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Choo YJ, Moon JS, Lee GW, Park WT, Won H, Chang MC. Application of noncontact sensors for cardiopulmonary physiology and body weight monitoring at home: A narrative review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e39607. [PMID: 39252250 PMCID: PMC11383488 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000039607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Monitoring health status at home has garnered increasing interest. Therefore, this study investigated the potential feasibility of using noncontact sensors in actual home settings. We searched PubMed for relevant studies published until February 19, 2024, using the keywords "home-based," "home," "monitoring," "sensor," and "noncontact." The studies included in this review involved the installation of noncontact sensors in actual home settings and the evaluation of their performance for health status monitoring. Among the 3 included studies, 2 monitored respiratory status during sleep and 1 monitored body weight and cardiopulmonary physiology. Measurements such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and body weight obtained with noncontact sensors were compared with the results obtained from polysomnography, polygraphy, and commercial scales. All included studies demonstrated that noncontact sensors produced results comparable to those of standard measurement tools, confirming their excellent capability for biometric measurements. Overall, noncontact sensors have sufficient potential for monitoring health status at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Jin Choo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Moon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook-Tae Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeyeon Won
- Regional Leading Research Center on Development of Multimodal Untact Sensing for Life-Logging, Yeungnam University Industry-Academic Cooperation Foundation, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Cheol Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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2
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Liebetruth M, Kehe K, Steinritz D, Sammito S. Systematic Literature Review Regarding Heart Rate and Respiratory Rate Measurement by Means of Radar Technology. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1003. [PMID: 38339721 PMCID: PMC10857015 DOI: 10.3390/s24031003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The use of radar technology for non-contact measurement of vital parameters is increasingly being examined in scientific studies. Based on a systematic literature search in the PubMed, German National Library, Austrian Library Network (Union Catalog), Swiss National Library and Common Library Network databases, the accuracy of heart rate and/or respiratory rate measurements by means of radar technology was analyzed. In 37% of the included studies on the measurement of the respiratory rate and in 48% of those on the measurement of the heart rate, the maximum deviation was 5%. For a tolerated deviation of 10%, the corresponding percentages were 85% and 87%, respectively. However, the quantitative comparability of the results available in the current literature is very limited due to a variety of variables. The elimination of the problem of confounding variables and the continuation of the tendency to focus on the algorithm applied will continue to constitute a central topic of radar-based vital parameter measurement. Promising fields of application of research can be found in particular in areas that require non-contact measurements. This includes infection events, emergency medicine, disaster situations and major catastrophic incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Liebetruth
- German Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Kehe
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarter, Department A-VI Public Health, 56072 Koblenz, Germany
| | - Dirk Steinritz
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Sammito
- German Air Force Centre of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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3
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Xu L, Lien J, Li H, Gillian N, Nongpiur R, Li J, Zhang Q, Cui J, Jorgensen D, Bernstein A, Bedal L, Hayashi E, Yamanaka J, Lee A, Wang J, Shin D, Poupyrev I, Thormundsson T, Pathak A, Patel S. Soli-enabled noncontact heart rate detection for sleep and meditation tracking. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18008. [PMID: 37865634 PMCID: PMC10590449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate (HR) is a crucial physiological signal that can be used to monitor health and fitness. Traditional methods for measuring HR require wearable devices, which can be inconvenient or uncomfortable, especially during sleep and meditation. Noncontact HR detection methods employing microwave radar can be a promising alternative. However, the existing approaches in the literature usually use high-gain antennas and require the sensor to face the user's chest or back, making them difficult to integrate into a portable device and unsuitable for sleep and meditation tracking applications. This study presents a novel approach for noncontact HR detection using a miniaturized Soli radar chip embedded in a portable device (Google Nest Hub). The chip has a [Formula: see text] dimension and can be easily integrated into various devices. The proposed approach utilizes advanced signal processing and machine learning techniques to extract HRs from radar signals. The approach is validated on a sleep dataset (62 users, 498 h) and a meditation dataset (114 users, 1131 min). The approach achieves a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.69 bpm and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of [Formula: see text] on the sleep dataset. On the meditation dataset, the approach achieves an MAE of 1.05 bpm and a MAPE of [Formula: see text]. The recall rates for the two datasets are [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively. This study represents the first application of the noncontact HR detection technology to sleep and meditation tracking, offering a promising alternative to wearable devices for HR monitoring during sleep and meditation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzhou Xu
- Google LLC, 6420 Sequence Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Jaime Lien
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Haiguang Li
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Nicholas Gillian
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Rajeev Nongpiur
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Jihan Li
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Qian Zhang
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Jian Cui
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - David Jorgensen
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Adam Bernstein
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Lauren Bedal
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Eiji Hayashi
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Jin Yamanaka
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Alex Lee
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - D Shin
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Ivan Poupyrev
- Google LLC, 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | | | - Anupam Pathak
- Google LLC, 19510 Jamboree Rd, Irvine, CA, 92612, USA
| | - Shwetak Patel
- Google LLC, 601 North 34st Street, Seattle, WA, 98103, USA
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4
