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Joshi LR, do Nascimento GM, Diel DG. The transcriptome of the parapoxvirus Orf virus reveals novel promoters for heterologous gene expression by poxvirus vectors. Virology 2023; 587:109864. [PMID: 37595395 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) has been used as a vaccine delivery vector for multiple animal species. Several strategies are being used to improve the immunogenicity and efficacy of ORFV vectors, including the use of poxviral promoter(s) with strong early and late activity capable of driving the expression of the heterologous genes for a prolonged time and eliciting a potent immune response. Here, we used RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) approach to analyze the transcriptome of ORFV during infection in primary ovine cells. Based on the transcriptional profile of individual ORFV genes, we identified ORFV promoters with strong early and late activity and have shown that they can be used to express heterologous genes in ORFV vectors. Our results show that the intergenic regulatory sequence containing core promoter sequences present upstream of ORF112 (p112) and ORF116 (p116) lead to markedly higher transgene expression than conventional poxviral promoters. Thus, these promoters are valuable alternatives to express transgenes in poxviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Gabriela Mansano do Nascimento
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA.
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2
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Joshi LR, Gálvez NM, Ghosh S, Weiner DB, Balazs AB. Delivery platforms for broadly neutralizing antibodies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:191-208. [PMID: 37265268 PMCID: PMC10247185 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is being evaluated as a therapeutic approach to prevent or treat HIV infections. However, a number of challenges face the widespread implementation of passive transfer for HIV. To reduce the need of recurrent administrations of bNAbs, gene-based delivery approaches have been developed which overcome the limitations of passive transfer. RECENT FINDINGS The use of DNA and mRNA for the delivery of bNAbs has made significant progress. DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) have shown great promise in animal models of disease and the underlying DNA-based technology is now being tested in vaccine trials for a variety of indications. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the development of mRNA-based technology to induce protective immunity. These advances are now being successfully applied to the delivery of monoclonal antibodies using mRNA in animal models. Delivery of bNAbs using viral vectors, primarily adeno-associated virus (AAV), has shown great promise in preclinical animal models and more recently in human studies. Most recently, advances in genome editing techniques have led to engineering of monoclonal antibody expression from B cells. These efforts aim to turn B cells into a source of evolving antibodies that can improve through repeated exposure to the respective antigen. SUMMARY The use of these different platforms for antibody delivery has been demonstrated across a wide range of animal models and disease indications, including HIV. Although each approach has unique strengths and weaknesses, additional advances in efficiency of gene delivery and reduced immunogenicity will be necessary to drive widespread implementation of these technologies. Considering the mounting clinical evidence of the potential of bNAbs for HIV treatment and prevention, overcoming the remaining technical challenges for gene-based bNAb delivery represents a relatively straightforward path towards practical interventions against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicolás M.S. Gálvez
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sukanya Ghosh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Guarino C, Larson E, Babasyan S, Rollins A, Joshi LR, Laverack M, Parrilla L, Plocharczyk E, Diel DG, Wagner B. Development of a quantitative COVID-19 multiplex assay and its use for serological surveillance in a low SARS-CoV-2 incidence community. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262868. [PMID: 35061843 PMCID: PMC8782306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A serological COVID-19 Multiplex Assay was developed and validated using serum samples from convalescent patients and those collected prior to the 2020 pandemic. After initial testing of multiple potential antigens, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) and receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein were selected for the human COVID-19 Multiplex Assay. A comparison of synthesized and mammalian expressed RBD proteins revealed clear advantages of mammalian expression. Antibodies directed against NP strongly correlated with SARS-CoV-2 virus neutralization assay titers (rsp = 0.726), while anti-RBD correlation was moderate (rsp = 0.436). Pan-Ig, IgG, IgA, and IgM against NP and RBD antigens were evaluated on the validation sample sets. Detection of NP and RBD specific IgG and IgA had outstanding performance (AUC > 0.90) for distinguishing patients from controls, but the dynamic range of the IgG assay was substantially greater. The COVID-19 Multiplex Assay was utilized to identify seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2 in people living in a low-incidence community in Ithaca, NY. Samples were taken from a cohort of healthy volunteers (n = 332) in early June 2020. Only two volunteers had a positive result on a COVID-19 PCR test performed prior to serum sampling. Serological testing revealed an exposure rate of at least 1.2% (NP) or as high as 5.7% (RBD), higher than the measured incidence rate of 0.16% in the county at that time. This highly sensitive and quantitative assay can be used for monitoring community exposure rates and duration of immune response following both infection and vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Guarino
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth Larson
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Susanna Babasyan
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Alicia Rollins
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lok R. Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Melissa Laverack
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Lara Parrilla
- Cayuga Medical Center, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
| | - Bettina Wagner
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States of America
