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Buckley AC, Mora-Díaz JC, Magtoto RL, Hulzen AV, Ferreyra FM, Falkenberg SM, Giménez-Lirola LG, Arruda BL. Dynamics of Infection of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus in Commercial Pigs from Birth to Market: A Longitudinal Study. Viruses 2023; 15:1767. [PMID: 37632109 PMCID: PMC10458225 DOI: 10.3390/v15081767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) was found to be associated with pigs demonstrating congenital tremors (CT), and clinical signs in pigs have been reproduced after experimental challenge. Subsequently, APPV has been identified in both symptomatic and asymptomatic swine of all ages globally. The objective of this research was to perform a longitudinal study following two cohorts of pigs, those born in litters with pigs exhibiting CT and those born in litters without CT, to analyze the virus and antibody dynamics of APPV infection in serum from birth to market. There was a wide range in the percentage of affected pigs (8-75%) within CT-positive litters. After co-mingling with CT-positive litters at weaning, pigs from CT-negative litters developed viremia that was cleared after approximately 2 months, with the majority seroconverting by the end of the study. In contrast, a greater percentage of pigs exhibiting CT remained PCR positive throughout the growing phase, with less than one-third of these animals seroconverting. APPV RNA was present in multiple tissues from pigs in both groups at the time of marketing. This study improved our understanding of the infection dynamics of APPV in swine and the impact that the immune status and timing of infection have on the persistence of APPV in serum and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Ronaldo L. Magtoto
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Amberly Van Hulzen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Franco Matias Ferreyra
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Shollie M. Falkenberg
- Ruminant Disease and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (J.-C.M.-D.); (R.L.M.); (A.V.H.); (F.M.F.); (L.G.G.-L.)
| | - Bailey L. Arruda
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA 50010, USA
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Hoffman KS, Humphrey NL, Korslund JA, Anderson TK, Faaberg KS, Lager KM, Buckley AC. Characterization of Senecavirus A Isolates Collected From the Environment of U.S. Sow Slaughter Plants. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:923878. [PMID: 35812884 PMCID: PMC9257094 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.923878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular disease caused by Senecavirus A (SVA) is clinically indistinguishable from foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and other vesicular diseases of swine. When a vesicle is observed in FMD-free countries, a costly and time-consuming foreign animal disease investigation (FADI) is performed to rule out FMD. Recently, there has been an increase in the number of FADIs and SVA positive samples at slaughter plants in the U.S. The objectives of this investigation were to: (1) describe the environmental burden of SVA in sow slaughter plants; (2) determine whether there was a correlation between PCR diagnostics, virus isolation (VI), and swine bioassay results; and (3) phylogenetically characterize the genetic diversity of contemporary SVA isolates. Environmental swabs were collected from three sow slaughter plants (Plants 1-3) and one market-weight slaughter plant (Plant 4) between June to December 2020. Of the 426 samples taken from Plants 1-3, 304 samples were PCR positive and 107 were VI positive. There was no detection of SVA by PCR or VI at Plant 4. SVA positive samples were most frequently found in the summer (78.3% June-September, vs. 59.4% October-December), with a peak at 85% in August. Eighteen PCR positive environmental samples with a range of Ct values were selected for a swine bioassay: a single sample infected piglets (n = 2). A random subset of the PCR positive samples was sequenced; and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated co-circulation and divergence of two genetically distinct groups of SVA. These data demonstrate that SVA was frequently found in the environment of sow slaughter plants, but environmental persistence and diagnostic detection was not indicative of whether a sampled was infectious to swine. Consequently, a more detailed understanding of the epidemiology of SVA and its environmental persistence in the marketing chain is necessary to reduce the number of FADIs and aide in the development of control measures to reduce the spread of SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S. Hoffman
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nicki L. Humphrey
- Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - John A. Korslund
- Veterinary Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, MD, United States
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kay. S. Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly M. Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexandra C. Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- *Correspondence: Alexandra C. Buckley
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Buckley AC, Falkenberg SM, Palmer MV, Arruda PH, Magstadt DR, Schwartz KJ, Gatto IR, Neill JD, Arruda BL. Distribution and persistence of atypical porcine pestivirus in experimentally inoculated pigs. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:952-955. [PMID: 34078182 DOI: 10.1177/10406387211022683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a cause of congenital tremors (CTs) in piglets and has been found in swine populations around the globe. Although systemic distribution of the virus has been reported, there is limited information regarding viral localization at the cellular level and distribution at the tissue level. We collected multiple tissues from 2-d-old piglets (n = 36) born to sows inoculated at 45 or 62 d of gestation with APPV via 3 simultaneous routes: intravenous, intranasal, and directly in amniotic vesicles. In addition, 2 boars from APPV-inoculated sows with CT were raised and euthanized when 11 mo old. In situ hybridization performed on tissue samples from piglets demonstrated a broad and systemic distribution of viral RNA including endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and smooth muscle. Labeling in tissues was more pronounced in piglet tissues compared to boars, with the notable exception of diffuse labeling of the cerebellum in boars. Presence of APPV in boar tissues well after resolution of clinical signs suggests persistence of APPV similar to other pestiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Shollie M Falkenberg
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Paulo H Arruda
- VRI/AMVC Audubon Manning Veterinary Clinic, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kent J Schwartz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Igor R Gatto
- Ourofino Animal Health, Cravinhos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - John D Neill
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, IA, USA
