1
|
Akbalaeva B, Raiimbek Uulu N, Gulamov I, Abylov K, Pershukov I. Speckle-tracking echocardiography: a tool for early detection of cardiotoxicity in cancer patients after chemotherapy. Acta Cardiol 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39206741 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2024.2396762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
In modern oncology, despite the efficacy of chemotherapy, there is a risk of cardiotoxicity resulting in heart failure. This necessitates early diagnosis to prevent complications and improve prognosis. The study is aimed at analysing the abilities of speckle-tracking echocardiography as a modern tool in detecting cardiotoxicity in the early stages. This non-invasive method allows evaluating myocardial strain and its contractility. During a thorough analysis and extensive review of the scientific literature, it was found that the speckle-tracking echocardiography technique demonstrates an exceptionally high sensitivity to detecting early signs of cardiotoxicity, significantly outpacing conventional echocardiography methods in this aspect. This advantage makes it an invaluable tool in the early detection of potentially dangerous changes in the myocardium, which is especially important for patients at risk of developing cardiotoxic reactions as a result of chemotherapy. Speckle-tracking echocardiography has a unique ability to identify even the slightest local abnormalities in the structure and function of the myocardium, significantly before any clinical symptoms become apparent, thereby allowing doctors to take preventive measures at the earliest stages. This outstanding diagnostic ability is supported by an extensive body of scientific research and publications that unequivocally confirm the effectiveness of speckle-tracking echocardiography as an advanced tool for the early diagnosis of cardiotoxic changes. Thus, the timely application of this technique can significantly reduce the risks to the cardiac health of patients and contribute to more effective treatment of oncological diseases. Speckle-tracking echocardiography serves as an important tool in the early detection of cardiotoxicity in patients undergoing chemotherapy, allowing clinicians to timely adapt treatment protocols and prevent the development of serious cardiovascular complications, thereby improving the prognosis and quality of life of cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Begimai Akbalaeva
- Department of Clinical Disciplines 1, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Nurlan Raiimbek Uulu
- Department of Clinical Disciplines 1, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Isabek Gulamov
- Department of Pathology, Basis and Clinical Pharmacology, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Kuttubek Abylov
- Department of Clinical Disciplines 1, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyz Republic
| | - Igor Pershukov
- Department of Clinical Disciplines 1, Osh State University, Osh, Kyrgyz Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hossein A, Abdessater E, Balali P, Cosneau E, Gorlier D, Rabineau J, Almorad A, Faoro V, van de Borne P. Smartphone-Derived Seismocardiography: Robust Approach for Accurate Cardiac Energy Assessment in Patients with Various Cardiovascular Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2139. [PMID: 38610349 PMCID: PMC11014030 DOI: 10.3390/s24072139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Seismocardiography (SCG), a method for measuring heart-induced chest vibrations, is gaining attention as a non-invasive, accessible, and cost-effective approach for cardiac pathologies, diagnosis, and monitoring. This study explores the integration of SCG acquired through smartphone technology by assessing the accuracy of metrics derived from smartphone recordings and their consistency when performed by patients. Therefore, we assessed smartphone-derived SCG's reliability in computing median kinetic energy parameters per record in 220 patients with various cardiovascular conditions. The study involved three key procedures: (1) simultaneous measurements of a validated hardware device and a commercial smartphone; (2) consecutive smartphone recordings performed by both clinicians and patients; (3) patients' self-conducted home recordings over three months. Our findings indicate a moderate-to-high reliability of smartphone-acquired SCG metrics compared to those obtained from a validated device, with intraclass correlation (ICC) > 0.77. The reliability of patient-acquired SCG metrics was high (ICC > 0.83). Within the cohort, 138 patients had smartphones that met the compatibility criteria for the study, with an observed at-home compliance rate of 41.4%. This research validates the potential of smartphone-derived SCG acquisition in providing repeatable SCG metrics in telemedicine, thus laying a foundation for future studies to enhance the precision of at-home cardiac data acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amin Hossein
- Laboratory of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme Campus, Anderlecht, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elza Abdessater
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Paniz Balali
- Laboratory of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Jérémy Rabineau
- Laboratory of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Almorad
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, Postgraduate Program in Cardiac Electrophysiology and Pacing, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vitalie Faoro
- Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Laboratory, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Erasme Campus, Anderlecht, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tokmak F, Koivisto T, Lahdenoja O, Vasankari T, Jaakkola S, Airaksinen KEJ. Mechanocardiography detects improvement of systolic function caused by resynchronization pacing. Physiol Meas 2023; 44:125009. [PMID: 38041869 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ad1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is commonly used to manage heart failure with dyssynchronous ventricular contraction. CRT pacing resynchronizes the ventricular contraction, while AAI (single-chamber atrial) pacing does not affect the dyssynchronous function. This study compared waveform characteristics during CRT and AAI pacing at similar pacing rates using seismocardiogram (SCG) and gyrocardiogram (GCG), collectively known as mechanocardiogram (MCG).Approach.We included 10 patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and previously implanted CRT pacemakers. ECG and MCG recordings were taken during AAI and CRT pacing at a heart rate of 80 bpm. Waveform characteristics, including energy, vertical range (amplitude) during systole and early diastole, electromechanical systole (QS2) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), were derived by considering 6 MCG axes and 3 MCG vectors across frequency ranges of >1 Hz, 20-90 Hz, 6-90 Hz and 1-20 Hz.Main results.Significant differences were observed between CRT and AAI pacing. CRT pacing consistently exhibited higher energy and vertical range during systole compared to AAI pacing (p< 0.05). However, QS2, LVET and waveform characteristics around aortic valve closure did not differ between the pacing modes. Optimal differences were observed in SCG-Y, GCG-X, and GCG-Y axes within the frequency range of 6-90 Hz.Significance.The results demonstrate significant differences in MCG waveforms, reflecting improved mechanical cardiac function during CRT. This information has potential implications for predicting the clinical response to CRT. Further research is needed to explore the differences in signal characteristics between responders and non-responders to CRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Tokmak
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Koivisto
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Lahdenoja
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Tuija Vasankari
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Samuli Jaakkola
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herkert C, De Lathauwer I, van Leunen M, Spee RF, Balali P, Migeotte P, Hossein A, Lu Y, Kemps HMC. The kinocardiograph for assessment of fluid status in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. ESC Heart Fail 2023; 10:3446-3453. [PMID: 37710415 PMCID: PMC10682902 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To improve telemonitoring strategies in heart failure patients, there is a need for novel non-obtrusive sensors that monitor parameters closely related to intracardiac filling pressures. This proof-of-concept study aims to evaluate the responsiveness of cardiac kinetic energy (KE) measured with the Kinocardiograph (KCG), consisting of a seismocardiographic (SCG) sensor and a ballistocardiographic (BCG) sensor, during treatment of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven patients with acute decompensated heart failure who were hospitalized for treatment with intravenous diuretics received daily KCG measurements. The KCG measurements were compared with the diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) and body weight. Follow-up stopped at discharge, that is, in the recompensated state. Median (interquartile range) weight and IVC diameter decreased significantly after diuretic treatment [weight 74.5 (67.6-98.7) to 73.3 (66.7-95.6) kg, P = 0.003; IVC diameter 2.47 (2.33-2.99) to 1.78 (1.65-2.47) cm, P = 0.03]. In contrast with BCG measurements, significant changes in median KE measured with SCG were observed during the passive filling phase of the diastole [SGG: 0.48 (0.39-0.60) to 0.69 (0.56-0.84), P = 0.026; BCG: 0.68 (0.46-0.73) to 0.68 (0.59-0.82), P = 0.062], the active filling phase of the diastole [SCG: 0.38 (0.30-0.61) to 0.31 (0.09-0.47), P = 0.016; BCG: 0.29 (0.17-0.39) to 0.26 (0.20-0.34), P = 0.248], and the ratio between the passive and active filling phases [SCG: 2.76 (1.68-5.30) to 5.02 (3.13-10.17), P = 0.006; BCG: 5.87 (3.57-7.55) to 5.27 (3.95-9.43), P = 0.790]. The correlations between changes in KE during the passive and active filling phases, using SCG, and changes in weight or IVC were non-significant. Systolic KE did not show significant changes. CONCLUSION KE measured with the KCG using SCG is highly responsive to changes in fluid status. Future research is needed to confirm its accuracy in a larger study population and specifically its application for detection of clinical deterioration in the home-environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Herkert
- Department of CardiologyMáxima Medical CentreEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Mayke van Leunen
- Department of CardiologyMáxima Medical CentreEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Paniz Balali
- LPHYSUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Amin Hossein
- LPHYSUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Industrial DesignEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Hareld Marijn Clemens Kemps
