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Gad SF, Vasiukhina A, Keller JS, Solorio L, Yeo Y. Multidimensional opioid abuse deterrence using a nanoparticle-polymer hybrid formulation. J Control Release 2024; 370:490-500. [PMID: 38685384 PMCID: PMC11162896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Misuse of prescription opioid drugs is the leading cause of the opioid crisis and overdose-related death. Abuse deterrent formulations (ADFs) have been developed to discourage attempts to tamper with the formulation and alter the ingestion methods. However, abusers develop complex extraction strategies to circumvent the ADF technologies. For comprehensive deterrence of drug abuse, we develop tannic acid nanoparticles (NPs) that protect encapsulated opioids from solvent extraction and thermal challenge (crisping), complementing the existing formulation strategy to deter injection abuse. Here, we develop a hybrid ADF tablet (NP-Tab), consisting of iron-crosslinked tannic acid NPs encapsulating thebaine (model opioid compound), xanthan gum, and chitosan (gel-forming polymers), and evaluate its performance in common abuse conditions. NP-Tab tampered by crushing and suspended in aqueous solvents forms an instantaneous gel, which is difficult to pull or push through a 21-gauge needle. NPs insulate the drug from organic solvents, deterring solvent extraction. NPs also promote thermal destruction of the drug to make crisping less rewarding. However, NP-Tab releases thebaine in the simulated gastric fluid without delay, suggesting that its analgesic effect may be unaffected if consumed orally as prescribed. These results demonstrate that NP-Tab can provide comprehensive drug abuse deterrence, resisting aqueous/organic solvent extraction, injection, and crisping, while retaining its therapeutic effect upon regular usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryhan F Gad
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Anastasiia Vasiukhina
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Joseph S Keller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Dr, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Luis Solorio
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Yoon Yeo
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, 575 West Stadium Avenue, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 S Martin Jischke Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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2
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Qureshi S, Alavi SE, Mohammed Y. Microsponges: Development, Characterization, and Key Physicochemical Properties. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024. [PMID: 38661260 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Microsponges are promising drug delivery carriers with versatile characteristics and controlled release properties for the delivery of a wide range of drugs. The microsponges will provide an optimized therapeutic effect, when delivered at the site of action without rupturing, then releasing the cargo at the predetermined time and area. The ability of the microsponges to effectively deliver the drug in a controlled manner depends on the material composition. This comprehensive review entails knowledge on the design parameters of an optimized microsponge drug delivery system and the controlled release properties of microsponges that reduces the side effects of drugs. Furthermore, the review delves into the fabrication techniques of microsponges, the mechanism of drug release from the microsponges, and the regulatory requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the successful marketing of microsponge formulation. The review also examines the patented formulations of microsponges. The prospects of these sophisticated drug delivery systems for improved clinical outcomes are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundus Qureshi
- Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Seyed Ebrahim Alavi
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yousuf Mohammed
- Frazer Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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3
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Słota D, Jampilek J, Sobczak-Kupiec A. Targeted Clindamycin Delivery Systems: Promising Options for Preventing and Treating Bacterial Infections Using Biomaterials. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4386. [PMID: 38673971 PMCID: PMC11050486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapy represents a real opportunity to improve the health and lives of patients. Developments in this field are confirmed by the fact that the global market for drug carriers was worth nearly $40 million in 2022. For this reason, materials engineering and the development of new drug carrier compositions for targeted therapy has become a key area of research in pharmaceutical drug delivery in recent years. Ceramics, polymers, and metals, as well as composites, are of great interest, as when they are appropriately processed or combined with each other, it is possible to obtain biomaterials for hard tissues, soft tissues, and skin applications. After appropriate modification, these materials can release the drug directly at the site requiring a therapeutic effect. This brief literature review characterizes routes of drug delivery into the body and discusses biomaterials from different groups, options for their modification with clindamycin, an antibiotic used for infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria, and different methods for the final processing of carriers. Examples of coating materials for skin wound healing, acne therapy, and bone tissue fillers are given. Furthermore, the reasons why the use of antibiotic therapy is crucial for a smooth and successful recovery and the risks of bacterial infections are explained. It was demonstrated that there is no single proven delivery scheme, and that the drug can be successfully released from different carriers depending on the destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Słota
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, KrakowUniversity of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Agnieszka Sobczak-Kupiec