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Joshi LR, Knudsen D, Piñeyro P, Dhakal S, Renukaradhya GJ, Diel DG. Protective Efficacy of an Orf Virus-Vector Encoding the Hemagglutinin and the Nucleoprotein of Influenza A Virus in Swine. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747574. [PMID: 34804030 PMCID: PMC8602839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory disease of pigs caused by influenza A viruses (IAV-S). IAV-S causes significant economic losses to the swine industry and poses challenges to public health given its zoonotic potential. Thus effective IAV-S vaccines are needed and highly desirable and would benefit both animal and human health. Here, we developed two recombinant orf viruses, expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) gene (OV-HA) or the HA and the nucleoprotein (NP) genes of IAV-S (OV-HA-NP). The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these two recombinant viruses were evaluated in pigs. Both OV-HA and OV-HA-NP recombinants elicited robust virus neutralizing antibody response in pigs, with higher levels of neutralizing antibodies (NA) being detected in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals pre-challenge infection. Although both recombinant viruses elicited IAV-S-specific T-cell responses, the frequency of IAV-S-specific proliferating CD8+ T cells upon re-stimulation was higher in OV-HA-NP-immunized animals than in the OV-HA group. Importantly, IgG1/IgG2 isotype ELISAs revealed that immunization with OV-HA induced Th2-biased immune responses, whereas immunization with OV-HA-NP virus resulted in a Th1-biased immune response. While pigs immunized with either OV-HA or OV-HA-NP were protected when compared to non-immunized controls, immunization with OV-HA-NP resulted in incremental protection against challenge infection as evidenced by a reduced secondary antibody response (NA and HI antibodies) following IAV-S challenge and reduced virus shedding in nasal secretions (lower viral RNA loads and frequency of animals shedding viral RNA and infectious virus), when compared to animals in the OV-HA group. Interestingly, broader cross neutralization activity was also observed in serum of OV-HA-NP-immunized animals against a panel of contemporary IAV-S isolates representing the major genetic clades circulating in swine. This study demonstrates the potential of ORFV-based vector for control of swine influenza virus in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - David Knudsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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5
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Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a picornavirus that circulates in swine populations worldwide causing vesicular disease (VD) in affected animals. Here we developed a reverse genetics system for SVA based on the well-characterized wild-type SVA strain SD15-26 (wt SVA SD15-26). The full-length cDNA genome of SVA was cloned into a plasmid under a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. Following in vitro transcription, the genomic viral RNA was transfected into BHK-21 cells and rescue of infectious virus (rSVA SD15-26) was shown by inoculation of highly susceptible H1299 cells. In vitro characterization of the rSVA SD15-26 showed similar replication properties and protein expression levels as the wt SVA SD15-26. A pathogenesis study was conducted in 15-week-old finishing pigs to evaluate the pathogenicity and infection dynamics of the rSVA SD15-26 virus in comparison to the wt SVA SD15-26. Animals from both rSVA- and wt SVA SD15-26-inoculated groups presented characteristic SVA clinical signs (lethargy and lameness) followed by the development of vesicular lesions on the snout and/or feet. The clinical outcome of infection, including disease onset, severity and duration was similar in rSVA- and the wt SVA SD15-26-inoculated animals. All animals inoculated with rSVA or with wt SVA SD15-26 presented a short-term viremia, and animals from both groups shed similar amounts of virus in oral and nasal secretion, and faeces. Our data demonstrates that the rSVA SD5-26 clone is fully virulent and pathogenic in pigs, presenting comparable pathogenesis and infection dynamics to the wt SVA SD15-26 strain. The infectious clone generated here is a useful platform to study virulence determinants of SVA, and to dissect other aspects of SVA infection biology, pathogenesis and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen H V Fernandes
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Marcelo de Lima
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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Carvallo FR, Martins M, Joshi LR, Caserta LC, Mitchell PK, Cecere T, Hancock S, Goodrich EL, Murphy J, Diel DG. Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Cat with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Viruses 2021; 13:1510. [PMID: 34452375 PMCID: PMC8402861 DOI: 10.3390/v13081510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has claimed millions of human lives worldwide since the emergence of the zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in China in December 2019. Notably, most severe and fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans have been associated with underlying clinical conditions, including diabetes, hypertension and heart diseases. Here, we describe a case of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in a domestic cat (Felis catus) that presented with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), a chronic heart condition that has been described as a comorbidity of COVID-19 in humans and that is prevalent in domestic cats. The lung and heart of the affected cat presented clear evidence of SARS-CoV-2 replication, with histological lesions similar to those observed in humans with COVID-19 with high infectious viral loads being recovered from these organs. The study highlights the potential impact of comorbidities on the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals and provides important information that may contribute to the development of a feline model with the potential to recapitulate the clinical outcomes of severe COVID-19 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco R. Carvallo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (F.R.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Mathias Martins
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd., AHDC A3-114, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (L.R.J.); (L.C.C.); (P.K.M.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Lok R. Joshi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd., AHDC A3-114, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (L.R.J.); (L.C.C.); (P.K.M.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Leonardo C. Caserta
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd., AHDC A3-114, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (L.R.J.); (L.C.C.); (P.K.M.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Patrick K. Mitchell
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd., AHDC A3-114, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (L.R.J.); (L.C.C.); (P.K.M.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Thomas Cecere
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (F.R.C.); (T.C.)
| | - Sandy Hancock
- Laboratory for Neurotoxicity Studies, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | - Erin L. Goodrich
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd., AHDC A3-114, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (L.R.J.); (L.C.C.); (P.K.M.); (E.L.G.)
| | - Julia Murphy
- Virginia Department of Health, Division of Surveillance and Investigation, Richmond, VA 23218, USA;
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd., AHDC A3-114, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (M.M.); (L.R.J.); (L.C.C.); (P.K.M.); (E.L.G.)