- Department of CardiologyMáxima Medical CentreEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Department of Industrial DesignEindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
De Keyzer E, Hossein A, Rabineau J, Morissens M, Almorad A, van de Borne P. Non-invasive cardiac kinetic energy distribution: a new marker of heart failure with impaired ejection fraction (KINO-HF). Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1096859. [PMID: 37200972 PMCID: PMC10185762 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1096859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of mortality, morbidity, and poor quality of life. 44% of HF patients present impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Kinocardiography (KCG) technology combines ballistocardiography (BCG) and seismocardiography (SCG). It estimates myocardial contraction and blood flow through the cardiac chambers and major vessels through a wearable device. Kino-HF sought to evaluate the potential of KCG to distinguish HF patients with impaired LVEF from a control group. Methods Successive patients with HF and impaired LVEF (iLVEF group) were matched and compared to patients with normal LVEF ≥ 50% (control). A 60 s KCG acquisition followed cardiac ultrasound. The kinetic energy from KCG signals was computed in different phases of the cardiac cycle (i K s y s t o l i c ; Δ i K d i a s t o l i c ) as markers of cardiac mechanical function. Results Thirty HF patients (67 [59; 71] years, 87% male) were matched with 30 controls (64.5 [49; 73] years, 87% male). SCG Δ i K d i a s t o l i c , BCG i K s y s t o l i c , BCG Δ i K d i a s t o l i c were lower in HF than controls (p < 0.05), while SCG i K s y s t o l i c was similar. Furthermore, a lower SCG i K s y s t o l i c was associated with an increased mortality risk during follow-up. Conclusions KINO-HF demonstrates that KCG can distinguish HF patients with impaired systolic function from a control group. These favorable results warrant further research on the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of KCG in HF with impaired LVEF.Clinical Trial Registration: NCT03157115.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva De Keyzer
- Department of Cardiology, Brugmann Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Hossein
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeremy Rabineau
- Laboratoray of Physics and Physiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marielle Morissens
- Department of Cardiology, Brugmann Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Almorad
- Department of Cardiology, Brugmann Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Heart Rhythm Management Centre, European Reference Networks Guard-Heart, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel - Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koivisto T, Lahdenoja O, Hurnanen T, Vasankari T, Jaakkola S, Kiviniemi T, Airaksinen KEJ. Mechanocardiography in the Detection of Acute ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction: The MECHANO-STEMI Study. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124384. [PMID: 35746166 PMCID: PMC9228321 DOI: 10.3390/s22124384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Novel means to minimize treatment delays in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) are needed. Using an accelerometer and gyroscope on the chest yield mechanocardiographic (MCG) data. We investigated whether STEMI causes changes in MCG signals which could help to detect STEMI. The study group consisted of 41 STEMI patients and 49 control patients referred for elective coronary angiography and having normal left ventricular function and no valvular heart disease or arrhythmia. MCG signals were recorded on the upper sternum in supine position upon arrival to the catheterization laboratory. In this study, we used a dedicated wearable sensor equipped with 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope and 1-lead ECG in order to facilitate the detection of STEMI in a clinically meaningful way. A supervised machine learning approach was used. Stability of beat morphology, signal strength, maximum amplitude and its timing were calculated in six axes from each window with varying band-pass filters in 2-90 Hz range. In total, 613 features were investigated. Using logistic regression classifier and leave-one-person-out cross validation we obtained a sensitivity of 73.9%, specificity of 85.7% and AUC of 0.857 (SD = 0.005) using 150 best features. As a result, mechanical signals recorded on the upper chest wall with the accelerometers and gyroscopes differ significantly between STEMI patients and stable patients with normal left ventricular function. Future research will show whether MCG can be used for the early screening of STEMI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tero Koivisto
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland; (T.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Olli Lahdenoja
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland; (T.K.); (T.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Tero Hurnanen
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland; (T.K.); (T.H.)
| | - Tuija Vasankari
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland; (T.V.); (S.J.); (T.K.); (K.E.J.A.)
| | - Samuli Jaakkola
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland; (T.V.); (S.J.); (T.K.); (K.E.J.A.)
| | - Tuomas Kiviniemi
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland; (T.V.); (S.J.); (T.K.); (K.E.J.A.)