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Buckley AC, Michael DD, Faaberg KS, Guo B, Yoon KJ, Lager KM. Comparison of historical and contemporary isolates of Senecavirus A. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108946. [PMID: 33341466 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) was discovered as a cell culture contaminant in 2002, and multiple attempts to experimentally reproduce disease were unsuccessful. Field reports of porcine idiopathic vesicular disease (PIVD) cases testing PCR positive for SVA in addition to outbreaks of PIVD in Brazil and the United States in 2015 suggested SVA was a causative agent, which has now been consistently demonstrated experimentally. Ease of experimental reproduction of disease with contemporary strains of SVA raised questions concerning the difficulty of reproducing vesicular disease with historical isolates. The following study was conducted to compare the pathogenicity of SVA between historical and contemporary isolates in growing pigs. Six groups of pigs (n = 8) were intranasally inoculated with the following SVA isolates: SVV001/2002, CAN/2011, HI/2012, IA/2015, NC/2015, SD/2015. All isolates induced vesicular disease in at least half of the inoculated pigs from each group. All pigs replicated virus as demonstrated by serum and/or swab samples positive for SVA by quantitative PCR. Pig sera tested by virus neutralization assay demonstrated cross-neutralizing antibodies against all viruses utilized in the study. Cross-neutralizing antibodies from pigs inoculated with historical isolates were lower than those pigs that were inoculated with contemporary isolates. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two clades with SVV001/2002 being in a separate clade compared to the other five isolates. Although differences in the infection kinetics and sequences of these six isolates were found, clinical presentation of vesicular disease was similar between both historical and contemporary isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - David D Michael
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agriculture Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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Deng X, Buckley AC, Pillatzki A, Lager KM, Baker SC, Faaberg KS. Development and utilization of an infectious clone for porcine deltacoronavirus strain USA/IL/2014/026. Virology 2020; 553:35-45. [PMID: 33220618 PMCID: PMC7664480 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the generation of a full-length infectious cDNA clone for porcine deltacoronavirus strain USA/IL/2014/026. Similar to the parental strain, the infectious clone virus (icPDCoV) replicated efficiently in cell culture and caused mild clinical symptoms in piglets. To investigate putative viral interferon (IFN) antagonists, we generated two mutant viruses: a nonstructural protein 15 mutant virus that encodes a catalytically-inactive endoribonuclease (icEnUmut), and an accessory gene NS6-deletion virus in which the NS6 gene was replaced with the mNeonGreen sequence (icDelNS6/nG). By infecting PK1 cells with these recombinant PDCoVs, we found that icDelNS6/nG elicited similar levels of type I IFN responses as icPDCoV, however icEnUmut stimulated robust type I IFN responses, demonstrating that the deltacoronavirus endoribonuclease, but not NS6, functions as an IFN antagonist in PK1 cells. Collectively, the construction of a full-length infectious clone and the identification of an IFN-antagonistic endoribonuclease will aid in the development of live-attenuated deltacoronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufang Deng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA.
| | - Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Angela Pillatzki
- Animal Disease Research & Diagnostic Laboratory, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Susan C Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, USDA-ARS-National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
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Abstract
Pork has become the number one meat consumed worldwide. Meeting the demand for pork has forced the revolution of swine production from traditional husbandry practices that involved a few pigs or small herds to intensive concentration of swine raised in multisite production systems. This dramatic change has made the production of pork very efficient, but it has also changed the ecology of many swine diseases, may encourage the emergence of new diseases, and amplifies the economic impact of swine diseases. Sustained treatment of diseases in livestock production is not feasible making prevention of disease a priority. Prevention of livestock diseases involves eliminating exposure to pathogens and anti-viral strategies to prevent or reduce clinical disease. For some swine diseases, efficacious vaccines can be made, however, for other diseases the host/pathogen relationship is more complex and efficacious vaccines are not available. Given the increasing demand for pork, the development of new approaches to improve swine anti-viral immunity is critical. Rate-limiting steps to improving vaccines are understanding how the pathogen interacts with the host's immune system, any immunopathology resulting from such interactions and how the host's immune system resolves the infection. Solving this puzzle will require sustained research and may require new technologies to battle contemporary diseases now wreaking havoc in swine production systems around the world. This Special Issue will focus on current swine viral diseases that are the most challenging to the global production of pork with contributions focusing on anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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van Geelen AGM, Anderson TK, Lager KM, Das PB, Otis NJ, Montiel NA, Miller LC, Kulshreshtha V, Buckley AC, Brockmeier SL, Zhang J, Gauger PC, Harmon KM, Faaberg KS. Porcine reproductive and respiratory disease virus: Evolution and recombination yields distinct ORF5 RFLP 1-7-4 viruses with individual pathogenicity. Virology 2017; 513:168-179. [PMID: 29096159 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent cases of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection in United States swine-herds have been associated with high mortality in piglets and severe morbidity in sows. Analysis of the ORF5 gene from such clinical cases revealed a unique restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) of 1-7-4. The genome diversity of seventeen of these viruses (81.4% to 99.8% identical; collected 2013-2015) and the pathogenicity of 4 representative viruses were compared to that of SDSU73, a known moderately virulent strain. Recombination analyses revealed genomic breakpoints in structural and nonstructural regions of the genomes with evidence for recombination events between lineages. Pathogenicity varied between the isolates and the patterns were not consistent. IA/2014/NADC34, IA/2013/ISU-1 and IN/2014/ISU-5 caused more severe disease, and IA/2014/ISU-2 did not cause pyrexia and had little effect on pig growth. ORF5 RFLP genotyping was ineffectual in providing insight into isolate pathogenicity and that other parameters of virulence remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert G M van Geelen
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phani B Das
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Otis
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Nestor A Montiel
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura C Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Vikas Kulshreshtha
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Buckley
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Susan L Brockmeier
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Karen M Harmon
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kay S Faaberg
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, USA.
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Rivas D, Buckley AC. The Bacteriological Aspect of the Abderhalden Test. J Med Res 1916; 34:297-304. [PMID: 19972302 PMCID: PMC2083920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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