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7
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Martins M, Rodrigues FS, Joshi LR, Jardim JC, Flores MM, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Diel DG. Orf virus ORFV112, ORFV117 and ORFV127 contribute to ORFV IA82 virulence in sheep. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109066. [PMID: 33866062 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The parapoxvirus orf virus (ORFV) encodes several immunomodulatory proteins (IMPs) that modulate host innate and pro-inflammatory responses to infection. Using the ORFV IA82 strain as the parental virus, recombinant viruses with individual deletions in the genes encoding the IMPs chemokine binding protein (CBP; ORFV112), inhibitor of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor and IL-2 (GIF, ORFV117) and interleukin 10 homologue (vIL-10; ORFV127) were generated and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The replication properties of the individual gene deletion viruses in cell culture was not affected comparing with the parental virus. To investigate the effect of the individual gene deletions in ORFV infection and pathogenesis, groups of four lambs were inoculated with each virus and were monitored thereafter. Lambs inoculated with either recombinant or with the parental ORFV developed characteristic lesions of contagious ecthyma. The onset, nature and severity of the lesions in the oral commissure were similar in all inoculated groups from the onset (3 days post-inoculation [pi]) to the peak of clinical lesions (days 11-13 pi). Nonetheless, from days 11-13 pi onwards, the oral lesions in lambs inoculated with the recombinant viruses regressed faster than the lesions produced by the parental virus. Similarly, the amount of virus shed in the lesions were equivalent among lambs of all groups up to day 15 pi, yet they were significantly higher in the parental virus group from day 16-21 pi. In conclusion, individual deletion of these IMP genes from the ORFV genome resulted in slight reduction in virulence in vivo, as evidenced by a reduction in the duration of the clinical disease and virus shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Martins
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Virologia, Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sanidade e Produção Animal, Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Campus II, Rodovia Rovilho Bortoluzzi, SC 480, Km 3.5, Xanxere, Santa Catarina, 89820-000, Brazil; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Rodrigues
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - José C Jardim
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Setor de Virologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima 1000, prédio 63A, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária, Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Joshi LR, Mohr KA, Gava D, Kutish G, Buysse AS, Vannucci FA, Piñeyro PE, Crossley BM, Schiltz JJ, Jenkins-Moore M, Koster L, Tell R, Schaefer R, Marthaler D, Diel DG. Genetic diversity and evolution of the emerging picornavirus Senecavirus A. J Gen Virol 2019; 101:175-187. [PMID: 31859611 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus that causes vesicular disease (VD) in swine. The virus has been circulating in swine in the United Stated (USA) since at least 1988, however, since 2014 a marked increase in the number of SVA outbreaks has been observed in swine worldwide. The factors that led to the emergence of SVA remain unknown. Evolutionary changes that accumulated in the SVA genome over the years may have contributed to the recent increase in disease incidence. Here we compared full-genome sequences of historical SVA strains (identified before 2010) from the USA and global contemporary SVA strains (identified after 2011). The results from the genetic analysis revealed 6.32 % genetic divergence between historical and contemporary SVA isolates. Selection pressure analysis revealed that the SVA polyprotein is undergoing selection, with four amino acid (aa) residues located in the VP1 (aa 735), 2A (aa 941), 3C (aa 1547) and 3D (aa 1850) coding regions being under positive/diversifying selection. Several aa substitutions were observed in the structural proteins (VP1, VP2 and VP3) of contemporary SVA isolates when compared to historical SVA strains. Some of these aa substitutions led to changes in the surface electrostatic potential of the structural proteins. This work provides important insights into the molecular evolution and epidemiology of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Present address: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kristin A Mohr
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Danielle Gava
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Gerald Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Alaire S Buysse
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Pablo E Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Beate M Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John J Schiltz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Melinda Jenkins-Moore
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Leo Koster
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rachel Tell
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rejane Schaefer
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55455, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Present address: Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Embrapa Swine and Poultry, Concórdia, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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9
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Sharma B, Fernandes MHV, de Lima M, Joshi LR, Lawson S, Diel DG. A Novel Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate Protects Against Heterologous Senecavirus A Challenge. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2660. [PMID: 31849928 PMCID: PMC6901945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus causing vesicular disease (VD) clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in pigs. Currently there are no vaccines currently available for SVA. Here we developed a recombinant SVA strain (rSVAm SacII) using reverse genetics and assessed its immunogenicity and protective efficacy in pigs. In vivo characterization of the rSVAm SacII strain demonstrated that the virus is attenuated, as evidenced by absence of lesions, decreased viremia and virus shedding in inoculated animals. Notably, while attenuated, rSVA mSacII virus retained its immunogenicity as high neutralizing antibody (NA) responses were detected in inoculated animals. To assess the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rSVA mSacII, 4-week-old piglets were sham-immunized or immunized with inactivated or live rSVA mSacII virus-based formulations. A single immunization with live rSVA mSacII virus via the intramuscular (IM) and intranasal (IN) routes resulted in robust NA responses with antibodies being detected between days 3-7 pi. Neutralizing antibody responses in animals immunized with the inactivated virus via the IM route were delayed and only detected after a booster on day 21 pi. Immunization with live virus resulted in recall T cell proliferation (CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+/CD8+ T cells), demonstrating efficient stimulation of cellular immunity. Notably, a single dose of the live attenuated vaccine candidate resulted in protection against heterologous SVA challenge, as demonstrated by absence of overt disease and reduced viremia, virus shedding and viral load in tissues. The live attenuated vaccine candidate developed here represents a promising alternative to prevent and control SVA in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwas Sharma
