1
|
Asurappulige HSH, Ladomery MR, Ruth Morse H. IL-6 knockdown in a model of the human bone marrow, abrogates DNA damage induction in bystander cells post-chemotherapy induced cytokine release syndrome. Transl Oncol 2024; 46:102030. [PMID: 38870677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2024.102030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Following infection or exposure to therapeutic agents, an aggressive immune response may result, termed cytokine storm (CS) or cytokine release syndrome. Here the innate immune system becomes uncontrolled, leading to serious consequences including possible death. Patients surviving CS are at greater risk for de novo tumorigenesis, but it is unclear if any specific cytokines are directly responsible for this outcome. De novo tumorigenesis has been observed in donated cells exposed to CS following haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). Modelling HSCT, we firstly demonstrated the release of CS levels from the HS-5 human bone marrow stromal cell line, post-exposure to chemotherapy. We then exposed the TK6 lymphoblast cell line to healthy and storm doses of IL-6 and measured increased genotoxicity via the micronucleus assay. During HSCT, haematopoietic cells are exposed to a complex mix of cytokines, so to determine if IL-6 was integral in a chemotherapy-induced bystander effect, we attempted to inhibit IL-6 from HS-5 cells using resatorvid or siRNA, treated with chlorambucil or mitoxantrone, and then co-cultured with bystander TK6 cells. Whilst resatorvid did not reduce IL-6 and did not reduce micronuclei in the bystander TK6 cells, siRNA inhibition reduced IL-6 to healthy in vivo levels, and micronuclei aligned with untreated controls. Our data suggests that exposure to high IL-6 (in the absence of inflammatory cells) has potential to induce genetic damage and may contribute to de novo tumorigenesis post-CS. We suggest that for individuals with a pro-inflammatory profile, anti-IL-6 therapy may be an appropriate intervention to prevent complications post-CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshini S H Asurappulige
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Michael R Ladomery
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - H Ruth Morse
- Centre for Research in Biosciences, College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dertinger SD, Briggs E, Hussien Y, Bryce SM, Avlasevich SL, Conrad A, Johnson GE, Williams A, Bemis JC. Visualization strategies to aid interpretation of high-dimensional genotoxicity data. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024; 65:156-178. [PMID: 38757760 PMCID: PMC11178453 DOI: 10.1002/em.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
This article describes a range of high-dimensional data visualization strategies that we have explored for their ability to complement machine learning algorithm predictions derived from MultiFlow® assay results. For this exercise, we focused on seven biomarker responses resulting from the exposure of TK6 cells to each of 126 diverse chemicals over a range of concentrations. Obviously, challenges associated with visualizing seven biomarker responses were further complicated whenever there was a desire to represent the entire 126 chemical data set as opposed to results from a single chemical. Scatter plots, spider plots, parallel coordinate plots, hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, toxicological prioritization index, multidimensional scaling, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, and uniform manifold approximation and projection are each considered in turn. Our report provides a comparative analysis of these techniques. In an era where multiplexed assays and machine learning algorithms are becoming the norm, stakeholders should find some of these visualization strategies useful for efficiently and effectively interpreting their high-dimensional data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yusuf Hussien
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Adam Conrad
- Litron Laboratories, Rochester, New York, USA
| | | | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chapman KE, Shah UK, Fletcher JF, Johnson GE, Doak SH, Jenkins GJS. An integrated in vitro carcinogenicity test that distinguishes between genotoxic carcinogens, non-genotoxic carcinogens, and non-carcinogens. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:69-77. [PMID: 38301659 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Chemical safety testing plays a crucial role in product and pharmacological development, as well as chemoprevention; however, in vitro genotoxicity safety tests do not always accurately predict the chemicals that will be in vivo carcinogens. If chemicals test positive in vitro for genotoxicity but negative in vivo, this can contribute to unnecessary testing in animals used to confirm erroneous in vitro positive results. Current in vitro tests typically evaluate only genotoxicity endpoints, which limits their potential to detect non-genotoxic carcinogens. The frequency of misleading in vitro positive results can be high, leading to a requirement for more informative in vitro tests. It is now recognized that multiple-endpoint genotoxicity testing may aid more accurate detection of carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The objective of this review was to evaluate the utility of our novel, multiple-endpoint in vitro test, which uses multiple cancer-relevant endpoints to predict carcinogenic potential. The tool assessed micronucleus frequency, p53 expression, p21 expression, mitochondrial respiration, cell cycle abnormalities and, uniquely, cell