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Physics, KrakowUniversity of Technology, 37 Jana Pawła II Av., 31-864 Krakow, Poland;
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Huanbutta K, Sriamornsak P, Suwanpitak K, Klinchuen N, Deebugkum T, Teppitak V, Sangnim T. Key Fabrications of Chitosan Nanoparticles for Effective Drug Delivery Using Flow Chemistry Reactors. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7889-7900. [PMID: 38146468 PMCID: PMC10749571 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s433756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chitosan nanoparticles have garnered considerable interest in the field of drug delivery owing to their distinctive properties, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to encapsulate a wide range of drugs. However, the conventional methods (eg, the drop method) for synthesizing chitosan nanoparticles often face limitations in regard to controlling the particle size, morphology, and scalability, hindering their extensive application in drug delivery systems. To overcome these challenges, this study explores using a novel flow chemistry reactor design for fabricating clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Methods By varying two critical operating parameters of flow chemistry, namely, the flow rate ratio and total flow rate, the impact of these parameters on the properties of chitosan nanoparticles is investigated using a central composite experimental design. Results The optimized conditions for nanoparticle preparation yielded remarkable results, with chitosan nanoparticles exhibiting a small size of 371.60 nm and an extremely low polydispersity index of 0.042. Furthermore, using novel design flow chemistry reactor, the productivity of chitosan nanoparticles was estimated to be 25,402.17 mg/min, which was ~12.71 times higher than that obtained via batch synthesis. Conclusion The findings of this study indicate that the use of novel design flow chemistry reactor is promising for synthesizing clindamycin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles and other polymeric nanoparticles intended for drug delivery applications. This is primarily attributed to their ability to produce nanoparticles with a considerably reduced particle size distribution and smaller overall size. The demonstrated high productivity of this technique suggests the potential for industrial-scale nanoparticle manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kampanart Huanbutta
- Department of Manufacturing Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani, 12000, Thailand
| | - Pornsak Sriamornsak
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand
- Academy of Science, the Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Kittipat Suwanpitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Nattapat Klinchuen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Thanapat Deebugkum
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Vasanchai Teppitak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Tanikan Sangnim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
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Bamankar S, Londhe V. Nose-to-brain delivery of hesperidin nanoparticles loaded in-situ gel for neuroprotective action. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2023; 81:985-996. [PMID: 37708993 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Major depressive disorder (also known as depression) is a serious mental health condition that has a detrimental impact on a person's mood, thoughts, and behaviour. The presence of oxidative stress is associated with an increased risk of developing depression. A flavonoid called hesperidin (HSP) has been proven to be helpful in experimental depression because of its powerful antioxidant properties. However, due to its limited bioavailability, gastro-intestinal degradation, inadequate permeability, and low water solubility, the clinical development of HSP has been impeded. The objective of the present research was to develop HSP nanoparticles (NPs) loaded in-situ gel for nose-to-brain delivery to provide neuroprotective action. MATERIAL AND METHODS HSP NPs were prepared by nanoprecipitation technique and were tailored to the size by using ultrasonication technique. Optimisation of NPs was conducted using the central composite design. Prepared particles were analysed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), DSC, and UV technique. Forced swim test was conducted as a behavioural assessment to gauze the neuroprotective antidepressant activity of the prepared formulation. RESULTS The particle size was found to be in the range of 76.5±0.86nm to 239.2+0.31nm, zeta potential in the range of -8.37±0.6mV to 22.4±1.37mV, and entrapment efficiency in the range of 54.92±1.36% to 74.53±1.28%. Pharmacodynamic study showed formulation significantly decreased the immobility time in experimental animals. CONCLUSION This study showed the potential of HSP NPs to be an effective neuroprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Bamankar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Vile Parle [W], 400056 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vaishali Londhe
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, Vile Parle [W], 400056 Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Abou Assi R, Abdulbaqi IM, Tan SM, Wahab HA, Darwis Y, Chan SY. Breaking barriers: bilosomes gel potentials to pave the way for transdermal breast cancer treatment with Tamoxifen. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37722711 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2023.2256404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breast cancer affects women globally, regardless of age or location. On the other hand, Tamoxifen (TXN), a class II biopharmaceutical drug is acting as a prophylactic/treating agent for women at risk of and/or with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. However, its oral administration has life-threatening side effects, which have led researchers to investigate alternative delivery methods. One such method is transdermal drug delivery utilizing bile salts as penetration enhancers, aka Bilosomes. METHODS Bilosomes formulations were optimized statistically for the outcome of vesicle shape, size, and entrapment efficiency using two types of bile, i.e. sodium taurocholate and sodium cholate. These bilosomes were then loaded into HPMC base gel and further characterized for their morphology, drug content, pH, viscosity, spreadability and eventually ex-vivo skin penetration and deposition studies. RESULTS Findings showed that sodium cholate has superiority as a penetration enhancer over sodium taurocholate in terms of morphological characterizes, zeta potential, and cumulative amounts of tamoxifen permeated per unit area (15.13 ± 0.71 μg/cm2 and 6.51 ± 0.6 μg/cm2 respectively). In fact, bilosomes designed with sodium cholate provided around 9 folds of skin deposition compared to TXN non-bilosomal gel. CONCLUSION Bilosomes gels could be a promising option for locally delivering tamoxifen to the breast through the skin, offering an encouraging transdermal solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Abou Assi
- Thoughts Formulation Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- EDEN Research Group, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Ibrahim M Abdulbaqi
- Thoughts Formulation Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
- PractSol Research Group, College of Pharmacy, Al-Kitab University, Kirkuk, Iraq
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siew Mei Tan
- Thoughts Formulation Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Habibah A Wahab
- Pharmaceutical Design and Simulation (PhDS) Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yusrida Darwis
- Thoughts Formulation Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Siok-Yee Chan
- Thoughts Formulation Lab, Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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Sammour RMF, Khan G, Sameer S, Khan S, Zohair T, Saraya S, AbdulRasool BK. Development of clindamycin loaded oral microsponges (Clindasponges) for antimicrobial enhancement: In vitro characterization and simulated in vivo studies. Biol Pharm Bull 2023:b23-00099. [PMID: 37245965 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Clindamycin phosphate (CLP) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is used widely for different types of infections. It has a short half-life and hence it should be taken every six hours to ensure adequate antibiotic blood concentration. On the other hand, microsponges are extremely porous polymeric microspheres, offering the prolonged controlled release of the drug. The present study aims to develop and evaluate innovative CLP-loaded microsponges (named Clindasponges) to prolong and control the drug release and enhance its antimicrobial activity, consequently improving patient compliance. The clindasponges were fabricated successfully by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion technique using Eudragit S100 (ES100) and ethyl cellulose (EC) as carriers at various drug-polymer ratios. Several variables were optimized for the preparation technique including the type of solvent, stirring time, and stirring speed. The clindasponges were then characterized in terms of particle size, production yield, encapsulation efficiency, scanning electron microscopy, FTIR spectroscopy analysis, in vitro drug release with kinetic modeling, and antimicrobial activity study. Moreover, in vivo, pharmacokinetics parameters of CLP from the candidate formula were simulated based on the convolution method and in vitro- in vivo correlation (IVIVC-Level A) was built up successfully. Uniform spherical microsponges with 82.3µm mean particle size with a porous spongy structure were evident. ES2 batch exhibited the highest production yield and encapsulation efficiency (53.75% and 74.57%, respectively) and it was able to exhaust 94% of the drug at the end of 8 hrs of the dissolution test. The release profile data of ES2 was best fitted to Hopfenberg kinetic model. ES2 was significantly (p< 0.05) effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli compared to the control. Also, ES2 displayed a twofold increase in the simulated AUC compared to the reference marketed product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gazala Khan
- Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapeutics Department, Dubai Pharmacy College for Girls
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Karmakar S, Poddar S, Khanam J. Understanding the Effects of Associated Factors in the Development of Microsponge-Based Drug Delivery: a Statistical Quality by Design (QbD) Approach Towards Optimization. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:256. [DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02409-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Khattab A, Nattouf A. Microsponge based gel as a simple and valuable strategy for formulating and releasing Tazarotene in a controlled manner. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11414. [PMID: 35794139 PMCID: PMC9259567 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThis study aims to deliver Tazarotene (TZR) in a controlled manner to reduce adverse effects in the form of a microsponge-based gel. It adopts the methodology of a similar study by the undersigned authors with respect to the drug Clindamycin. Under both studies, the methodology used is emulsion solvent diffusion. Accordingly, we altered the concentrations of polymer and emulsifier to generate four formulations of TZR microsponges. Additionally, we used two types of emulsifiers and two types of solvents to develop two further microsponge formulations. We then studied the physical properties of each formulation, as well as drug-polymer interactions. Echoing findings from our prior study of Clindamycin, we found that microsponge formulations coded by T1 and T3 had superior production yield and entrapment efficiency, and their particle size was suitable for dermal application. As in the prior Clindamycin study, each of the T1 and T3 microsponge formulations were incorporated into a Carbopol gel and evaluated in vitro. The optimal formulation was found to be the microsponge formulation gel T8, which released 87.63% of TZR over 12 h. No significant interactions between the drug and excipients were found through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry.
