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Tohidi E, Ghaemi M, Golvajouei MS. A review on camelid nanobodies with potential application in veterinary medicine. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2051-2068. [PMID: 38869749 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10432-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The single variable domains of camelid heavy-chain only antibodies, known as nanobodies, have taken a long journey since their discovery in 1989 until the first nanobody-based drug's entrance to the market in 2022. On account of their unique properties, nanobodies have been successfully used for diagnosis and therapy against various diseases or conditions. Although research on the application of recombinant antibodies has focused on human medicine, the development of nanobodies has paved the way for incorporating recombinant antibody production in favour of veterinary medicine. Currently, despite many efforts in developing these biomolecules with diversified applications, significant opportunities exist for exploiting these highly versatile and cost-effective antibodies in veterinary medicine. The present study attempts to identify existing gaps and shed light on paths for future research by presenting an updated review on camelid nanobodies with potential applications in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emadodin Tohidi
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehran Ghaemi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Golvajouei
- Biotechnology Division, Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Liao X, Wang J, Guo B, Bai M, Zhang Y, Yu G, Wang P, Wei J, Wang J, Yan X, Fan K, Wang Y. Enhancing Nanobody Immunoassays through Ferritin Fusion: Construction of a Salmonella-Specific Fenobody for Improved Avidity and Sensitivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14967-14974. [PMID: 38957086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Nanobodies (Nbs) serve as powerful tools in immunoassays. However, their small size and monovalent properties pose challenges for practical application. Multimerization emerges as a significant strategy to address these limitations, enhancing the utilization of nanobodies in immunoassays. Herein, we report the construction of a Salmonella-specific fenobody (Fb) through the fusion of a nanobody to ferritin, resulting in a self-assembled 24-valent nanocage-like structure. The fenobody exhibits a 35-fold increase in avidity compared to the conventional nanobody while retaining good thermostability and specificity. Leveraging this advancement, three ELISA modes were designed using Fb as the capture antibody, along with unmodified Nb422 (FbNb-ELISA), biotinylated Nb422 (FbBio-ELISA), and phage-displayed Nb422 (FbP-ELISA) as the detection antibody, respectively. Notably, the FbNb-ELISA demonstrates a detection limit (LOD) of 3.56 × 104 CFU/mL, which is 16-fold lower than that of FbBio-ELISA and similar to FbP-ELISA. Moreover, a fenobody and nanobody sandwich chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay (FbNb-CLISA) was developed by replacing the TMB chromogenic substrate with luminal, resulting in a 12-fold reduction in the LOD. Overall, the ferritin-displayed technology represents a promising methodology for enhancing the detection performance of nanobody-based sandwich ELISAs, thereby expanding the applicability of Nbs in food detection and other fields requiring multivalent modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Bing Guo
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mengfan Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Gege Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Juan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Kelong Fan
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozyme, Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Nanozyme Laboratory in Zhongyuan, Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou, Henan 451163, China
| | - Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi 712100, China
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Liao X, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Zhang L, Wang P, Wei J, Yin X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Y. Enhanced sandwich immunoassay based on bivalent nanobody as an efficient immobilization approach for foodborne pathogens detection. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1289:342209. [PMID: 38245207 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanobodies (Nbs), which consist of only antigen-binding domains of heavy chain antibodies, have been used in a various range of applications due to their excellent properties. Nevertheless, the size of Nbs is so small that their antigen binding sites may be sterically hindered after random fixation as capture antibodies, thus leading to poor detection performance in immunoassays. To address this problem, we have focused on the multivalent modification of Nbs, wanted to retain the advantage of good stability through enlarging the size of Nbs to a certain extent, while improve its affinity and reduce its influence by spatial orientation. RESULTS Here, we designed homo- and heterodimeric Nbs based on Nb413 and Nb422 which recognize different epitopes of Salmonella. The affinity of engineered bivalent nanobodies for S. Enteritidis were 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to monovalent Nbs and low to sub-nM KD, as calculated by Scatchard analysis. To further explore the potential of bivalent Nbs for the detection of Salmonella, we established a sandwich ELISA based on bivalent and phage-displayed Nbs (BNb-ELISA) for multiplex Salmonella determination. Compared with monovalent Nb-based ELISA, the limit of detection (LOD) of the BNb-ELISA was shown to increase 7.5-fold to 2.364 × 103 CFU mL-1 for S. Enteritidis. In addition, the feasibility of this approach for S. Enteritidis detection in real samples was evaluated, with recoveries ranging from 73.0 % to 125.6 % and coefficients of variation (CV) below 7.68 %. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY In this study, we developed for the first time bivalent Nbs against Salmonella and examined their improved affinity and impact on the performance of ELISA assay. It confirmed the high binding affinity and good ability of dimeric Nbs to reduce the occupation of the binding sites of immobilized antibodies. Thus, the multivalent modification of Nbs was demonstrated to be a promising means to enhance the performance of Nbs-based immunoassays for foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui Liao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peng Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Wei
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuechi Yin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianlong Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yanru Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Yong Joon Kim J, Sang Z, Xiang Y, Shen Z, Shi Y. Nanobodies: Robust miniprotein binders in biomedicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 195:114726. [PMID: 36754285 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Variable domains of heavy chain-only antibodies (VHH), also known as nanobodies (Nbs), are monomeric antigen-binding domains derived from the camelid heavy chain-only antibodies. Nbs are characterized by small size, high target selectivity, and marked solubility and stability, which collectively facilitate high-quality drug development. In addition, Nbs are readily expressed from various expression systems, including E. coli and yeast cells. For these reasons, Nbs have emerged as preferred antibody fragments for protein engineering, disease diagnosis, and treatment. To date, two Nb-based therapies have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Numerous candidates spanning a wide spectrum of diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders are under preclinical and clinical investigation. Here, we discuss the structural features of Nbs that allow for specific, versatile, and strong target binding. We also summarize emerging technologies for identification, structural analysis, and humanization of Nbs. Our main focus is to review recent advances in using Nbs as a modular scaffold to facilitate the engineering of multivalent polymers for cutting-edge applications. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges for Nb development and envision new opportunities in Nb-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Yong Joon Kim
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Sang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Yufei Xiang
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zhuolun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Center of Protein Engineering and Therapeutics, Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1, Gustave L. Levy Pl, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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