morphology changes in human lymphoblastoid cell lines, TK6 and MCL-5. The endpoints were used to observe cellular responses to 18 chemicals within the following categories: genotoxic carcinogens, non-genotoxic carcinogens, toxic non-carcinogens, and misleading in vitro positive and negative agents. The number of endpoints significantly altered for each chemical was considered, alongside the holistic Integrated Signature of Carcinogenicity score, derived from the sum of fold changes for all endpoints. Following the calculation of an overall score from these measures, carcinogens exhibited greater potency than non-carcinogens. Genotoxic carcinogens were generally more potent than non-genotoxic carcinogens. This novel approach therefore demonstrated potential for correctly predicting whether chemicals with unknown mechanism may be considered carcinogens. Overall, while further validation is recommended, the test demonstrates potential for the identification of carcinogenic compounds. Adoption of the approach could enable reduced animal use in carcinogenicity testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Chapman
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Ume-Kulsoom Shah
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica F Fletcher
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Banti CN, Piperoudi AA, Raptopoulou CP, Psycharis V, Athanassopoulos CM, Hadjikakou SK. Mitochondriotropic agents conjugated with NSAIDs through metal ions against breast cancer cells. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 250:112420. [PMID: 37918185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Two copper(I) polymorphs of formula [Cu(SALH)(TPP)3] (1a and 1b) were prepared by the conjugation of the Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) salicylic acid (SALH2) with the mitochondriotropic agent triphenylphosphine (TPP) via metal ion. For comparison, the isomorph [Ag(SALH)(TPP)3] (2) was prepared. The conjugates 1a, 1b and 2 were characterized by melting point (m.p.), Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The crystal structures of 1a, 1b and 2 were confirmed by X-ray diffraction crystallography (XRD). The ex vivo binding affinity of 1-2 towards CT (calf thymus)-DNA was studied by UV, fluorescence, viscosity and DNA Thermal Denaturation studies. Their inhibitory activity against lipoxygenase (LOX) (an enzyme which is mainly located in the mitochondrion) was determined. The in vitro activity of 1-2 was evaluated against human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (hormone depended (HD)) and MDA-MB 281 (hormone independent (HI)) cells. Compounds 1-2 inhibit stronger than cisplatin the cancerous cells. The molecular mechanism of action of 1-2 was suspected by the MCF-7 cells morphology and confirmed by DNA fragmentation, Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide (AO/EB) Staining and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina N Banti
- Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece.
| | - Angeliki A Piperoudi
- Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Catherine P Raptopoulou
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, A. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | - Vassilis Psycharis
- NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, A. Paraskevi Attikis, Greece
| | | | - Sotiris K Hadjikakou
- Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece; University Research Centre of Ioannina (URCI), Institute of Materials Science and Computing, Ioannina, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ripa L, Sandmark J, Hughes G, Shamovsky I, Gunnarsson A, Johansson J, Llinas A, Collins M, Jung B, Novén A, Pemberton N, Mogemark M, Xiong Y, Li Q, Tångefjord S, Ek M, Åstrand A. Selective and Bioavailable HDAC6 2-(Difluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Substrate Inhibitors and Modeling of Their Bioactivation Mechanism. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14188-14207. [PMID: 37797307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique member of the HDAC family mainly targeting cytosolic nonhistone substrates, such as α-tubulin, cortactin, and heat shock protein 90 to regulate cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and mitosis in tumors. We describe the identification and characterization of a series of 2-(difluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (DFMOs) as selective nonhydroxamic acid HDAC6 inhibitors. By comparing structure-activity relationships and performing quantum mechanical calculations of the HDAC6 catalytic mechanism, we show that potent oxadiazoles are electrophilic substrates of HDAC6 and propose a mechanism for the bioactivation. We also observe that the inherent electrophilicity of the oxadiazoles makes them prone to degradation in water solution and the generation of potentially toxic products cannot be ruled out, limiting the developability for chronic diseases. However, the oxadiazoles demonstrate high oral bioavailability and low in vivo clearance and are excellent tools for studying the role of HDAC6 in vitro and in vivo in rats and mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ripa
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Sandmark
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Glyn Hughes
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Igor Shamovsky
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Julia Johansson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Antonio Llinas
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mia Collins
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bomi Jung
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Novén
