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Jha R, Mishra P, Kumar S. Advancements in optical fiber-based wearable sensors for smart health monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 254:116232. [PMID: 38520984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare system is undergoing a significant transformation from a traditional hospital-centered to an individual-centered one, as a result of escalating chronic diseases, ageing populations, and ever-increasing healthcare costs,. Wearable sensors have become widely used in health monitoring systems since the COVID-19 pandemic. They enable continuous measurement of important health indicators like body temperature, wrist pulse, respiration rate, and non-invasive bio fluids like saliva and perspiration. Over the last few decades, the development has mostly concentrated on electrochemical and electrical wearable sensors. However, due to the drawbacks of such sensors, such as electronic waste, electromagnetic interference, non-electrical security, and poor performance, researchers are exhibiting a strong interest in optical principle-based systems. Fiber-based optical wearables are among the most promising healthcare systems because of advancements in high-sensitivity, durable, multiplexed sensing, and simple integration with flexible materials to improve wearability and simplicity. We present an overview of recent developments in optical fiber-based wearable sensors, focusing on two mechanisms: wavelength interrogation and intensity modulation for the detection of body temperature, pulse rate, respiration rate, body movements, and biomedical noninvasive fluids, with a thorough examination of their benefits and drawbacks. This review also focuses on improving working performance and application techniques for healthcare systems, including the integration of nanomaterials and the usage of the Internet of Things (IoT) with signal processing. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion of the future possibilities and problems for optical fiber-based wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Jha
- Nanophotonics and Plasmonics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
| | - Pratik Mishra
- Nanophotonics and Plasmonics Laboratory, School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, 522302, India
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Xiao K, Wang Z, Ye Y, Teng C, Min R. PDMS-embedded wearable FBG sensors for gesture recognition and communication assistance. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:1892-1909. [PMID: 38495686 PMCID: PMC10942691 DOI: 10.1364/boe.517104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors embedded in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) silicone elastomer specifically engineered for recognizing intricate gestures like wrist pitch, finger bending, and mouth movement. Sensors with different PDMS patch thicknesses underwent evaluation including thermal, tensile strain, and bending deformation characterization, demonstrating a stability of at least four months. Experiments revealed the FBG sensors' accurate wrist pitch recognition across participants after calibration, confirmed by statistical metrics and Bland-Altman plots. Utilizing finger and mouth movements, the developed system shows promise in assisting post-stroke patients and individuals with disabilities, enhancing their interaction capabilities with the external surroundings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xiao
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Yudong Ye
- Planetary Environmental and Astrobiological Research Laboratory, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Chuanxin Teng
- Photonics Research Center, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 519087, China
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Santucci F, Nobili M, Presti DL, Massaroni C, Setola R, Schena E, Oliva G. Waveform Similarity Analysis Using Graph Mining for the Optimization of Sensor Positioning in Wearable Seismocardiography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2023; 70:2788-2798. [PMID: 37027279 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2023.3264940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A major concern with wearable devices aiming to measure the seismocardiogram (SCG) signal is the variability of SCG waveform with the sensor position and a lack of a standard measurement procedure. We propose a method to optimize sensor positioning based on the similarity among waveforms collected through repeated measurements. METHOD we design a graph-theoretical model to evaluate the similarity of SCG signals and apply the proposed methodology to signals collected by sensors placed in different positions on the chest. A similarity score returns the optimal measurement position based on the repeatability of SCG waveforms. We tested the methodology on signals collected by using two wearable patches based on optical technology placed in two positions: mitral and aortic valve auscultation site (inter-position analysis). 11 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Moreover, we evaluated the influence of the subject's posture on waveform similarity with a view on ambulatory use (inter-posture analysis). RESULTS the highest similarity among SCG waveforms is obtained with the sensor on the mitral valve and the subject lying down. CONCLUSIONS our approach aims to be a step forward in the optimization of sensor positioning in the field of wearable seismocardiography. We demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is an effective method to estimate similarity among waveforms and outperforms the state-of-the-art in comparing SCG measurement sites. SIGNIFICANCE results obtained from this study can be exploited to design more efficient protocols for SCG recording in both research studies and future clinical examinations.
