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Wang Y, Zhang X. The role of immune inflammation in electroconvulsive therapy for schizophrenia: Treatment mechanism, and relationship with clinical efficacy: Immune-inflammation in ECT for schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2024; 332:115708. [PMID: 38171169 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder that has detrimental effects on a significant portion of the global population. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), as a safe and effective physical therapy for schizophrenia, has demonstrated the ability to rapidly improve both positive and negative symptoms. Despite being used to treat schizophrenia for over 80 years, the therapeutic mechanisms of ECT are still in the early stages of exploration. Evidence has suggested that immune inflammation contributes to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by interacting with neurotransmitters, neurodevelopment, and neurodegeneration. Given the importance of ECT as a fast-acting physical therapy for schizophrenia, gaining a deeper understanding of the role of immune inflammation may lead to developing innovative therapeutic approaches. This review summarized existing research that examined changes in peripheral inflammation following ECT in schizophrenia patients, and the effects of electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) on neuroinflammation in animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangrong Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Son Y, Park HJ, Jeong YJ, Choi HD, Kim N, Lee HJ. Long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic fields exposure attenuates cognitive dysfunction in 5×FAD mice by regulating microglial function. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2497-2503. [PMID: 37282482 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously found that long-term effects of exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in 5×FAD mice with severe late-stage Alzheimer's disease reduced both amyloid-β deposition and glial activation, including microglia. To examine whether this therapeutic effect is due to the regulation of activated microglia, we analyzed microglial gene expression profiles and the existence of microglia in the brain in this study. 5×FAD mice at the age of 1.5 months were assigned to sham- and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed groups and then animals were exposed to 1950 MHz radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at a specific absorption rate of 5 W/kg for 2 hours/day and 5 days/week for 6 months. We conducted behavioral tests including the object recognition and Y-maze tests and molecular and histopathological analysis of amyloid precursor protein/amyloid-beta metabolism in brain tissue. We confirmed that radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure for 6 months ameliorated cognitive impairment and amyloid-β deposition. The expression levels of Iba1 (pan-microglial marker) and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R; regulates microglial proliferation) in the hippocampus in 5×FAD mice treated with radiofrequency electromagnetic fields were significantly reduced compared with those of the sham-exposed group. Subsequently, we analyzed the expression levels of genes related to microgliosis and microglial function in the radiofrequency electromagnetic fields-exposed group compared to those of a CSF1R inhibitor (PLX3397)-treated group. Both radiofrequency electromagnetic fields and PLX3397 suppressed the levels of genes related to microgliosis (Csf1r, CD68, and Ccl6) and pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β. Notably, the expression levels of genes related to microglial function, including Trem2, Fcgr1a, Ctss, and Spi1, were decreased after long-term radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure, which was also observed in response to microglial suppression by PLX3397. These results showed that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields ameliorated amyloid-β pathology and cognitive impairment by suppressing amyloid-β deposition-induced microgliosis and their key regulator, CSF1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonghoon Son
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ye Ji Jeong
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Department of EMF Research Team, Radio and Broadcasting Technology Laboratory, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejon, Korea
| | - Nam Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Hae-June Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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Yang X, Ye T, He Y, Wen L, Cheng X. Qi-fu-yin attenuated cognitive disorders in 5xFAD mice of Alzheimer's disease animal model by regulating immunity. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1183764. [PMID: 37441611 PMCID: PMC10333586 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1183764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cognitive impairment is the main symptom of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Accumulating evidence implicate that immunity plays an important role in AD. Here, we investigated the effect of Qi-fu-yin (QFY) on cognitive impairment and cytokine secretion of 5xFAD mice. Methods We used 2.5-month-old 5xFAD transgenic mice for behavioral tests to observe the changes in cognitive function after QFY treatment. After the behavioral experiment, the whole brain, cortex and plasma of each mouse were collected for soluble Aβ analysis, immunohistochemical experiment and cytokine analysis. Results Here we found that the treatment of QFY ameliorated the ability of object recognition, passive avoidance responses and the ability of spatial learning and memory in 5xFAD mice. The deposits of β1 - 42 and Aβ1 - 40 were alleviated and the ration of Aβ1 - 42/Aβ1 - 40 was decrease in the plasma and brain of 5xFAD mice administrated with QFY. The administration of QFY promoted the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, IL-5, IL-10 and G-CSF, and reduced the content of proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ in plasma of 5xFAD mice. Notably, we found that the treatment of QFY decreased the concentration of CCL11 in the brain and plasma of 5xFAD mice. Conclusion This suggested that QFY improved cognition and reduced Aβ deposits in 5xFAD mice by regulating abnormal immunity in 5xFAD mice. QFY may be as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuzhao Yang
