-throughput drug screen revealed that veratridine (VTD), a natural plant alkaloid, induces expression of the anti-cancer protein UBXN2A in colon cancer cells. UBXN2A suppresses mortalin, a heat shock protein, with dominant roles in cancer development including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer cell stemness, drug resistance, and apoptosis. VTD-dependent expression of UBXN2A leads to the deactivation of mortalin in colon cancer cells, making VTD a potential targeted therapy in malignant tumors with high levels of mortalin. VTD was used clinically for the treatment of hypertension in decades past. However, the discovery of newer antihypertensive drugs and concerns over potential neuro- and cardiotoxicity ended the use of VTD for this purpose. The current study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of VTD at doses sufficient to induce UBXN2A expression in a mouse model. A set of flow-cytometry experiments confirmed that VTD induces both early and late apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo intraperitoneal (IP) administration of VTD at 0.1 mg/kg every other day (QOD) for 4 weeks effectively induced expression of UBXN2A in the small and large intestines of mice. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) assays on tissues collected from VTD-treated animals demonstrated VTD concentrations in the low pg/mg range. To address concerns regarding neuro- and cardiotoxicity, a comprehensive set of behavioral and cardiovascular assessments performed on C57BL/6NHsd mice revealed that VTD generates no detectable neurotoxicity or cardiotoxicity in animals receiving 0.1 mg/kg VTD QOD for 30 days. Finally, mouse xenograft experiments in athymic nude mice showed that VTD can suppress tumor growth. The main causes for the failure of experimental oncologic drug candidates are lack of sufficient safety and efficacy. The results achieved in this study support the potential utility of VTD as a safe and efficacious anti-cancer molecule.
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4
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Paim WP, Bauermann FV, Kutish GF, Pillatzki A, Long C, Ohnstad M, Diel DG. Identification and genetic characterization of an isolate of bovine adenovirus 7 from the United States, a putative member of a new species in the genus Atadenovirus. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2835-2839. [PMID: 34319454 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05184-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The bovine adenovirus 7 (BAdV-7) isolate SD18-74 was recovered from lung tissue of calves in South Dakota. The 30,043-nucleotide (nt) genome has the typical organization of Atadenovirus genus members. The sequence shares over 99% nt sequence identity with two Japanese BAdV-7 sequences, followed by 74.9% nt sequence identity with the ovine adenovirus 7 strain OAV287, a member of the species Ovine atadenovirus D. SD18-74 was amplified in both bovine and ovine primary nasal turbinate cells, demonstrating greater fitness in bovine cells. The genomic and biological characteristics of BAdV-7 SD18-74 support the inclusion of the members of the BAdV-7 group in a new species in the genus Atadenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian P Paim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA.
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Craig Long
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Martha Ohnstad
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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5
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Deng X, Buckley AC, Pillatzki A, Lager KM, Baker SC, Faaberg KS. Development and utilization of an infectious clone for porcine deltacoronavirus strain USA/IL/2014/026. Virology 2020; 553:35-45. [PMID: 33220618 PMCID: PMC7664480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of a full-length infectious cDNA clone for porcine deltacoronavirus strain USA/IL/2014/026. Similar to the parental strain, the infectious clone virus (icPDCoV) replicated efficiently in cell culture and caused mild clinical symptoms in piglets. To investigate putative viral interferon (IFN) antagonists, we generated two mutant viruses: a nonstructural protein 15 mutant virus that encodes a catalytically-inactive endoribonuclease (icEnUmut), and an accessory gene NS6-deletion virus in which the NS6 gene was replaced with the mNeonGreen sequence (icDelNS6/nG). By infecting PK1 cells with these recombinant PDCoVs, we found that icDelNS6/nG elicited similar levels of type I IFN responses as icPDCoV, however icEnUmut stimulated robust type I IFN responses, demonstrating that the deltacoronavirus endoribonuclease, but not NS6, functions as an IFN antagonist in PK1 cells. Collectively, the construction of a full-length infectious clone and the identification of an IFN-antagonistic endoribonuclease will aid in the development of live-attenuated deltacoronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| | - Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Susan C Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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6