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nils Pemberton
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mickael Mogemark
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Stefan Tångefjord
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Margareta Ek
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annika Åstrand
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Michiba A, Gi M, Yokohira M, Sakurai E, Teramoto A, Kiriyama Y, Yamada S, Wanibuchi H, Tsukamoto T. Early detection of genotoxic hepatocarcinogens in rats using γH2AX and Ki-67: prediction by machine learning. Toxicol Sci 2023; 195:202-212. [PMID: 37527026 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Direct DNA double-strand breaks result in phosphorylation of H2AX, a variant of the histone H2 protein. Phosphorylated H2AX (γH2AX) may be a potential indicator in the evaluation of genotoxicity and hepatocarcinogenicity. In this study, γH2AX and Ki-67 were detected in the short-term responses (24 h after chemical administration) to classify genotoxic hepatocarcinogens (GHs) from non-GH chemicals. One hundred and thirty-five 6-week-old Crl: CD(SD) (SPF) male rats were treated with 22 chemicals including 11 GH and 11 non-GH, sacrificed 24 h later, and immunostained with γH2AX and Ki-67. Positivity rates of these markers were measured in the 3 liver ZONEs 1-3; portal, lobular, and central venous regions. These values were input into 3 machine learning models-Naïve Bayes, Random Forest, and k-Nearest Neighbor to classify GH and non-GH using a 10-fold cross-validation method. All 11 and 10 out of 11 GH caused significant increase in γH2AX and Ki-67 levels, respectively (P < .05). Of the 3 machine learning models, Random Forest performed the best. GH were identified with 95.0% sensitivity (76/80 GH-treated rats), 90.9% specificity (50/55 non-GH-treated rats), and 90.0% overall correct response rate using γH2AX staining, and 96.2% sensitivity (77/80), 81.8% specificity (45/55), and 90.4% overall correct response rate using Ki-67 labeling. Random Forest model using γH2AX and Ki-67 could independently predict GH in the early stage with high accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Michiba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Min Gi
- Department of Environmental Risk Assessment, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanao Yokohira
- Departments of Medical Education and Pathology and Host-Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Eiko Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Teramoto
- Faculty of Information Engineering, Meijo University, Nagoya, Aichi 468-8502, Japan
| | - Yuka Kiriyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
- Department of Pathology, Narita Memorial Hospital, Toyohashi, Aichi 441-8029, Japan
| | - Seiji Yamada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Hideki Wanibuchi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tsukamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Asurappulige HSH, Thomas AD, Morse HR. Genotoxicity of cytokines at chemotherapy-induced 'storm' concentrations in a model of the human bone marrow. Mutagenesis 2023; 38:201-215. [PMID: 37326959 PMCID: PMC10448863 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gead018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Donor cell leukaemia (DCL) is a complication of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation where donated cells become malignant within the patient's bone marrow. As DCL predominates as acute myeloid leukaemia, we hypothesized that the cytokine storm following chemotherapy played a role in promoting and supporting leukaemogenesis. Cytokines have also been implicated in genotoxicity; thus, we explored a cell line model of the human bone marrow (BM) to secrete myeloid cytokines following drug treatment and their potential to induce micronuclei. HS-5 human stromal cells were exposed to mitoxantrone (MTX) and chlorambucil (CHL) and, for the first time, were profiled for 80 cytokines using an array. Fifty-four cytokines were detected in untreated cells, of which 24 were upregulated and 10 were downregulated by both drugs. FGF-7 was the lowest cytokine to be detected in both untreated and treated cells. Eleven cytokines not detected at baseline were detected following drug exposure. TNFα, IL6, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and TGFβ1 were selected for micronuclei induction. TK6 cells were exposed to these cytokines in isolation and in paired combinations. Only TNFα and TGFβ1 induced micronuclei at healthy concentrations, but all five cytokines induced micronuclei at storm levels, which was further increased when combined in pairs. Of particular concern was that some combinations induced micronuclei at levels above the mitomycin C positive control; however, most combinations were less than the sum of micronuclei induced following exposure to each cytokine in isolation. These data infer a possible role for cytokines through chemotherapy-induced cytokine storm, in the instigation and support of leukaemogenesis in the BM, and implicate the need to evaluate individuals for variability in cytokine secretion as a potential risk factor for complications such as DCL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harshini S H Asurappulige
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Adam D Thomas
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - H Ruth Morse