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Kolev I, Ivanova N, Topouzova-Hristova T, Dimova T, Koseva P, Vasileva I, Ivanova S, Apostolov A, Alexieva G, Tzonev A, Strashilov V. Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer (Type B)-Diltiazem Interactions in Solid Dispersions and Microsponge Drug-Delivery Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102125. [PMID: 35632008 PMCID: PMC9144411 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a complex analytical study on the distribution, solubility, amorphization, and compatibility of diltiazem within the composition of Eudragit RS 100-based particles of microspongeous type. For this purpose, a methodology combining attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) absorption spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (SEM-EDX), and in vitro dissolution study is proposed. The correct interpretation of the FTIR and drug-dissolution results was guaranteed by the implementation of two contrasting reference models: physical drug–polymer mixtures and casting-obtained, molecularly dispersed drug–polymer composites (solid dispersions). The spectral behavior of the drug–polymer composites in the carbonyl frequency (νCO) region was used as a quality marker for the degree of their interaction/mutual solubility. A spectral-pattern similarity between the microsponge particles and the solid dispersions indicated the molecular-type dispersion of the former. The comparative drug-desorption study and the qualitative observations over the DSC and SEM-EDX results confirmed the successful synthesis of a homogeneous coamorphous microsponge-type formulation with excellent drug-loading capacity and “controlled” dissolution profile. Among them, the drug-delivery particles with 25% diltiazem content (M-25) were recognized as the most promising, with the highest population of drug molecules in the polymer bulk and the most suitable desorption profile. Furthermore, an economical and effective analytical algorithm was developed for the comprehensive physicochemical characterization of complex delivery systems of this kind.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Kolev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov”–Varna, 84 “Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (T.D.); (P.K.); (I.V.); (S.I.)
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Nadezhda Ivanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov”–Varna, 84 “Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria
- Correspondence: (I.K.); (N.I.)
| | - Tanya Topouzova-Hristova
- Department of Cytology, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 8 Dragan Tzankov Str., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Tanya Dimova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov”–Varna, 84 “Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (T.D.); (P.K.); (I.V.); (S.I.)
| | - Pavlina Koseva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov”–Varna, 84 “Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (T.D.); (P.K.); (I.V.); (S.I.)
| | - Ivalina Vasileva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov”–Varna, 84 “Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (T.D.); (P.K.); (I.V.); (S.I.)
| | - Sonya Ivanova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University “Prof. Dr. Paraskev Stoyanov”–Varna, 84 “Tzar Osvoboditel” Blvd., 9000 Varna, Bulgaria; (T.D.); (P.K.); (I.V.); (S.I.)
| | - Anton Apostolov
- Laboratory on Structure and Properties of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 1 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Gergana Alexieva
- Department of General Physics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Atanas Tzonev
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Vesselin Strashilov
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Microelectronics, Faculty of Physics, Sofia University “St. Kl. Ohridski”, 5 J. Bourchier Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria; (A.T.); (V.S.)
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