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Joseph MK, Islam M, Reineke J, Hildreth M, Woyengo T, Pillatzki A, Baride A, Perumal O. Intraductal Drug Delivery to the Breast: Effect of Particle Size and Formulation on Breast Duct and Lymph Node Retention. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:441-452. [PMID: 31886676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Drug delivery by direct intraductal administration can achieve high local drug concentration in the breast and minimize systemic levels. However, the clinical application of this approach for breast cancer treatment is limited by the rapid clearance of the drug from the ducts. With the goal of developing strategies to prolong drug retention in the breast, this study was focused on understanding the influence of particle size and formulation on breast duct and lymph node retention. Fluorescent-labeled polystyrene (PS) particles ranging in size from 100 to 1000 nm were used to study the influence of particle size. Polylactic acid-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) was used to develop and test formulations for intraductal delivery. Cy 5.5, a near-IR dye, was encapsulated in PLGA microparticles, nanoparticles, and the in situ gel to study the biodistribution in rats using an in vivo imager. PS microparticles (1 μm) showed longer retention in the duct compared to 100 and 500 nm nanoparticles. The ductal retention half-life was 5-fold higher for PS microparticles compared to the nanoparticles. On the other hand, the free dye was cleared from the breast within 6 h. PLGA nanoparticles sustained the release of Cy 5.5 for >4 days. Microparticles and gel showed a much slower release than nanoparticles. PLGA in situ gel and microparticles were retained in the breast for up to 4 days, while the nanoparticles were retained in the breast for 2 days. PLGA nanoparticles and microparticles drained to the axillary lymph node and were retained for up to 24 and 48 h, respectively, while the in situ gel and the free dye did not show any detectable fluorescence in the lymph nodes. Taken together, the results demonstrate the feasibility of prolonged retention in the breast duct and lymph node by optimal formulation design. The findings can serve as a framework to design formulations for localized treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mibin Kuruvilla Joseph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - MdSaiful Islam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Joshua Reineke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Michael Hildreth
- Department of Biology & Microbiology , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Tofuko Woyengo
- Department of Animal Science , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Department of Veterinary Science and Biomedical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
| | - Aravind Baride
- Department of Chemistry , University of South Dakota , Vermillion , South Dakota 57069 , United States
| | - Omathanu Perumal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota 57007 , United States
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7
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Vinson H, Singh G, Pillatzki A, Webb B, Nelson E, Ramamoorthy S. Delivery of a thermo-enzymatically treated influenza vaccine using pulmonary surfactant in pigs. Vet Microbiol 2019; 239:108492. [PMID: 31767065 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Swine influenza A virus (IAV-S) infections are a major cause of economic losses for the swine industry. The vast genetic and antigenic diversity often results in mismatch between the vaccine and field strains, necessitating frequent updates of vaccines. Inactivated IAV-S vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Intra-nasally administered live vaccines are more effective but are associated with safety concerns. The objective of this study was to develop a first-generation vaccine which combines the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated vaccines respectively. The approach targeted fragmentation of viral nucleic acids while preserving structure. Hence, cultures of influenza A/CA/04/09 H1N1 were exposed to 44 °C for 10 min. to reversibly denature the capsid, followed by RNase treatment to digest the genomic RNA and then refolded at lower temperatures. As targeted, treated virions retained an intact structure and were not detected in the first passage in infected cells. To improve intra-nasal delivery of the vaccine antigen, the vaccine antigen was delivered in porcine lung surfactant. Both the treated vaccine alone or vaccine in combination with the surfactant elicited strong anti-HA and virus neutralizing antibodies, protection against viral shedding and lung lesions in 3-week-old piglets. There were no significant differences between the groups. Vaccine viral replication was not detected in the vaccinated pigs. The described approach can advance current immunization practices against swine influenza viruses due to the relative simplicity, high efficacy and safety and ease of adaptation to newly emerging field strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Vinson