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Maureen H V Fernandes
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Marcelo de Lima
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Laboratório de Virologia e Imunologia Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Steve Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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10
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Bauermann FV, Hause B, Buysse AR, Joshi LR, Diel DG. Identification and genetic characterization of a porcine hepe-astrovirus (bastrovirus) in the United States. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2321-2326. [PMID: 31175435 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Here we describe the identification and genetic characterization of a porcine hepe-astrovirus, or bastrovirus, obtained from feces from pigs in the United States. The genome of the new bastrovirus is 5,955 nt long and contains two open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1 encodes a protein containing three domains, viral methyltransferase, RNA helicase and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and is closely related to the RdRp of hepatitis E virus. The ORF2 protein shares similarities with the astrovirus capsid precursor protein. Although structural features of bastroviruses may resemble those of astroviruses, distinct characteristics of the newly identified bastrovirus include the presence of an RNA helicase domain in ORF1 and the lack of ORF1b. In addition to genetic characterization, screening of 368 porcine samples (oral fluids, oral swabs or fecal swabs) collected in the United States (US) using a porcine-bastrovirus-specific real-time PCR assay revealed that 31% of those samples were positive. These results suggest a broad distribution of bastroviruses in the swine population in the US. This represents the first description of bastrovirus in swine in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando V Bauermann
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175, 1155 N Campus Drive, SAR118, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, 250 McElroy Hall, Stillwater, OK, 74074, USA
| | - Ben Hause
- Cambridge Technologies, 1525 Bioscience Drive, Worthington, MN, 56187, USA
| | - Alaine R Buysse
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175, 1155 N Campus Drive, SAR118, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175, 1155 N Campus Drive, SAR118, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (ADRDL), Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Box 2175, 1155 N Campus Drive, SAR118, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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11
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Fernandes MHV, Maggioli MF, Otta J, Joshi LR, Lawson S, Diel DG. Senecavirus A 3C Protease Mediates Host Cell Apoptosis Late in Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:363. [PMID: 30918505 PMCID: PMC6424860 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), an oncolytic picornavirus used for cancer treatment in humans, has recently emerged as a vesicular disease (VD)-causing agent in swine worldwide. Notably, SVA-induced VD is indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other high-consequence VDs of pigs. Here we investigated the role of apoptosis on infection and replication of SVA. Given the critical role of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway on modulation of cell death, we first assessed activation of NF-κB during SVA infection. Results here show that while early during infection SVA induces activation of NF-κB, as evidenced by nuclear translocation of NF-κB-p65 and NF-κB-mediated transcription, late in infection a cleaved product corresponding to the C-terminus of NF-κB-p65 is detected in infected cells, resulting in lower NF-κB transcriptional activity. Additionally, we assessed the potential role of SVA 3C protease (3Cpro) in SVA-induced host-cell apoptosis and cleavage of NF-κB-p65. Transient expression of SVA 3Cpro was associated with cleavage of NF-κB-p65 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), suggesting its involvement in virus-induced apoptosis. Most importantly, we showed that while cleavage of NF-κB-p65 is secondary to caspase activation, the proteolytic activity of SVA 3Cpro is essential for induction of apoptosis. Experiments using the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK confirmed the relevance of late apoptosis for SVA infection, indicating that SVA induces apoptosis, presumably, as a mechanism to facilitate virus release and/or spread from infected cells. Together, these results suggest an important role of apoptosis for SVA infection biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diego G. Diel
- Animal Disease Research And Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
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12
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Joshi LR, Bauermann FV, Hain KS, Kutish GF, Armién AG, Lehman CP, Neiger R, Afonso CL, Tripathy DN, Diel DG. Detection of Fowlpox virus carrying distinct genome segments of Reticuloendotheliosis virus. Virus Res 2019; 260:53-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Hammerton J, Joshi LR, Ross AB, Pariyar B, Lovett JC, Shrestha KK, Rijal B, Li H, Gasson PE. Characterisation of biomass resources in Nepal and assessment of potential for increased charcoal production. J Environ Manage 2018; 223:358-370. [PMID: 29936349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterisation of 27 types of biomass was performed together with an assessment of regional resource availability. Charcoal was produced under two conditions from all samples and their yields were compared. Sugarcane bagasse, sal and pine produced the best charcoal with a low volatile matter and high calorific value. The amount of high-quality charcoal which can be made within Nepal from the biomass types tested is equivalent to 8,073,000 tonnes of firewood a year or 51% of the yearly demand. The areas which would benefit the most from charcoal making facilities are the Mid-hills of the Western, Central and Eastern Development Regions, as well as the Terai in the Central and Eastern Development Regions. The main potential benefit is to convert agricultural residues which are underutilised because, in their original form, produce large quantities of smoke, to cleaner burning charcoal. The conversion of agricultural residues to charcoal is also a viable alternative to anaerobic digestion in the Mid-hills.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hammerton