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tianyuan Ye
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yun He
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for TCM Dampness Disease, Neurology and Immunology Research, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Anwer DM, Gubinelli F, Kurt YA, Sarauskyte L, Jacobs F, Venuti C, Sandoval IM, Yang Y, Stancati J, Mazzocchi M, Brandi E, O’Keeffe G, Steece-Collier K, Li JY, Deierborg T, Manfredsson FP, Davidsson M, Heuer A. A comparison of machine learning approaches for the quantification of microglial cells in the brain of mice, rats and non-human primates. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284480. [PMID: 37126506 PMCID: PMC10150977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells are brain-specific macrophages that swiftly react to disruptive events in the brain. Microglial activation leads to specific modifications, including proliferation, morphological changes, migration to the site of insult, and changes in gene expression profiles. A change in inflammatory status has been linked to many neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. For this reason, the investigation and quantification of microglial cells is essential for better understanding their role in disease progression as well as for evaluating the cytocompatibility of novel therapeutic approaches for such conditions. In the following study we implemented a machine learning-based approach for the fast and automatized quantification of microglial cells; this tool was compared with manual quantification (ground truth), and with alternative free-ware such as the threshold-based ImageJ and the machine learning-based Ilastik. We first trained the algorithms on brain tissue obtained from rats and non-human primate immunohistochemically labelled for microglia. Subsequently we validated the accuracy of the trained algorithms in a preclinical rodent model of Parkinson's disease and demonstrated the robustness of the algorithms on tissue obtained from mice, as well as from images provided by three collaborating laboratories. Our results indicate that machine learning algorithms can detect and quantify microglial cells in all the three mammalian species in a precise manner, equipotent to the one observed following manual counting. Using this tool, we were able to detect and quantify small changes between the hemispheres, suggesting the power and reliability of the algorithm. Such a tool will be very useful for investigation of microglial response in disease development, as well as in the investigation of compatible novel therapeutics targeting the brain. As all network weights and labelled training data are made available, together with our step-by-step user guide, we anticipate that many laboratories will implement machine learning-based quantification of microglial cells in their research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danish M. Anwer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gubinelli
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunus A. Kurt
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Livija Sarauskyte
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Febe Jacobs
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Chiara Venuti
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
| | - Ivette M. Sandoval
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yiyi Yang
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Stancati
- Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Martina Mazzocchi
- Brain Development and Repair Group, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Edoardo Brandi
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerard O’Keeffe
- Brain Development and Repair Group, Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States of America
| | - Jia-Yi Li
- Neural Plasticity and Repair, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredric P. Manfredsson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Marcus Davidsson
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
- Barrow Neurological Institute, Parkinson’s Disease Research Unit, Department of Translational Neuroscience, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Andreas Heuer
- Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University Lund, Sweden
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Depressive Pseudodementia with Reversible AD-like Brain Hypometabolism: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101665. [PMID: 36294804 PMCID: PMC9605211 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent European guidelines recommend using brain FDG-PET to differentiate between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depressive pseudodementia (DP), with specific hypometabolism patterns across the former group, and typically normal or frontal hypometabolism in the latter. We report the case of a 74 years-old man with DP (MMSE 16/30), whose FDG-PET visual rating and semiquantitative analysis closely mimicked the typical AD pattern, showing severe hypometabolism in bilateral precuneus, parietal and temporal lobes, and sparing frontal areas, suggesting the diagnosis of moderate AD. Shortly after starting antidepressant polytherapy, he underwent formal NPS testing, which revealed moderate impairment of episodic memory and mild impairment on executive and visuospatial tests, judged consistent with neurodegenerative dementia and concomitant depression. Over the following two years, he improved dramatically: repeated NPS assessment did not show significant deficits, and FDG-PET showed restoration of cerebral metabolism. The confirmation of PET findings via semiquantitative analysis, and their reversion to normality with antidepressant treatment, proved the non-neurodegenerative origin of the initial AD-like FDG-PET abnormalities. We review similar cases and provide a comprehensive analysis of their implications, concluding that reversible FDG-PET widespread hypometabolism might represent a biomarker of pseudodementia. Therefore, we suggest caution when interpreting FDG-PET scans of depressed patients with cognitive impairment.
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