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Moya-Jofré C, Mariman JJ, Bruna-Melo T, Carrasco-Plaza J, Torres-Elgueta J, Aleitte-Leyton F, Muñoz-Puelman C, Horak FB, Mancini M, Burgos PI. Effects of balance constraints during a double-step reaching task. Gait Posture 2024; 113:130-138. [PMID: 38879895 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In daily life tasks of the upper limb, we must make quick corrections with our hands in unstable postural situations. Postural and reaching control mechanisms are involved in the accurate execution of upper-limb tasks. RESEARCH QUESTION This research aimed to determine the effect of different postural stability conditions on the motor performance of the upper limb in a reaching task with non-static targets. METHODOLOGY 19 young participants performed a reaching task toward targets that exhibited a change in position (at 200 or 600 ms) in different postural conditions (bipedal-firm, bipedal-foam, and unipedal-foam surface). Performance on the screen (motion time and spatial error), balance (center of pressure displacements, CoP), and index finger movements were recorded during the reaching task. RESULTS The instability affects the finger kinematic (displacements) and CoP kinematic (displacements, speed, and smoothness) without affecting the performance on the screen (precision and duration). The timing of target change affects the performance on the screen, finger kinematic (speed and smoothness), and CoP kinematic (displacements, speed, and smoothness). SIGNIFICANCE Postural and reaching control systems enable accurate hand motions in less stable situations, even in reaching tasks with non-static targets. The postural and reaching control systems can protect the end-effector performance during unstable conditions but not during trials with less time to correct the motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Moya-Jofré
- Neurorehabilitation and Motor Control Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Biomechanics Laboratory, Physical Therapy, Hospital del Trabajador, Chile; Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Universidad Santo Tomas, Chile
| | - Juan José Mariman
- Nucleus of wellbeing and human development, education research center (CIE-UMCE), Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Arts and Physical Education, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación; Nucleus of wellbeing and human development, education research center (CIE-UMCE), Department of Physical Therapy, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación
| | - Trinidad Bruna-Melo
- Neurorehabilitation and Motor Control Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Arts and Physical Education, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Chile
| | - José Carrasco-Plaza
- Neurorehabilitation and Motor Control Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; SCIAN-Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Julio Torres-Elgueta
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Fernanda Aleitte-Leyton
- Neurorehabilitation and Motor Control Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Cristian Muñoz-Puelman
- Neurorehabilitation and Motor Control Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Fay B Horak
- Balance Disorder Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Martina Mancini
- Balance Disorder Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Pablo Ignacio Burgos
- Neurorehabilitation and Motor Control Lab, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Balance Disorder Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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Hacohen-Brown S, Gilboa-Schechtman E, Zaidel A. Modality-specific effects of threat on self-motion perception. BMC Biol 2024; 22:120. [PMID: 38783286 PMCID: PMC11119305 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-024-01911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Threat and individual differences in threat-processing bias perception of stimuli in the environment. Yet, their effect on perception of one's own (body-based) self-motion in space is unknown. Here, we tested the effects of threat on self-motion perception using a multisensory motion simulator with concurrent threatening or neutral auditory stimuli. RESULTS Strikingly, threat had opposite effects on vestibular and visual self-motion perception, leading to overestimation of vestibular, but underestimation of visual self-motions. Trait anxiety tended to be associated with an enhanced effect of threat on estimates of self-motion for both modalities. CONCLUSIONS Enhanced vestibular perception under threat might stem from shared neural substrates with emotional processing, whereas diminished visual self-motion perception may indicate that a threatening stimulus diverts attention away from optic flow integration. Thus, threat induces modality-specific biases in everyday experiences of self-motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Hacohen-Brown
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Eva Gilboa-Schechtman
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Adam Zaidel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, 5290002, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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Hill MW, Johnson E, Ellmers TJ. The influence of false interoceptive feedback on emotional state and balance responses to height-induced postural threat. Biol Psychol 2024; 189:108803. [PMID: 38663458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
Postural threat elicits a robust emotional response (e.g., fear and anxiety about falling), with concomitant modifications in balance. Recent theoretical accounts propose that emotional responses to postural threats are manifested, in part, from the conscious monitoring and appraisal of bodily signals ('interoception'). Here, we empirically probe the role of interoception in shaping emotional responses to a postural threat by experimentally manipulating interoceptive cardiac feedback. Sixty young adults completed a single 60-s trial under the following conditions: Ground (no threat) without heart rate (HR) feedback, followed by Threat (standing on the edge of a raised surface), during which participants received either false heart rate feedback (either slow [n = 20] or fast [n = 20] HR feedback) or no feedback (n = 20). Participants provided with false fast HR feedback during postural threat felt more fearful, reported feeling less stable, and rated the task more difficult than participants who did not receive HR feedback, or those who received false slow HR feedback (Cohen's d effect size = 0.79 - 1.78). However, behavioural responses did not significantly differ across the three groups. When compared to the no HR feedback group, false slow HR feedback did not significantly affect emotional or behavioural responses to the postural threat. These observations provide the first experimental evidence for emerging theoretical accounts describing the role of interoception in the generation of emotional responses to postural threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew W Hill
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Warwickshire, United Kingdom.