- School of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Taibi M, Elbouzidi A, Ouahhoud S, Loukili EH, Ou-Yahya D, Ouahabi S, Alqahtani AS, Noman OM, Addi M, Bellaouchi R, Asehraou A, Saalaoui E, Guerrouj BE, Chaabane K. Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity, Cytotoxicity, and Genotoxicity of Ptychotis verticillata Essential Oil: Towards Novel Breast Cancer Therapeutics. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1586. [PMID: 37511960 PMCID: PMC10381740 DOI: 10.3390/life13071586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a disease characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of malignant cells in breast tissue, and oxidative stress activated by an accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with its development and progression. Essential oils from medicinal plants, known for their antioxidant and therapeutic properties, are being explored as alternatives. Ptychotis verticillata, also known as Nûnkha, is a medicinal plant native to Morocco, belonging to the Apiaceae family, and used for generations in traditional medicine. This study focuses on the phytochemical characterization of P. verticillata essential oil (PVEO) from the province of Oujda, Morocco, for its therapeutic properties. The essential oil was obtained by hydro-distillation, and its volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results revealed the presence of various aromatic and terpene compounds, with carvacrol being the most abundant compound. PVEO showed antioxidant properties in several tests, including β-carotene bleaching, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). It also demonstrated cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines, with higher selectivity for MDA-MB-231. The results reveal that Ptychotis verticillata essential oil (PVEO) could be a promising natural alternative for the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Taibi
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Centre de l'Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Amine Elbouzidi
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Sabir Ouahhoud
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - El Hassania Loukili
- Centre de l'Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Douâae Ou-Yahya
- Centre de l'Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Safae Ouahabi
- Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Chemistry (LCAE), Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Ali S Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, B.P. 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M Noman
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, B.P. 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Addi
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE USC1328, University of Orleans, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Reda Bellaouchi
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Abdeslam Asehraou
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Ennouamane Saalaoui
- Laboratory of Bioresources, Biotechnology, Ethnopharmacology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed First University, Boulevard Mohamed VI, B.P. 717, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Bouchra El Guerrouj
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
- Centre de l'Oriental des Sciences et Technologies de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (COSTEE), Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Chaabane
- Laboratoire d'Amélioration des Productions Agricoles, Biotechnologie et Environnement (LAPABE), Faculté des Sciences, Université Mohammed Premier, Oujda 60000, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sun X, Rubitski E, Spellman RA, Engel M, Schuler M. A new imaging platform (iScreen) allows for the concurrent assessment of micronucleus induction and genotoxic mode of action in human A375 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:230-245. [PMID: 35703118 DOI: 10.1002/em.22496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxicity testing guidelines require the assessment of the clastogenic and aneugenic potential of compounds. While in vitro micronucleus assays detect both types of endpoints, it requires labor-intensive microscopic scoring and does not discriminate between the two modes of actions. Here, we present a novel high-content imaging platform in A375 human cells that addresses the need for rapid scoring while providing additional mechanistic information. We evaluated the new platform with 12 compounds, three compounds from each mechanistic class (clastogen, aneugen tubulin binder, aneugen aurora inhibitor, and nongenotoxicant) following 4- and 24-h compound treatments. The approach we developed is first discriminating between genotoxicant and nongenotoxicant using an image analysis algorithm to quantify micronucleus induction below a 60% cytotoxicity cutoff. Then it uses centromere protein A (CENPA) staining for the genotoxic compounds to discriminate between aneugens and clastogens. Lastly, we use phosphorylated histone H2AX Ser139 (γH2AX) staining to confirm clastogenicity and changes in phosphorylated histone 3 Ser10 (pH 3) and increases in polyploidy in mitotic cells to discriminate between aneugens that bind tubulin from those that affect aurora kinases. All compounds were correctly classified, and we showed by using benchmark dose-response analysis that the imaging platform in A375 cells is at least as sensitive as the MicroFlow® assay in TK6 cells for genotoxicant but appears to be more specific for the nongenotoxicants. A detailed comparison of the cell lines and a more comprehensive validation with a much larger compound set, predictive and dose-response modeling will be presented in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Sun
- Pfizer Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Maria Engel