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - L R Joshi
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - A B Ross
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B Pariyar
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - J C Lovett
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK; Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - K K Shrestha
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - B Rijal
- Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - H Li
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - P E Gasson
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, TW9 3AE, UK
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14
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Joshi LR, Okda FA, Singrey A, Maggioli MF, Faccin TC, Fernandes MHV, Hain KS, Dee S, Bauermann FV, Nelson EA, Diel DG. Passive immunity to porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following immunization of pregnant gilts with a recombinant orf virus vector expressing the spike protein. Arch Virol 2018; 163:2327-2335. [PMID: 29725899 PMCID: PMC7086649 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Passive immunity is critical for protection of neonatal piglets against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of an orf virus (ORFV) vector expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of PEDV (ORFV-PEDV-S) in pregnant gilts and its ability to confer passive immunity and protection in piglets. Three doses of ORFV-PEDV-S were given to two groups of PEDV-negative pregnant gilts, with the last dose being administered two weeks prior to farrowing. One of the two groups immunized with the ORFV-PEDV-S recombinant virus was also exposed to live PEDV orally on day 31 post-immunization (pi). Antibody responses were assessed in serum, colostrum and milk of immunized gilts, and passive transfer of antibodies was evaluated in piglet sera. The protective efficacy of ORFV-PEDV-S was evaluated after challenge of the piglets with PEDV. PEDV-specific IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody (NA) responses were detected in ORFV-PEDV-S-immunized and ORFV-PEDV-S-immunized/PEDV-exposed gilts. PEDV NA, IgG and IgA were detected in the serum of piglets born to immunized gilts, demonstrating the transfer of antibodies through colostrum and milk. Piglets born to immunized gilts showed reduced morbidity and a marked reduction in mortality after PEDV challenge in comparison to control piglets. Piglets born to gilts that received ORFV-PEDV-S and were exposed to live PEDV showed stronger NA responses and lower clinical scores when compared to piglets born to gilts immunized with ORFV-PEDV-S alone. These results demonstrate the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery platform capable of eliciting passive immunity against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Faten A Okda
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Mayara F Maggioli
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Tatiane C Faccin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maureen H V Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Kyle S Hain
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Scott Dee
- Pipestone Veterinary Services, Pipestone Applied Research, Pipestone, MN, 51164, USA
| | - Fernando V Bauermann
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, 1155 North Campus Drive, Box 2175, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA. .,Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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15
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Martins M, Joshi LR, Rodrigues FS, Anziliero D, Frandoloso R, Kutish GF, Rock DL, Weiblen R, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of ORFV-based vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein in livestock species. Virology 2017; 511:229-239. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Okda FA, Lawson S, Singrey A, Nelson J, Hain KS, Joshi LR, Christopher-Hennings J, Nelson EA, Diel DG. The S2 glycoprotein subunit of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus contains immunodominant neutralizing epitopes. Virology 2017. [PMID: 28647506 PMCID: PMC7111671 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) spike (S) protein is the major target of neutralizing antibodies against PEDV. Here immunodominant neutralizing epitopes of PEDV were identified using a panel of S-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Ten of eleven S-specific mAbs successfully neutralized PEDV infectivity in vitro. Notably, epitope mapping by peptide ELISAs revealed that nine of these mAbs recognized linear neutralizing epitopes located in the N-terminus of the S2 glycoprotein subunit (amino acids [aa] 744-759, 747-774 and/or 756-771). Additionally, one mAb recognized a neutralizing epitope located in the C-terminus of S2 (aa 1371-1377), while only one neutralizing mAb reacted against a region of the S1 glycoprotein subunit (aa 499-600). Notably, mAbs that recognized epitopes within the S2 subunit presented the highest neutralizing activity against PEDV. Together these results indicate that the S2 glycoprotein subunit contains major antigenic determinants and, perhaps, the immunodominant neutralizing epitopes of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA; National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Julie Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Kyle S Hain
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Jane Christopher-Hennings
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA; South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization (SD-CBRC), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA; South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization (SD-CBRC), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA; South Dakota Center for Biologics Research and Commercialization (SD-CBRC), South Dakota State University, Brookings, 57007 SD, USA.