| | - Ellie Johnson
- Centre for Physical Activity, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Coventry University, Warwickshire, United Kingdom
| | - Toby J Ellmers
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Utami KP, Jones GD. Postural threat manipulation elicits increased cortical activation during unperturbed quiet standing: Implications for fear of falling rehabilitation. J Physiol 2024; 602:1001-1002. [PMID: 38431924 DOI: 10.1113/jp285796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kurnia Putri Utami
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences (CHAPS), Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth D Jones
- Department of Physiotherapy, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Bzdúšková D, Marko M, Hirjaková Z, Riečanský I, Kimijanová J. Fear of heights shapes postural responses to vibration-induced balance perturbation at virtual height. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1229484. [PMID: 37771346 PMCID: PMC10523023 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1229484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Standing upright at height is a challenging situation involving intense threat of balance loss and fall. The ability to maintain balance in such conditions requires properly resolving sensory conflicts and is influenced by fear. To get more insight on the role of fear in balance control at height, we explored the dynamics of postural behavior in the situation of enhanced threat of potential balance loss. Methods In 40 young individuals with varying fear of heights, we combined simulated exposure to height in a virtual reality environment with bilateral vibration of tibialis anterior muscles which evokes posture destabilization (the so-called vibration-induced falling). Results Under such condition of enhanced postural threat, individuals with intense fear of heights showed stronger stiffening of posture compared with individuals with low fear of heights who react more flexibly and adaptively to posture destabilization. This group difference was evident already at ground level but further increased during virtual height exposure. Discussion Our data show that fear of height significantly affects posture adaptation to balance-destabilizing events. Our findings demonstrate that the assessment of postural behavior during threatening situations in the virtual reality environment provides valuable insights into the mechanisms of balance control and may be used to develop novel strategies aimed at prevention of falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bzdúšková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Hirjaková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Kimijanová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Duysens J, Smits-Engelsman B. Freezing as Seen from the Inside. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1598-1601. [PMID: 37166110 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duysens
- Department of Movement Sciences, Motor Control Laboratory, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bouwien Smits-Engelsman
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Physiotherapy, Cape Town University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation, Faculty Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Cleworth TW, Peters RM, Chua R, Inglis JT, Carpenter MG. Effects of postural threat on perceptions of lower leg somatosensory stimuli during standing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1191976. [PMID: 37621714 PMCID: PMC10445653 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1191976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Height-induced postural threat affects emotional state and standing balance behaviour during static, voluntary, and dynamic tasks. Facing a threat to balance also affects sensory and cortical processes during balance tasks. As sensory and cognitive functions are crucial in forming perceptions of movement, balance-related changes during threatening conditions might be associated with changes in conscious perceptions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the changes and potential mechanisms underlying conscious perceptions of balance-relevant information during height-induced postural threat. A combination of three experimental procedures utilized height-induced postural threat to manipulate emotional state, balance behavior, and/or conscious perceptions of balance-related stimuli. Experiment 1 assessed conscious perception of foot position during stance. During continuous antero-posterior pseudorandom support surface rotations, perceived foot movement was larger while actual foot movement did not change in the High (3.2 m, at the edge) compared to Low (1.1 m, away from edge) height conditions. Experiment 2 and 3 assessed somatosensory perceptual thresholds during upright stance. Perceptual thresholds for ankle rotations were elevated while foot sole vibrations thresholds remained unchanged in the High compared to Low condition. This study furthers our understanding of the relationship between emotional state, sensory perception, and balance performance. While threat can influence the perceived amplitude of above threshold ankle rotations, there is a reduction in the sensitivity of an ankle rotation without any change to foot sole sensitivity. These results highlight the effect of postural threat on neurophysiological and cognitive components of balance control and provide insight into balance assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor W. Cleworth
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan M. Peters
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Romeo Chua