- Pfizer Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Maik Schuler
- Pfizer Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hall NE, Tichenor K, Bryce SM, Bemis JC, Dertinger SD. In vitro human cell-based aneugen molecular mechanism assay. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2022; 63:151-161. [PMID: 35426156 PMCID: PMC9106857 DOI: 10.1002/em.22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This laboratory previously described an in vitro human cell-based assay and data analysis scheme that discriminates common molecular targets responsible for chemical-induced in vitro aneugenicity: tubulin destabilization, tubulin stabilization, and inhibition of Aurora kinases (Bernacki et al., Toxicol. Sci. 170 [2019] 382-393). The current report describes updated procedures that simplify benchtop processing and data analysis methods. For these experiments, human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells were exposed to each of 25 aneugens over a range of concentrations in the presence of fluorescent paclitaxel (488 Taxol). After a 4 h treatment period, cells were lysed and nuclei were stained with a nucleic acid dye and labeled with fluorescent antibodies against phospho-histone H3 (p-H3). Flow cytometric analyses revealed several unique signatures: tubulin stabilizers caused increased frequencies of p-H3-positive events with concentration-dependent increases in 488 Taxol-associated fluorescence; tubulin destabilizers caused increased frequencies of p-H3-positive events with concomitant decreases in 488 Taxol-associated fluorescence; and Aurora kinase B inhibitors caused reduced frequencies of p-H3-positive events and lower median fluorescent intensities of p-H3-positive events. These results demonstrate a simple rubric based on 488 Taxol- and p-H3-associated metrics can reliably discriminate between several commonly encountered aneugenic molecular mechanisms.
Collapse
|
11
|
Rampa KM, Van De Venter M, Koekemoer TC, Swanepoel B, Venables L, Hattingh AC, Viljoen AM, Kamatou GP. Exploring four South African Croton species for potential anti-inflammatory properties: in vitro activity and toxicity risk assessment. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114596. [PMID: 34492319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The African Continent harbours approximately 26 Croton species. Many Croton species are used in traditional medicine in southern Africa to treat a variety of ailments including malaria, tuberculosis, microbial infection and inflammation. Considering the high diversity of the genus Croton, the ethnopharmacological information available on southern African species is rather limited. Furthermore, the potential for novel anti-inflammatory drug scaffolds has not previously been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of the study was to evaluate the potential of four South African Croton species extracts (Croton gratissimus, Croton pseudopulchellus, Croton sylvaticus, and Croton steenkampianus) for anti-inflammatory activity targeting the TLR4 signalling pathway and to assess the potential risk for hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity using an in vitro cellomics approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS Leaf extracts of C. gratissimus, C. pseudopulchellus, C. sylvaticus and C. steenkampianus were prepared using methanol and chloroform (1:1, v/v). The anti-inflammatory activity was determined using LPS induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages, while the hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity was evaluated using multi-parameter end point analysis in C3A and Vero cells, respectively. Mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial mass, oxidative stress, lysosomal content and lipid accumulation were used as markers to assess the risk for hepatotoxicity. RESULTS All four species attenuated nitric oxide production with negligible cytotoxicity. However, C. gratissimus yielded the most favorable profile. Cell density was significantly reduced in both C3A and Vero cells with the C. gratissimus extract providing a suitable toxicity profile amenable to further high content analysis. While there was no meaningful effect on mitochondrial dynamics, a strong dose dependent increase in lipid content, paralleled by an expansion of the lysosomal compartment, identifies a potential risk for steatosis. Risk for genotoxicity was investigated using the micronucleus assay which revealed a dose dependent increase in micronuclei formation. Changes in nuclear morphology and cell ploidy further strengthens the associated risk for genotoxicity and suggests the extract from C. gratissimus may function as an aneugen. Collectively, the data demonstrates that although the selected species possess anti-inflammatory components, the risk for possible hepatotoxic and genotoxic side effects may negate their prospect towards further drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khumo M Rampa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Maryna Van De Venter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 77000, Nelson Mandela University, 6031, South Africa
| | - Trevor C Koekemoer
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 77000, Nelson Mandela University, 6031, South Africa
| | - Bresler Swanepoel
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 77000, Nelson Mandela University, 6031, South Africa
| | - Luanne Venables
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 77000, Nelson Mandela University, 6031, South Africa
| | - Anna C Hattingh
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, PO Box 77000, Nelson Mandela University, 6031, South Africa