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Sacco G, Mercuri M, Hornung R, Visser H, Lorato I, Pisa S, Dolmans G. A SISO FMCW radar based on inherently frequency scanning antennas for 2-D indoor tracking of multiple subjects. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16701. [PMID: 37794080 PMCID: PMC10551012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41541-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contextual non-invasive monitoring and tracking of multiple human targets for health and surveillance purposes is an increasingly investigated application. Radars are good candidates, since they are able to remotely monitor people without raising privacy concerns. However, radar systems are typically based on complex architectures involving multiple channels and antennas, such as multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) or electronic beam scanning, resulting also in a high power consumption. In contrast with existing technologies, this paper proposes a single-input and single-output (SISO) frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar in combination with frequency scanning antennas for tracking multiple subjects in indoor environments. A data processing method is also presented for angular separation and clutter removal. The system was successfully tested in five realistic indoor scenarios involving paired subjects, which were either static or moving along predefined paths varying their range and angular position. In all scenarios, the radar was able to track the targets, reporting a maximum mean absolute error (MAE) of 20 cm and 5.64[Formula: see text] in range and angle, respectively. Practical applications arise for ambient assisted living, telemedicine, smart building applications and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Sacco
- Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du numéRique (IETR), University of Rennes, UMR CNRS 6164, 35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Marco Mercuri
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Modellistica, Elettronica e Sistemistica (DIMES), University of Calabria, 87036, Rende, CS, Italy
| | | | - Huib Visser
- imec-Netherlands, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilde Lorato
- imec-Netherlands, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Pisa
- Department of Information Engineering, Electronics and Telecommunications, Sapienza University of Rome, 00184, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Dolmans
- imec-Netherlands, 5656 AE, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Lim S, Jang GS, Song W, Kim BH, Kim DH. Non-Contact VITAL Signs Monitoring of a Patient Lying on Surgical Bed Using Beamforming FMCW Radar. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8167. [PMID: 36365862 PMCID: PMC9656893 DOI: 10.3390/s22218167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Respiration and heartrates are important information for surgery. When the vital signs of the patient lying prone are monitored using radar installed on the back of the surgical bed, the surgeon's movements reduce the accuracy of these monitored vital signs. This study proposes a method for enhancing the monitored vital sign accuracies of a patient lying on a surgical bed using a 60 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar system with beamforming. The vital sign accuracies were enhanced by applying a fast Fourier transform (FFT) for range and beamforming which suppress the noise generated at different ranges and angles from the patient's position. The experiment was performed for a patient lying on a surgical bed with or without surgeon. Comparing a continuous-wave (CW) Doppler radar, the FMCW radar with beamforming improved almost 22 dB of signal-to-interference and noise ratio (SINR) for vital signals. More than 90% accuracy of monitoring respiration and heartrates was achieved even though the surgeon was located next to the patient as an interferer. It was analyzed using a proposed vital signal model included in the radar IF equation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dong Hyun Kim
- SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Korea
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Kim J, Lee WH, Kim SH, Na JY, Lim YH, Cho SH, Cho SH, Park HK. Preclinical trial of noncontact anthropometric measurement using IR-UWB radar. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8174. [PMID: 35581250 PMCID: PMC9112269 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12209-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropometric profiles are important indices for assessing medical conditions, including malnutrition, obesity, and growth disorders. Noncontact methods for estimating those parameters could have considerable value in many practical situations, such as the assessment of young, uncooperative infants or children and the prevention of infectious disease transmission. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of obtaining noncontact anthropometric measurements using the impulse-radio ultrawideband (IR-UWB) radar sensor technique. A total of 45 healthy adults were enrolled, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) algorithm was implemented to analyze data extracted from IR-UWB radar. The differences (root-mean-square error, RMSE) between values from the radar and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) as a reference in the measurement of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 2.78, 5.31, and 2.25, respectively; predicted data from the radar highly agreed with those from the BIA. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were 0.93, 0.94, and 0.83. In conclusion, IR-UWB radar can provide accurate estimates of anthropometric parameters in a noncontact manner; this study is the first to support the radar sensor as an applicable method in clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsup Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Lee
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yoon Na
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyo Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Ho Cho
- Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Kyung Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Contactless radar-based breathing monitoring of premature infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5150. [PMID: 35338172 PMCID: PMC8956695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08836-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vital sign monitoring systems are essential in the care of hospitalized neonates. Due to the immaturity of their organs and immune system, premature infants require continuous monitoring of their vital parameters and sensors need to be directly attached to their fragile skin. Besides mobility restrictions and stress, these sensors often cause skin irritation and may lead to pressure necrosis. In this work, we show that a contactless radar-based approach is viable for breathing monitoring in the Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). For the first time, different scenarios common to the NICU daily routine are investigated, and the challenges of monitoring in a real clinical setup are addressed through different contributions in the signal processing framework. Rather than just discarding measurements under strong interference, we present a novel random body movement mitigation technique based on the time-frequency decomposition of the recovered signal. In addition, we propose a simple and accurate frequency estimator which explores the harmonic structure of the breathing signal. As a result, the proposed radar-based solution is able to provide reliable breathing frequency estimation, which is close to the reference cabled device values most of the time. Our findings shed light on the strengths and limitations of this technology and lay the foundation for future studies toward a completely contactless solution for vital signs monitoring.
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