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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8
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Singh G, Singh P, Pillatzki A, Nelson E, Webb B, Dillberger-Lawson S, Ramamoorthy S. A Minimally Replicative Vaccine Protects Vaccinated Piglets Against Challenge With the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:347. [PMID: 31696121 PMCID: PMC6817509 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an economically important enteric coronavirus, with over a 90% mortality rate in neonatal piglets. The virus emerged in the US in 2013, resulting in severe production losses. Effective vaccine development against PEDV is a challenge. Inactivated vaccines are of questionable efficacy. Attenuated vaccines, while more effective, require a relatively long lead development time, are associated with safety concerns and are also unable to prevent new field outbreaks. To combine the safety and efficacy advantages of inactivated and attenuated PEDV vaccines, respectively, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that subjecting PEDV virions to heat treatment at 44°C for 10 min to reversibly unfold structural proteins, followed by exposure to RNAse to fragment the genome, would result in a vaccine preparation with intact viral structure/antigenicity but highly diminished replicative abilities. We expected the vaccine to be both safe and effective in a piglet challenge model. Following the heat and RNAse treatment, PEDV virions had an intact electron microscopic ultrastructure and were amplified only in the 3rd passage in Vero cells, indicating that diminished replication was achieved in vitro. Strong PEDV spike-protein specific and virus neutralizing antibody responses were elicited in vaccinated piglets. Upon challenge, all vaccinated pigs were protected against fecal viral shedding and intestinal pathology, while the unvaccinated controls were not. The vaccine virus was not detected in the fecal matter of vaccinated pigs prior to challenge; nor did they develop intestinal lesions. Thus, the described approach has significant promise in improving current approaches for PEDV immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Pankaj Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Steven Dillberger-Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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9
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Singh G, Zholobko O, Pillatzki A, Webb B, Nelson E, Voronov A, Ramamoorthy S. An amphiphilic invertible polymer as a delivery vehicle for a M2e-HA2-HA1 peptide vaccine against an Influenza A virus in pigs. Vaccine 2019; 37:4291-4301. [PMID: 31235376 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are a group of genetically diverse and economically important zoonotic pathogens. Despite decades of research, effective and broadly protective vaccines are yet to be developed. Recent breakthroughs in epitope-based immunization for influenza viruses identify certain conserved regions of the HA2 and M2e proteins as capable of inducing broad protection against multiple influenza strains. The M2e and HA2 peptides have been evaluated in mice but not as a combination in pigs, which play an important role in the transmission and evolution of IAV. Peptides are inherently weak immunogens; and effective delivery of peptide antigens is challenging. To enhance the delivery and immunogenicity of peptide-based vaccines, the conserved M2e and HA2 and a strain-specific HA1 epitope of Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 were expressed as a chain in a bacterial expression system and entrapped in a novel amphiphilic invertible polymer made from polyethyelene glycol (PEG, molecular weight 600 g/mol) and polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF, molecular weight 650 g/mol), PEG600PTHF650. Piglets vaccinated with polymeric peptide vaccine mounted significantly stronger antibody responses against the peptide construct when compared to piglets immunized with the multi-epitope peptide alone. When vaccinated pigs were challenged with Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09, viral shedding in nasal secretions and lung lesion scores were significantly reduced when compared to the unvaccinated controls and pigs vaccinated with the peptide alone at six days post-challenge. Thus, the combination of the PEG600PTHF650 polymer and trimeric peptide construct enhanced delivery of the peptide antigen, acted as an adjuvant in stimulating strong antibody responses, reduced the effects of viral infection in vaccinated pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Oksana Zholobko
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Brett Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Eric Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, S. Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Andriy Voronov
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Sheela Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, N. Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States.