| | - Alvaro M Viljoen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Guy P Kamatou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa; SAMRC Herbal Drugs Research Unit, Faculty of Science, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The regulatory 2D in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is part of a battery of tests, used to test for genotoxicity of new and existing compounds before they are assessed in vivo (ICH S2). The 2D MN assay consists of a monolayer of cells, whereas the in vivo bone marrow (BM) setting comprises a multicellular environment within a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Although the in vitro MN assay follows a robust protocol set out by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) to comply with regulatory bodies, some compounds have been identified as negative genotoxicants within the in vitro MN assay but marginally positive when assessed in vivo. The glucocorticoids, which are weakly positive in vivo, have generally been suggested to pose no long-term carcinogenic risk; however, for novel compounds of unknown activity, improved prediction of genotoxicity is imperative. To help address this observation, we describe a novel 3D in vitro assay which aims to replicate the results seen within the in vivo BM microenvironment. AlgiMatrix scaffolds were optimized for seeding with HS-5 human BM stromal cells as a BM microenvironment, to which the human lymphoblast cell line TK6 was added. An MN assay was performed aligning with the 2D regulatory assay protocol. Utilizing this novel 3D in vitro model of the BM, known genotoxicants (mitomycin C, etoposide, and paclitaxel), a negative control (caffeine), and in vivo positive glucocorticoids (dexamethasone and prednisolone) were investigated for the induction of MN. It was found, in agreement with historical in vivo data, that the model could accurately predict the in vivo outcome of the glucocorticoids, unlike the regulatory 2D in vitro MN assay. These preliminary results suggest our 3D MN assay may better predict the outcome of in vivo MN tests, compared with the standard 2D assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander R Vernon
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - Roy M Pemberton
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
| | - H Ruth Morse
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author. Department of Applied Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, Frenchay Campus, Coldharbour Lane, Bristol BS16 1QY, United Kingdom. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Padalino G, El-Sakkary N, Liu LJ, Liu C, Harte DSG, Barnes RE, Sayers E, Forde-Thomas J, Whiteland H, Bassetto M, Ferla S, Johnson G, Jones AT, Caffrey CR, Chalmers I, Brancale A, Hoffmann KF. Anti-schistosomal activities of quinoxaline-containing compounds: From hit identification to lead optimisation. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 226:113823. [PMID: 34536671 PMCID: PMC8626775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected disease of poverty that is caused by infection with blood fluke species contained within the genus Schistosoma. For the last 40 years, control of schistosomiasis in endemic regions has predominantly been facilitated by administration of a single drug, praziquantel. Due to limitations in this mono-chemotherapeutic approach for sustaining schistosomiasis control into the future, alternative anti-schistosomal compounds are increasingly being sought by the drug discovery community. Herein, we describe a multi-pronged, integrated strategy that led to the identification and further exploration of the quinoxaline core as a promising anti-schistosomal scaffold. Firstly, phenotypic screening of commercially available small molecules resulted in the identification of a moderately active hit compound against Schistosoma mansoni (1, EC50 = 4.59 μM on schistosomula). Secondary exploration of the chemical space around compound 1 led to the identification of a quinoxaline-core containing, non-genotoxic lead (compound 22). Compound 22 demonstrated substantially improved activities on both intra-mammalian (EC50 = 0.44 μM, 0.20 μM and 84.7 nM, on schistosomula, juvenile and adult worms, respectively) and intra-molluscan (sporocyst) S. mansoni lifecycle stages. Further medicinal chemistry optimisation of compound 22, resulting in the generation of 20 additional analogues, improved our understanding of the structure-activity relationship and resulted in considerable improvements in both anti-schistosome potency and selectivity (e.g. compound 30; EC50 = 2.59 nM on adult worms; selectivity index compared to the HepG2 cell line = 348). Some derivatives of compound 22 (e.g. 31 and 33) also demonstrated significant activity against the two other medically important species, Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma japonicum. Further optimisation of this class of anti-schistosomal is ongoing and could lead to the development of an urgently needed alternative to praziquantel for assisting in schistosomiasis elimination strategies. Lead compound 22 was identified with EC50 of 0.44 µM and 84.7 nM for schistosomula and adult worms. 20 analogues of the lead compound 22 were synthesised. Compounds 25, 30 and 32 showed the best selectivity profile. Compounds 31 and 33 are the most active on three medically important schistosome species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Padalino