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17
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Joshi LR, Fernandes MHV, Clement T, Lawson S, Pillatzki A, Resende TP, Vannucci FA, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Diel DG. Pathogenesis of Senecavirus A infection in finishing pigs. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:3267-3279. [PMID: 27902357 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging picornavirus that has been associated with vesicular disease and neonatal mortality in swine. Many aspects of SVA infection biology and pathogenesis, however, remain unknown. Here the pathogenesis of SVA was investigated in finishing pigs. Animals were inoculated via the oronasal route with SVA strain SD15-26 and monitored for clinical signs and lesions associated with SVA infection. Viraemia was assessed in serum and virus shedding monitored in oral and nasal secretions and faeces by real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and/or virus isolation. Additionally, viral load and tissue distribution were assessed during acute infection and following convalescence from disease. Clinical signs characterized by lethargy and lameness were first observed on day 4 post-inoculation (pi) and persisted for approximately 2-10 days. Vesicular lesions were first observed on day 4 pi on the snout and/or feet, affecting the coronary bands, dewclaws, interdigital space and heel/sole of SVA-infected animals. A short-term viraemia was observed between days 3 and 10 pi, whereas virus shedding was detected between days 1 and 28 pi in oral and nasal secretions and faeces. Notably, RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) performed on tissues collected on day 38 pi revealed the presence of SVA RNA in the tonsils of all SVA-infected animals. Serological responses to SVA were characterized by early neutralizing antibody responses (day 5 pi), which coincided with decreased levels of viraemia, virus shedding and viral load in tissues. This study provides significant insights into the pathogenesis and infectious dynamics of SVA in swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Maureen H V Fernandes
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Travis Clement
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Talita P Resende
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Fabio A Vannucci
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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18
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Hain KS, Joshi LR, Okda F, Nelson J, Singrey A, Lawson S, Martins M, Pillatzki A, Kutish GF, Nelson EA, Flores EF, Diel DG. Immunogenicity of a recombinant parapoxvirus expressing the spike protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2719-2731. [PMID: 27558814 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The parapoxvirus Orf virus (ORFV), has long been recognized for its immunomodulatory properties in permissive and non-permissive animal species. Here, a new recombinant ORFV expressing the full-length spike (S) protein of Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) was generated and its immunogenicity and protective efficacy were evaluated in pigs. The PEDV S was inserted into the ORFV121 gene locus, an immunomodulatory gene that inhibits activation of the NF-κB signalling pathway and contributes to ORFV virulence in the natural host. The recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus efficiently and stably expressed the PEDV S protein in cell culture in vitro. Three intramuscular (IM) immunizations with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S in 3-week-old pigs elicited robust serum IgG, IgA and neutralizing antibody responses against PEDV. Additionally, IM immunization with the recombinant ORFV-PEDV-S virus protected pigs from clinical signs of porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) and reduced virus shedding in faeces upon challenge infection. These results demonstrate the suitability of ORFV121 gene locus as an insertion site for heterologous gene expression and delivery by ORFV-based viral vectors. Additionally, the results provide evidence of the potential of ORFV as a vaccine delivery vector for enteric viral diseases of swine. This study may have important implications for future development of ORFV-vectored vaccines for swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Hain
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Lok R Joshi
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Faten Okda
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.,National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Julie Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Aaron Singrey
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Steven Lawson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Mathias Martins
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gerald F Kutish
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Eric A Nelson
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Eduardo F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego G Diel
- Animal Disease Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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19
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Joshi LR. Male Participation in Family Planning: Human Behaviour Perspective. J Nepal Health Res Counc 2015; 13:188-195. [PMID: 27005710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family planning (FP) is one of the major components of reproductive health and its goal is to prevent unwanted pregnancies and regulate wanted pregnancies, thereby ensuring the health of mothers and children. It also aims at regulating the population in order to maintain the vital balance between development and the environment. Ideally, FP depends on the efforts of a couple where the man and woman are equally responsible and accountable. In reality, however, this is not the case. It is in this background that the present study aims at examining the nature and level of male participation in preventing unwanted pregnancies and the factors that influence male participation in FP. METHODS The data for the study was derived using mixed methods, drawing from both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The research design was cross-sectional, descriptive and observational. RESULTS Despite the high level of knowledge and awareness about FP among