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - J. Timothy Inglis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mark G. Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration for Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ellmers TJ, Wilson MR, Kal EC, Young WR. The perceived control model of falling: developing a unified framework to understand and assess maladaptive fear of falling. Age Ageing 2023; 52:afad093. [PMID: 37466642 PMCID: PMC10355179 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND fear of falling is common in older adults and can have a profound influence on a variety of behaviours that increase fall risk. However, fear of falling can also have potentially positive outcomes for certain individuals. Without progressing our understanding of mechanisms underlying these contrasting outcomes, it is difficult to clinically manage fear of falling. METHODS this paper first summarises recent findings on the topic of fear of falling, balance and fall risk-including work highlighting the protective effects of fear. Specific focus is placed on describing how fear of falling influences perceptual, cognitive and motor process in ways that might either increase or reduce fall risk. Finally, it reports the development and validation of a new clinical tool that can be used to assess the maladaptive components of fear of falling. RESULTS we present a new conceptual framework-the Perceived Control Model of Falling-that describes specific mechanisms through which fear of falling can influence fall risk. The key conceptual advance is the identification of perceived control over situations that threaten one's balance as the crucial factor mediating the relationship between fear and increased fall risk. The new 4-item scale that we develop-the Updated Perceived Control over Falling Scale (UP-COF)-is a valid and reliable tool to clinically assess perceived control. CONCLUSION this new conceptualisation and tool (UP-COF) allows clinicians to identify individuals for whom fear of falling is likely to increase fall risk, and target specific underlying maladaptive processes such as low perceived control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Wilson
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Elmar C Kal
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, London, UK
| | - William R Young
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, London, UK
- Department of Public Health and Sports Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Fischer OM, Missen KJ, Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Adkin AL. Postural threat increases sample entropy of postural control. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1179237. [PMID: 37342783 PMCID: PMC10277644 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1179237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Postural threat elicits modifications to standing balance. However, the underlying neural mechanism(s) responsible remain unclear. Shifts in attention focus including directing more attention to balance when threatened may contribute to the balance changes. Sample entropy, a measure of postural sway regularity with lower values reflecting less automatic and more conscious control of balance, may support attention to balance as a mechanism to explain threat-induced balance changes. The main objectives were to investigate the effects of postural threat on sample entropy, and the relationships between threat-induced changes in physiological arousal, perceived anxiety, attention focus, sample entropy, and traditional balance measures. A secondary objective was to explore if biological sex influenced these relationships. Methods Healthy young adults (63 females, 42 males) stood quietly on a force plate without (No Threat) and with (Threat) the expectation of receiving a postural perturbation (i.e., forward/backward support surface translation). Mean electrodermal activity and anterior-posterior centre of pressure (COP) sample entropy, mean position, root mean square, mean power frequency, and power within low (0-0.05 Hz), medium (0.5-1.8 Hz), and high-frequency (1.8-5 Hz) components were calculated for each trial. Perceived anxiety and attention focus to balance, task objectives, threat-related stimuli, self-regulatory strategies, and task-irrelevant information were rated after each trial. Results and Discussion Significant threat effects were observed for all measures, except low-frequency sway. Participants were more physiologically aroused, more anxious, and directed more attention to balance, task objectives, threat-related stimuli, and self-regulatory strategies, and less to task-irrelevant information in the Threat compared to No Threat condition. Participants also increased sample entropy, leaned further forward, and increased the amplitude and frequency of COP displacements, including medium and high-frequency sway, when threatened. Males and females responded in the same way when threatened, except males had significantly larger threat-induced increases in attention to balance and high-frequency sway. A combination of sex and threat-induced changes in physiological arousal, perceived anxiety, and attention focus accounted for threat-induced changes in specific traditional balance measures, but not sample entropy. Increased sample entropy when threatened may reflect a shift to more automatic control. Directing more conscious control to balance when threatened may act to constrain these threat-induced automatic changes to balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Kyle J. Missen
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Craig D. Tokuno
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Mark G. Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Allan L. Adkin