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10
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Joshi LR, Fernandes MHV, Clement T, Lawson S, Pillatzki A, Resende TP, Vannucci FA, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Diel DG. Pathogenesis of Senecavirus A infection in finishing pigs. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3267-3279. [PMID: 27902357 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus that has been associated with vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine. Many aspects of SVA infection biology and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here the pathogenesis of SVA was investigated in finishing pigs. Animals were inoculated via the oronasal route with SVA strain SD15-26 and monitored for clinical signs and lesions associated with SVA infection. Viraemia was assessed in serum and virus shedding monitored in oral and nasal secretions and faeces by real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and/or virus isolation. Additionally, viral load and tissue distribution were assessed during acute infection and following convalescence from disease. Clinical signs characterized by lethargy and lameness were first observed on day 4 post-inoculation (pi) and persisted for approximately 2-10 days. Vesicular lesions were first observed on day 4 pi on the snout and/or feet, affecting the coronary bands, dewclaws, interdigital space and heel/sole of SVA-infected animals. A short-term viraemia was observed between days 3 and 10 pi, whereas virus shedding was detected between days 1 and 28 pi in oral and nasal secretions and faeces. Notably, RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) performed on tissues collected on day 38 pi revealed the presence of SVA RNA in the tonsils of all SVA-infected animals. Serological responses to SVA were characterized by early neutralizing antibody responses (day 5 pi), which coincided with decreased levels of viraemia, virus shedding and viral load in tissues. This study provides significant insights into the pathogenesis and infectious dynamics of SVA in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Maureen H V Fernandes
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Talita P Resende
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Hain KS, Joshi LR, Okda F, Nelson J, Singrey A, Lawson S, Martins M, Pillatzki A, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of a recombinant parapoxvirus expressing the spike protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2719-2731. [PMID: 27558814 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV), has long been recognized for its immunomodulatory properties in permissive and non-permissive animal species. Here, a new recombinant ORFV expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was generated and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in pigs. The PEDV S was inserted into the ORFV121 gene locus, an immunomodulatory gene that inhibits activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and contributes to ORFV virulence in the natural host. The recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus efficiently and stably expressed the PEDV S protein in cell culture in vitro. Three intramuscular (IM) immunizations with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S in 3-week-old pigs elicited robust serum IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses against PEDV. Additionally, IM immunization with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus protected pigs from clinical signs of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) and reduced virus shedding in faeces upon challenge infection. These results demonstrate the suitability of ORFV121 gene locus as an insertion site for heterologous gene expression and delivery by ORFV-based viral vectors. Additionally, the results provide evidence of the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery vector for enteric viral diseases of swine. This study may have important implications for future development of ORFV-vectored vaccines for swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Hain
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Julie Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Stevenson GW, Hoang H, Schwartz KJ, Burrough ER, Sun D, Madson D, Cooper VL, Pillatzki A, Gauger P, Schmitt BJ, Koster LG, Killian ML, Yoon KJ. Emergence of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in the United States: clinical signs, lesions, and viral genomic sequences. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:649-54. [PMID: 23963154 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713501675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During the 10 days commencing April 29, 2013, the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory received the first 4 of many submissions from swine farms experiencing explosive epidemics of diarrhea and vomiting affecting all ages, with 90-95% mortality in suckling pigs. Histology revealed severe atrophy of villi in all segments of the small intestines with occasional villus-epithelial syncytial cells, but testing for rotaviruses and Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (Alphacoronavirus 1) were negative. Negative-staining electron microscopy of feces revealed coronavirus-like particles and a pan-coronavirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed to amplify a conserved region of the polymerase gene for all members in the family Coronaviridae produced expected 251-bp amplicons. Subsequent sequencing and analysis revealed 99.6-100% identity among the PCR amplicons from the 4 farms and 97-99% identity to the corresponding portion of the polymerase gene of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains, with the highest identity (99%) to strains from China in 2012. Findings were corroborated at National Veterinary Services Laboratories using 2 nested S-gene and 1 nested N-gene PCR tests where the sequenced amplicons also had the highest identity with 2012 China strains. Whole genome sequence for the virus from 2 farms in 2 different states using next-generation sequencing technique was compared to PEDV sequences available in GenBank. The 2013 U.S. PEDV had 96.6-99.5% identity with all known PEDV strains and the highest identity (>99.0%) to some of the 2011-2012 Chinese strains. The nearly simultaneous outbreaks of disease, and high degree of homology (99.6-100%) between the PEDV strains from the 4 unrelated farms, suggests a common source of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory W Stevenson
- 1Gregory W. Stevenson and Kyoungjin J. Yoon, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, 1600 South 16th Street, Ames, IA 50011. ;
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13
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Cray N, Pillatzki A, Zhao Y, Birt DF, Whitley EM. Effects of dietary resistant starch on beta‐catenin in azoxymethane‐treated colonic epithelium. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.874.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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