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases (CDIPD), Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lawrence J Liu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases (CDIPD), Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chenxi Liu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases (CDIPD), Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Danielle S G Harte
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel E Barnes
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Sayers
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Forde-Thomas
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Whiteland
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Marcella Bassetto
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Salvatore Ferla
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - George Johnson
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases (CDIPD), Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Iain Chalmers
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Brancale
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Karl F Hoffmann
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS), Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Avlasevich S, Pellegrin T, Godse M, Bryce S, Bemis J, Bajorski P, Dertinger S. Biomarkers of DNA damage response improve in vitro micronucleus assays by revealing genotoxic mode of action and reducing the occurrence of irrelevant positive results. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:407-418. [PMID: 34718711 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously described two flow cytometry-based in vitro genotoxicity tests: micronucleus (MN) scoring (MicroFlow®) and a multiplexed DNA damage response biomarker assay (MultiFlow®). Here, we describe a strategy for combining the assays in order to efficiently supplement MN analyses with a panel of biomarkers that comment on cytotoxicity (i.e. relative nuclei count, relative increased nuclei count, cleaved PARP-positive chromatin and ethidium monoazide-positive chromatin) and genotoxic mode of action (MoA; i.e. γH2AX, phospho-histone H3, p53 activation and polyploidy). For these experiments, human TK6 cells were exposed to each of 32 well-studied reference chemicals in 96-well plates for 24 continuous hours. The test chemicals were evaluated over a range of concentrations in the presence and absence of a rat liver S9-based metabolic activation system. MultiFlow assay data were acquired at 4 and 24 h, and micronuclei were scored at 24 h. Testing 32 chemicals in two metabolic activation arms translated into 64 a priori calls: 42 genotoxicants and 22 non-genotoxicants. The MN assay showed high sensitivity and moderate specificity (90% and 68%, respectively). When a genotoxic call required significant MN and MultiFlow responses, specificity increased to 95% without adversely affecting sensitivity. The dose-response data were analysed with PROAST Benchmark Dose (BMD) software in order to calculate potency metrics for each endpoint, and ToxPi software was used to synthesise the resulting lower and upper bound 90% confidence intervals into visual profiles. The BMD/ToxPi combination was found to represent a powerful strategy for synthesising multiple BMD confidence intervals, as the software output provided MoA information as well as insights into genotoxic potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Pellegrin
- Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Manali Godse
- Department of Mathematics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Steven Bryce
- Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Jeffrey Bemis
- Litron Laboratories, 3500 Winton Place, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | - Peter Bajorski
- Department of Mathematics, Rochester Institute of Technology, 1 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY 14623, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
A MATLAB-based program for three-dimensional quantitative analysis of micronuclei reveals that neuroinflammation induces micronuclei formation in the brain. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18360. [PMID: 34526560 PMCID: PMC8443747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97640-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The micronucleus is known to be a biomarker for genomic instability, which is a hallmark of tumors and aging. Normally, micronuclei are produced by segregation errors and mechanical stresses arising from dividing or migrating cells, leading to activation of the innate immune response pathway. Although micronuclei often emerge in damaged tissues, the quantitative procedure for analyzing micronuclei accurately has been problematic. Here, we introduce a novel MATLAB-based program for quantifying micronuclei (CAMDi: calculating automatic micronuclei distinction) in vitro and in vivo. CAMDi is adaptable to various experimental imaging techniques and is useful for obtaining reproducible data. CAMDi enables us to measure the accurate size of micronuclei from the three-dimensional images. Using CAMDi, we revealed a novel link between the emergence of micronuclei and neuroinflammation. We found that inflammatory stimulation does not increase the number of micronuclei in primary neurons. On the other hand, the administration of lipopolysaccharide into mice slightly increases micronuclei formation in neurons of the hippocampus region. These findings demonstrate that neuronal micronuclei formations are induced by an inflammatory response in a non-cell-autonomous manner. We provide a novel tool, CAMDi, to quantify micronuclei and demonstrate that neuronal micronuclei are produced not only by the cell-autonomous process but also by the intercellular communication associated with neuroinflammation in vivo.
Collapse
|