| | - K. E. Juhani Airaksinen
- Heart Center, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520 Turku, Finland; (T.V.); (S.J.); (T.K.); (K.E.J.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
A Comprehensive Review on Seismocardiogram: Current Advancements on Acquisition, Annotation, and Applications. MATHEMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/math9182243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, cardiovascular diseases are on the rise, and they entail enormous health burdens on global economies. Cardiac vibrations yield a wide and rich spectrum of essential information regarding the functioning of the heart, and thus it is necessary to take advantage of this data to better monitor cardiac health by way of prevention in early stages. Specifically, seismocardiography (SCG) is a noninvasive technique that can record cardiac vibrations by using new cutting-edge devices as accelerometers. Therefore, providing new and reliable data regarding advancements in the field of SCG, i.e., new devices and tools, is necessary to outperform the current understanding of the State-of-the-Art (SoTA). This paper reviews the SoTA on SCG and concentrates on three critical aspects of the SCG approach, i.e., on the acquisition, annotation, and its current applications. Moreover, this comprehensive overview also presents a detailed summary of recent advancements in SCG, such as the adoption of new techniques based on the artificial intelligence field, e.g., machine learning, deep learning, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy logic. Finally, a discussion on the open issues and future investigations regarding the topic is included.
Collapse
|
8
|
Morra S, Pitisci L, Su F, Hossein A, Rabineau J, Racape J, Gorlier D, Herpain A, Migeotte PF, Creteur J, van de Borne P. Quantification of Cardiac Kinetic Energy and Its Changes During Transmural Myocardial Infarction Assessed by Multi-Dimensional Seismocardiography. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:603319. [PMID: 33763456 PMCID: PMC7982421 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.603319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Seismocardiography (SCG) records cardiac and blood-induced motions transmitted to the chest surface as vibratory phenomena. Evidences demonstrate that acute myocardial ischemia (AMI) profoundly affects the SCG signals. Multidimensional SCG records cardiac vibrations in linear and rotational dimensions, and scalar parameters of kinetic energy can be computed. We speculate that AMI and revascularization profoundly modify cardiac kinetic energy as recorded by SCG. Methods: Under general anesthesia, 21 swine underwent 90 min of myocardial ischemia induced by percutaneous sub-occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and subsequent revascularization. Invasive hemodynamic parameters were continuously recorded. SCG was recorded during baseline, immediately and 80 min after LAD sub-occlusion, and immediately and 60 min after LAD reperfusion. iK was automatically computed for each cardiac cycle (iKCC) in linear (iKLin) and rotational (iKRot) dimensions. iK was calculated as well during systole and diastole (iKSys and iKDia, respectively). Echocardiography was performed at baseline and after revascularization, and the left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF) along with regional left ventricle (LV) wall abnormalities were evaluated. Results: Upon LAD sub-occlusion, 77% of STEMI and 24% of NSTEMI were observed. Compared to baseline, troponins increased from 13.0 (6.5; 21.3) ng/dl to 170.5 (102.5; 475.0) ng/dl, and LVEF dropped from 65.0 ± 0.0 to 30.6 ± 5.7% at the end of revascularization (both p < 0.0001). Regional LV wall abnormalities were observed as follows: anterior MI, 17.6% (three out of 17); septal MI, 5.8% (one out of 17); antero-septal MI, 47.1% (eight out of 17); and infero-septal MI, 29.4% (five out of 17). In the linear dimension, iKLinCC, iKLinSys, and iKLinDia dropped by 43, 52, and 53%, respectively (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, and p = 0.03, respectively) from baseline to the end of reperfusion. In the rotational dimension, iKRotCC and iKRotSys dropped by 30 and 36%, respectively (p = 0.0006 and p < 0.0001, respectively), but iKRotDia did not change (p = 0.41). All the hemodynamic parameters, except the pulmonary artery pulse pressure, were significantly correlated with the parameters of iK, except for the diastolic component. Conclusions: In this very context of experimental AMI with acute LV regional dysfunction and no concomitant AMI-related heart valve disease, linear and rotational iK parameters, in particular, systolic ones, provide reliable information on LV contractile dysfunction and its effects on the downstream circulation. Multidimensional SCG may provide information on the cardiac contractile status expressed in terms of iK during AMI and reperfusion. This automatic system may empower health care providers and patients to remotely monitor cardiovascular status in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Morra
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Pitisci
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fuhong Su
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Hossein
- Laboratory of Physic and Physiology (LPHYS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jérémy Rabineau
- Laboratory of Physic and Physiology (LPHYS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Judith Racape
- Research Center in Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Gorlier
- Laboratory of Physic and Physiology (LPHYS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Herpain
- Experimental Laboratory of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Jacques Creteur
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe van de Borne
- Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|