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Zhang X, Wang C, Zheng T, Wu H, Wu Q, Wang Y. Wearable Optical Fiber Sensors in Medical Monitoring Applications: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6671. [PMID: 37571457 PMCID: PMC10422468 DOI: 10.3390/s23156671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable optical fiber sensors have great potential for development in medical monitoring. With the increasing demand for compactness, comfort, accuracy, and other features in new medical monitoring devices, the development of wearable optical fiber sensors is increasingly meeting these requirements. This paper reviews the latest evolution of wearable optical fiber sensors in the medical field. Three types of wearable optical fiber sensors are analyzed: wearable optical fiber sensors based on Fiber Bragg grating, wearable optical fiber sensors based on light intensity changes, and wearable optical fiber sensors based on Fabry-Perot interferometry. The innovation of wearable optical fiber sensors in respiration and joint monitoring is introduced in detail, and the main principles of three kinds of wearable optical fiber sensors are summarized. In addition, we discuss their advantages, limitations, directions to improve accuracy and the challenges they face. We also look forward to future development prospects, such as the combination of wireless networks which will change how medical services are provided. Wearable optical fiber sensors offer a viable technology for prospective continuous medical surveillance and will change future medical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (X.Z.); (C.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Chunyang Wang
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (X.Z.); (C.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Tong Zheng
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Haibin Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (X.Z.); (C.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Qing Wu
- Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China; (X.Z.); (C.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Yunzheng Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Wearables in Cardiovascular Disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2022:10.1007/s12265-022-10314-0. [PMID: 36085432 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-022-10314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Wearable devices stand to revolutionize the way healthcare is delivered. From consumer devices that provide general health information and screen for medical conditions to medical-grade devices that allow collection of larger datasets that include multiple modalities, wearables have a myriad of potential uses, especially in cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we summarize the underlying technologies employed in these devices and discuss the regulatory and economic aspects of such devices as well as the future implications of their use.
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Santucci F, Lo Presti D, Massaroni C, Schena E, Setola R. Precordial Vibrations: A Review of Wearable Systems, Signal Processing Techniques, and Main Applications. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22155805. [PMID: 35957358 PMCID: PMC9370957 DOI: 10.3390/s22155805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the ever-growing interest in the continuous monitoring of heart function in out-of-laboratory settings for an early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases has led to the investigation of innovative methods for cardiac monitoring. Among others, wearables recording seismic waves induced on the chest surface by the mechanical activity of the heart are becoming popular. For what concerns wearable-based methods, cardiac vibrations can be recorded from the thorax in the form of acceleration, angular velocity, and/or displacement by means of accelerometers, gyroscopes, and fiber optic sensors, respectively. The present paper reviews the currently available wearables for measuring precordial vibrations. The focus is on sensor technology and signal processing techniques for the extraction of the parameters of interest. Lastly, the explored application scenarios and experimental protocols with the relative influencing factors are discussed for each technique. The goal is to delve into these three fundamental aspects (i.e., wearable system, signal processing, and application scenario), which are mutually interrelated, to give a holistic view of the whole process, beyond the sensor aspect alone. The reader can gain a more complete picture of this context without disregarding any of these 3 aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Santucci
- Unit of Automatic Control, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-062-2541-9603
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Carlo Massaroni
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Emiliano Schena
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (D.L.P.); (C.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Roberto Setola
- Unit of Automatic Control, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
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Tavares C, Leitão C, Lo Presti D, Domingues MF, Alberto N, Silva H, Antunes P. Respiratory and heart rate monitoring using an FBG 3D-printed wearable system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:2299-2311. [PMID: 35519242 PMCID: PMC9045939 DOI: 10.1364/boe.452115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This work proposes a 3D-printed sensor based on fiber Bragg grating (FBG) technology for respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) monitoring. Each sensor is composed of a single FBG fully encapsulated into a 3D-printable Flexible, during the printing process. Sensors with different material thicknesses and infill densities were tested. The sensor with the best metrological properties was selected and preliminary assessed in terms of capability of monitoring RR and HR on three users. Preliminary results proved that the developed sensor can be a valuable easy-to-fabricate solution, with high reproducibility and high strain sensitivity to chest wall deformations due to breathing and heart beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Tavares
- Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Leitão
- Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Daniela Lo Presti
- Unit of Measurements and Biomedical Instrumentation, Departmental Faculty of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - M. F. Domingues
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nélia Alberto
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Hugo Silva
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
- PLUX - Wireless Biosignals, S.A, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Antunes
- Department of Physics & I3N, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações and University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Bai H, Wang G, Hu X, Kumar S, Min R. Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Optical Fiber for Biomedical Application: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:472. [PMID: 34940229 PMCID: PMC8699361 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses recent advances in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer optical fiber (POF) for medical applications. First, the POF material and its optical properties are summarized. Then, several common optical fiber fabrication methods are thoroughly discussed. Following that, clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs are discussed, including optogenetics, biosensing, drug delivery, and neural recording. Following that, biomedical applications expanded the specific functionalization of the material or fiber design. Different research or clinical applications necessitate the use of different equipment to achieve the desired results. Finally, the difficulty of implanting flexible fiber varies with its flexibility. We present our article in a clear and logical manner that will be useful to researchers seeking a broad perspective on the proposed topic. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs, including previous breakthroughs, as well as recent advancements. Biodegradable optical fibers have numerous applications, opening up new avenues in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hongyi Bai
- College of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Xuehao Hu
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
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