the respondents, it was found that male participation in FP continues to remain very low. The multidimensional factors influencing their participation include education of the couple (the unadjusted odds ratio of higher education level of respondents is 2.182 and the adjusted OR is 1.972; and the unadjusted OR of higher education level of the spouse is 2.030, and the adjusted OR is 1.570), and economic condition (the unadjusted OR of higher income is 2.272 and the adjusted OR is 2.436) of family. Male participation in FP was found to be higher in rural areas (69.8 %) and among Dalits (72.5%). Other factors include social stigma and religious practice, patriarchal notions, gender roles and individual characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Male participation plays a crucial role in population management, but patriarchal notions, socioculturally defined gender roles, combined with the inefficiency of the current FP programme, and biological factors contribute towards keeping male participation very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Joshi
- Centre of Social Medicine and Community Health, School of Social Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Szkudlinski MW, Thotakura NR, Bucci I, Joshi LR, Tsai A, East-Palmer J, Shiloach J, Weintraub BD. Purification and characterization of recombinant human thyrotropin (TSH) isoforms produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells: the role of sialylation and sulfation in TSH bioactivity. Endocrinology 1993; 133:1490-503. [PMID: 8404588 DOI: 10.1210/endo.133.4.8404588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The biological significance of glycosylation variants of pituitary glycoprotein hormones remains controversial because of the indirect methods usually employed to determine carbohydrate composition or structure as well as the use of unreliable biological/immunological ratio to determine bioactivity. We have previously characterized recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) secreted by Chinese hamster ovary cells attached to microcarrier beads in a large scale bioreactor after stable transfection of hCG alpha and hTSH beta minigenes. In the present study rhTSH has been used as a model to determine structure-function relationships of different isoforms of glycoprotein hormones. We have now produced greater than 200 mg rhTSH using a hollow fiber bioreactor. The highly purified rhTSH produced in the hollow fiber bioreactor (rhTSH-N) as well as rhTSH commercially produced in a large scale bioreactor (rhTSH-G) were quantitated by immunoassays, receptor binding assay, and amino acid analysis and further characterized by a variety of physico-biochemical methods, including chromatofocusing and carbohydrate analysis. rhTSH-G, rhTSH-N, as well as pituitary human TSH (phTSH) have been separated by chromatofocusing on a Mono P column into several isoforms with different pI values. Compositional analysis of the fractions showed higher sialic acid content in the more acidic rhTSH-G fractions. phTSH acidic isoforms showed higher total sulfate and sialic acid contents than the more basic fractions. The bioactivities of various TSH isoforms based on rigorous quantitation of mass by amino acid analysis determined in three different FRTL-5 cell bioassays showed that the more basic and less sialylated fractions of rhTSH-G were more active than the more acidic fractions. In contrast to the in vitro data, highly sialylated and acidic rhTSH-G isoforms showed longer plasma half-lives and higher in vivo bioactivity than the basic forms. These results indicate that secreted rhTSH, similar to intrapituitary phTSH, exists as a mixture of charge isoforms that are related at least in part to the degree of sialylation. The degree of sialylation, highly dependent on the bioreactor production conditions, appears to be the major factor affecting the charge heterogeneity, MCR, and bioactivity of rhTSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Szkudlinski
- Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Joshi LR, Boland SR, Hewlett EL, Katz MS. Inhibition of adenylate cyclase from luteinized rat ovary by monovalent cations: roles of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory component and stimulatory hormone receptor. Arch Biochem Biophys 1988; 261:134-47. [PMID: 3124764 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9861(88)90112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Sodium and other monovalent cations (added as chloride salts) inhibited adenylate cyclase of luteinized rat ovary. Sodium chloride (150 mM) inhibited basal enzyme activity by 20%. Sodium chloride inhibition was enhanced to 34-54% under conditions of enzyme stimulation by guanine nucleotides (GTP and its nonhydrolyzable analog 5'-guanylyl imidodiphosphate), fluoride anion, and agonists (ovine luteinizing hormone (oLH) and the beta-adrenergic catecholamine isoproterenol) acting at stimulatory receptors linked to adenylate cyclase. Sodium chloride inhibition was dependent on salt concentration over a wide range (25-800 mM) as well as the concentrations of GTP and oLH. Inhibition by NaCl was of rapid onset and appeared to be reversible. The order of inhibitory potency of monovalent cations was Li+ greater than Na+ greater than K+. The role of individual components of adenylate cyclase in the inhibitory action of monovalent cations was examined. Exotoxins of Vibrio cholerae and Bordetella pertussis were used to determine respectively the involvement of the stimulatory and inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory components (Ns and Ni) in NaCl inhibition. Sodium chloride inhibited cholera toxin-activated adenylate cyclase activity by 29%. Ni did not appear to mediate cation inhibition of adenylate cyclase because pertussis toxin did not attenuate inhibition by NaCl. Enzyme stimulation by agents (forskolin and Mn2+) thought to activate the catalytic component directly was not inhibited by NaCl but was instead significantly enhanced. Sodium chloride (150 mM) increased both the Kd for high-affinity binding of oLH to 125I-human chorionic gonadotropin binding sites and the Kact for oLH stimulation of adenylate cyclase by sevenfold. In contrast, NaCl had no appreciable effect on either isoproterenol binding to (-)-[125I]iodopindolol binding sites or the Kact for isoproterenol stimulation of adenylate cyclase. The results suggest that in luteinized rat ovary monovalent cations uncouple, or dissociate, Ns from the catalytic component and, in a distinct action, reduce gonadotropin receptor affinity for hormone. Dissociation of the inhibitory influence of Ni from direct catalytic activation could account for NaCl enhancement of forskolin- and Mn2+-associated activities. On the basis of these results, the spectrum of divergent stimulatory and inhibitory effects of monovalent cations on adenylate cyclase activities in a variety of tissues may be interpreted in terms of differential enzyme susceptibilities to cation-induced uncoupling of N and catalytic component functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L R Joshi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio