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Sozzi S, Ghai S, Schieppati M. Incongruity of Geometric and Spectral Markers in the Assessment of Body Sway. Front Neurol 2022; 13:929132. [PMID: 35923830 PMCID: PMC9339954 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.929132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Different measurements of body oscillations in the time or frequency domain are being employed as markers of gait and balance abnormalities. This study investigates basic relationships within and between geometric and spectral measures in a population of young adult subjects. Twenty healthy subjects stood with parallel feet on a force platform with and without a foam pad. Adaptation effects to prolonged stance were assessed by comparing the first and last of a series of eight successive trials. Centre of Foot Pressure (CoP) excursions were recorded with Eyes Closed (EC) and Open (EO) for 90s. Geometric measures (Sway Area, Path Length), standard deviation (SD) of the excursions, and spectral measure (mean power Spectrum Level and Median Frequency), along the medio-lateral (ML) and antero-posterior (AP) direction were computed. Sway Area was more strongly associated than Path Length with CoP SD and, consequently, with mean Spectrum Level for both ML and AP, and both visual and surface conditions. The squared-SD directly specified the mean power Spectrum Level of CoP excursions (ML and AP) in all conditions. Median Frequency was hardly related to Spectrum Level. Adaptation had a confounding effect, whereby equal values of Sway Area, Path Length, and Spectrum Level corresponded to different Median Frequency values. Mean Spectrum Level and SDs of the time series of CoP ML and AP excursions convey the same meaning and bear an acceptable correspondence with Sway Area values. Shifts in Median Frequency values represent important indications of neuromuscular control of stance and of the effects of vision, support conditions, and adaptation. The Romberg Quotient EC/EO for a given variable is contingent on the compliance of the base of support and adaptation, and different between Sway Area and Path Length, but similar between Sway Area and Spectrum Level (AP and ML). These measures must be taken with caution in clinical studies, and considered together in order to get a reliable indication of overall body sway, of modifications by sensory and standing condition, and of changes with ageing, medical conditions and rehabilitation treatment. However, distinct measures shed light on the discrete mechanisms and complex processes underpinning the maintenance of stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Sozzi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Centro Studi Attività Motorie (CSAM), Pavia, Italy
| | - Shashank Ghai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Rsgbiogen, New Delhi, India
| | - Marco Schieppati
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Centro Studi Attività Motorie (CSAM), Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marco Schieppati
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Otomi Y, Irahara S, Inoue H, Shinya T, Otsuka H, Harada M. Increased 18F-FDG Uptake in the Axillary Lymph Nodes of the Vaccinated Side Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther 2022; 31:169-171. [PMID: 35771098 PMCID: PMC9246311 DOI: 10.4274/mirt.galenos.2021.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A 50-year-old female patient underwent (18fluorine-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) following modified radical mastectomy for cancer of the left breast. Ten days before the PET/CT, the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine was injected intramuscularly into the right deltoid muscle. Increased (18F-FDG uptake of maximum standardized uptake value (11.0) was observed in the lymph nodes of the right axilla, which had not been observed in the previous PET/CT. The size of the oval-shaped lymph nodes was up to approximately 11×9 mm; however, it was larger than that observed on the previous PET/CT. We contemplate that the increased (18F-FDG uptake was a reactive change in the lymph nodes associated with the COVID-19 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Otomi
- Tokushima University, Department of Radiology, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Saho Irahara
- Tokushima University, Department of Radiology, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Inoue
- Tokushima University, Department of Thoracic and Endocrine Surgery and Oncology, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Otsuka
- Tokushima University, Department of Radiology, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Harada
- Tokushima University, Department of Radiology, Tokushima, Japan
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Kal EC, Young WR, Ellmers TJ. Balance capacity influences the effects of conscious movement processing on postural control in older adults. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 82:102933. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bzdúšková D, Marko M, Hirjaková Z, Kimijanová J, Hlavačka F, Riečanský I. The Effects of Virtual Height Exposure on Postural Control and Psychophysiological Stress Are Moderated by Individual Height Intolerance. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:773091. [PMID: 35095450 PMCID: PMC8789875 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.773091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) enables individuals to be exposed to naturalistic environments in laboratory settings, offering new possibilities for research in human neuroscience and treatment of mental disorders. We used VR to study psychological, autonomic and postural reactions to heights in individuals with varying intensity of fear of heights. Study participants (N = 42) were immersed in a VR of an unprotected open-air elevator platform in an urban area, while standing on an unstable ground. Virtual elevation of the platform (up to 40 m above the ground level) elicited robust and reliable psychophysiological activation including increased distress, heart rate, and electrodermal activity, which was higher in individuals suffering from fear of heights. In these individuals, compared with individuals with low fear of heights, the VR height exposure resulted in higher velocity of postural movements as well as decreased low-frequency (<0.5 Hz) and increased high-frequency (>1 Hz) body sway oscillations. This indicates that individuals with strong fear of heights react to heights with maladaptive rigidity of posture due to increased weight of visual input for balance control, while the visual information is less reliable at heights. Our findings show that exposure to height in a naturalistic VR environment elicits a complex reaction involving correlated changes of the emotional state, autonomic activity, and postural balance, which are exaggerated in individuals with fear of heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bzdúšková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Hirjaková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Kimijanová
