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Xu Z, Tang S, Liu C, Zhang Q, Gu H, Li X, Di Z, Li Z. Temporal segmentation of EEG based on functional connectivity network structure. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22566. [PMID: 38114604 PMCID: PMC10730570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49891-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the study of brain functional connectivity networks, it is assumed that a network is built from a data window in which activity is stationary. However, brain activity is non-stationary over sufficiently large time periods. Addressing the analysis electroencephalograph (EEG) data, we propose a data segmentation method based on functional connectivity network structure. The goal of segmentation is to ensure that within a window of analysis, there is similar network structure. We designed an intuitive and flexible graph distance measure to quantify the difference in network structure between two analysis windows. This measure is modular: a variety of node importance indices can be plugged into it. We use a reference window versus sliding window comparison approach to detect changes, as indicated by outliers in the distribution of graph distance values. Performance of our segmentation method was tested in simulated EEG data and real EEG data from a drone piloting experiment (using correlation or phase-locking value as the functional connectivity strength metric). We compared our method under various node importance measures and against matrix-based dissimilarity metrics that use singular value decomposition on the connectivity matrix. The results show the graph distance approach worked better than matrix-based approaches; graph distance based on partial node centrality was most sensitive to network structural changes, especially when connectivity matrix values change little. The proposed method provides EEG data segmentation tailored for detecting changes in terms of functional connectivity networks. Our study provides a new perspective on EEG segmentation, one that is based on functional connectivity network structure differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Xu
- The International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
- The Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
- The School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Shaohua Tang
- The Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
- The School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chuancai Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qiankun Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Heng Gu
- The State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zengru Di
- The International Academic Center of Complex Systems, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China
| | - Zheng Li
- The Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
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Drljača B, Savović S, Kovačević MS, Simović A, Kuzmanović L, Djordjevich A, Min R. Calculation of Bandwidth of Multimode Step-Index Polymer Photonic Crystal Fibers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4218. [PMID: 34883721 PMCID: PMC8659677 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
By solving the time-dependent power flow equation, we present a novel approach for evaluating the bandwidth in a multimode step-index polymer photonic crystal fiber (SI PPCF) with a solid core. The bandwidth of such fiber is determined for various layouts of air holes and widths of Gaussian launch beam distribution. We found that the lower the NA of SI PPCF, the larger the bandwidth. The smaller launch beam leads to a higher bandwidth for short fibers. The influence of the width of the launch beam distribution on bandwidth lessens as the fiber length increases. The bandwidth tends to its launch independent value at a particular fiber length. This length denotes the onset of the steady state distribution (SSD). This information is useful for multimode SI PPCF applications in telecommunications and optical fiber sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branko Drljača
- Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, L. Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Svetislav Savović
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.S.K.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Milan S. Kovačević
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.S.K.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Ana Simović
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.S.K.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Ljubica Kuzmanović
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (S.S.); (M.S.K.); (A.S.); (L.K.)
| | - Alexandar Djordjevich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
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Wang Y, Huang Y, Bai H, Wang G, Hu X, Kumar S, Min R. Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Optical Fiber for Biomedical Application: A Review. Biosensors (Basel) 2021; 11:472. [PMID: 34940229 PMCID: PMC8699361 DOI: 10.3390/bios11120472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses recent advances in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer optical fiber (POF) for medical applications. First, the POF material and its optical properties are summarized. Then, several common optical fiber fabrication methods are thoroughly discussed. Following that, clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs are discussed, including optogenetics, biosensing, drug delivery, and neural recording. Following that, biomedical applications expanded the specific functionalization of the material or fiber design. Different research or clinical applications necessitate the use of different equipment to achieve the desired results. Finally, the difficulty of implanting flexible fiber varies with its flexibility. We present our article in a clear and logical manner that will be useful to researchers seeking a broad perspective on the proposed topic. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs, including previous breakthroughs, as well as recent advancements. Biodegradable optical fibers have numerous applications, opening up new avenues in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
| | - Hongyi Bai
- College of Electronic Engineering, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China;
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Microelectronics, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen 518172, China;
| | - Xuehao Hu
- Research Center for Advanced Optics and Photoelectronics, Department of Physics, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China; (Y.W.); (Y.H.)
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Simović A, Savović S, Drljača B, Djordjevich A, Min R. Theoretical Investigation of the Influence of Wavelength on the Bandwidth in Multimode W-Type Plastic Optical Fibers with Graded-Index Core Distribution. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3973. [PMID: 34833273 PMCID: PMC8623567 DOI: 10.3390/polym13223973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The bandwidth of multimode W-type plastic optical fibers (POFs) with graded-index (GI) core distribution is investigated by solving the time-dependent power flow equation. The multimode W-type GI POF is designed from a multimode single-clad (SC) GI POF fiber upon modification of the cladding layer of the latter. Results show how the bandwidth in W-type GI POFs can be enhanced by increasing the wavelength for different widths of the intermediate layer and refractive indices of the outer cladding. These fibers are characterized according to their apparent efficiency to reduce modal dispersion and increase bandwidth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Simović
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Svetislav Savović
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.S.); (S.S.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong 7903, China;
| | - Branko Drljača
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Priština in Kosovska Mitrovica, Lole Ribara 29, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia;
| | - Alexandar Djordjevich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Hong Kong 7903, China;
| | - Rui Min
- Center for Cognition and Neuroergonomics, State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai 519087, China
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