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Joshi LR, Weintraub BD. Naturally occurring forms of thyrotropin with low bioactivity and altered carbohydrate content act as competitive antagonists to more bioactive forms. Endocrinology 1983; 113:2145-54. [PMID: 6641628 DOI: 10.1210/endo-113-6-2145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the interaction of certain forms of mouse (m) tumor and bovine (b) pituitary TSH with standard bTSH on the activation of adenylate cyclase in human thyroid membranes. Tumor extract, serum from tumor-bearing mice, culture medium from dispersed cell incubations, and two preparations of purified bTSH (Sigma and Pierce) were fractionated on Sephadex G-100 (1.2 X 200 cm). For each fraction, TSH bioactivity was measured by stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity in human thyroid membranes, and immunoactivity was determined by RIA. On G-100, Pierce bTSH had multiple immunoactive components with partition coefficients (Kav) of 0.28-0.32 and ratios of biological over immunological activity (B/I) of 0.59-1.42. Sigma bTSH, mouse tumor, serum, and medium were even more heterogeneous (Kav = 0.23-0.32), with a lower range of B/I (0.04-1.0). When single doses (125-2000 ng) of those fractions with the highest Kav (0.30-0.32) and lowest B/I (0.04-0.51) were mixed with multiple doses (200-10,000 microU) of Armour TSH standard (B/I = 1), there was 30-56% inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity stimulation. Double reciprocal plots showed competitive inhibition for the low B/I forms from all sources, except for a medium form which showed mixed inhibition. The medium form had the highest inhibitory activity. There were no inhibitors in G-100 fractions from the Kav regions devoid of TSH immunoactivity or from the same Kav regions of normal mouse serum. To determine the chemical differences between different forms, affinity chromatography on Concanavalin A, wheat germ agglutinin, and soybean agglutinin was employed. Compared with the apparent higher molecular weight form with higher B/I, the apparent lower molecular weight form with lower B/I contained decreased amounts or availability of alpha-mannose and increased amounts or availability of beta-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and/or beta-galactose; both forms appear to contain similar beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues, presumably in the inner core.
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Vijayalakshmi S, Bandivdekar AH, Joshi LR, Moodbidri SB, Sheth AR. Isolation and characterization of ovine testicular and ovarian inhibin. Arch Androl 1980; 5:179-88. [PMID: 6775607 DOI: 10.3109/01485018008986313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (< 1500 daltons) peptides with inhibin activity have been isolated from sheep testes and ovaries by simple gel filtration. These peptides were capable of inhibiting the ovarian weight increase in hCG-primed immature female mice and also of suppressing the post-castration rise of serum FSH levels in adult male rats, suggesting similarities in their biological properties. Both testicular and ovarian inhibin were typsin sensitive and heat stable at 100 degrees C for 30 min and were shown to act by interfering with the production of a hypothetical FSH-RH.
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Moodbidri SB, Joshi LR, Sheth AR. On the mechanism of action of low molecular weight inhibin from ram testes. Indian J Exp Biol 1980; 18:100-2. [PMID: 6249725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Moodbidri SB, Joshi LR, Sheth AR, Rao SS. Development of a radioimmunoassay for circulating levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone. Indian J Med Res 1976; 64:1649-56. [PMID: 798724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Moodbidri SB, Joshi LR, Sheth AR. Procedure for radioiodination of peptide hormones using lactoperoxidase isolated from buffalo milk. Indian J Exp Biol 1976; 14:572-4. [PMID: 799621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sheth AR, Gadgil BA, Joshi LR, Rao SS. A note on occurrence of immuno-reactive prolactin in bovine semem. Indian J Anim Sci 1976; 46:42-3. [PMID: 1027584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Dattatreyamurty B, Sheth AR, Joshi LR, Rao SS. Changes in the ratio between serum and "specific" levels of human chorionic gonadotropin in different trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 121:300-5. [PMID: 46715 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-one sera from different trimesters of pregnancy were analyzed by two 125-I-NIH-HCG assay systems, employing anti-intact HCG serum and anti theta-HCG serum, respectively. The ratios of the levels measured in the two assay systems changed with the duration of pregnancy. The ratios during trimesters 1,2, and 3 were 2.94, 1.99, and 2.37, respectively. The cross-reactivity of proteohormones other than HCG was tested in both the assay systems. The two assay systems could be comparable in their high degree of specificity. However, the relative affinities of intact HCG and theta-HCG in the two assay systems were observed to be different. It was suggested that the significant differences in the ratios of the levels measured by the tow assay systems might have been infulenced by the occurrence of theta-HCG in serum and that the levels of the subunit must have changed at different stages of pregnancy.
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Joshi LR, Sheth AR, Raghavan V, Rao SS. Serum FSH and LH levels in fertile and subfertile men. Indian J Med Res 1973; 61:1308-12. [PMID: 4779303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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