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - František Hlavačka
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Institute of Normal and Pathological Physiology, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, Department of Cognition, Emotion, and Methods in Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- *Correspondence: Igor Riečanský,
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Zaback M, Adkin AL, Chua R, Timothy Inglis J, Carpenter MG. Facilitation and habituation of cortical and subcortical control of standing balance following repeated exposure to a height-related postural threat. Neuroscience 2022; 487:8-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Ellmers TJ, Wilson MR, Kal EC, Young WR. Standing up to threats: Translating the two-system model of fear to balance control in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 158:111647. [PMID: 34861355 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The 'two-system' view of fear builds on traditional conceptualisations of emotion; proposing that the mechanisms responsible for behavioural and physiological responses to threat may be distinct from those underpinning the (conscious) emotional experience itself. We empirically tested this notion within a novel, applied context of social and economic importance: fear of falling in older adults. Older adults stood on the edge of a raised platform and were stratified based on whether they reported fear in response to this postural threat. Irrespective of whether participants reported fear, we observed behaviours indicative of postural 'stiffening' during the threat condition. Self-reports indicated that participants cognitively monitored these changes in balance, and fear of falling was experienced in those who interpreted these behaviours to imply that harm was likely to occur. Fearful participants exhibited additional changes in balance (increased movement complexity and altered utilisation of sensory feedback) - behaviours likely influenced by attempts to consciously control balance. Taken together, these findings provide novel insight into the systems that regulate behavioural and emotional responses to postural threats. The novel conceptual framework developed from these findings helps identify specific mechanisms that might be targeted through clinical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby J Ellmers
- Neuro-Otology Unit, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, UK; School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
| | - Mark R Wilson
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK.
| | - Elmar C Kal
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
| | - William R Young
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, UK; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Brunel University London, UK.
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Zaback M, Reiter ER, Adkin AL, Carpenter MG. Initial experience of balance assessment introduces 'first trial' effects on emotional state and postural control. Gait Posture 2021; 88:116-121. [PMID: 34034022 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety and arousal have been shown to influence balance control and, therefore, have the potential to confound balance assessment. It has been suggested that the 'first-trial' effect, where performance on the first trial of a balance task differs from subsequent trials, may be a result of participants being more anxious during their first experience of having their balance assessed. However, this remains speculative since limited work has simultaneously examined emotional state and balance control during repeated assessment of the same balance task. RESEARCH QUESTION Determine how emotional state and standing balance control change over the course of repeated assessment. METHODS Seventy-five healthy young adults completed five 120-s quiet standing trials. Psychological state was probed at each trial using self-report measures that assessed confidence, anxiety, and attention focus. Arousal was estimated from electrodermal activity and balance control was assessed from centre of pressure (COP) measures derived from forceplate data. Repeated measures ANOVAs were conducted to determine how each of these estimates changed with repeated testing. RESULTS There were significant changes in emotional state with repeated testing; self-report and autonomic measures indicated that participants were most anxious and physiologically aroused during the first trial. This emotional response diminished with repeated testing, although the greatest changes occurred from the first to second trial. Despite these changes in emotional state, only some COP outcomes significantly changed. Individuals leaned further forward during only the first trial and demonstrated higher frequency and velocity mediolateral COP oscillations during the first two trials. SIGNIFICANCE When balance is assessed for the first time in an unfamiliar laboratory setting, there is a transient emotional response which appears sufficient to influence some aspects of balance control. It is critical to control for these confounds when designing experiments or interventions involving balance assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Zaback
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Emma R Reiter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Allan L Adkin
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark G Carpenter
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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