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Zhang J, Jin H, Chen Y, Jiang Y, Gu L, Lin G, Lin C, Wang Q. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4E regulates flowering and circadian rhythm in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39145515 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Translation initiation is a critical, rate-limiting step in protein synthesis. The eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays an essential role in this process. However, the mechanisms by which eIF4E-dependent translation initiation regulates plant growth and development remain not fully understood. In this study, we found that Arabidopsis eIF4E proteins are distributed in both the nucleus and cytoplasm, with only the cytoplasmic eIF4E being involved in the control of photoperiodic flowering. Genome-wide translation profiling using Ribo-tag sequencing reveals that eIF4E may regulate plant flowering by maintaining the homeostatic translation of components in the photoperiodic flowering pathway. eIF4E not only regulates the translation of flowering genes such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and FLOWERING LOCUS D (FLD) but also influences the translation of circadian genes like CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1 (CCA1) and PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 9 (PRR9). Consistently, our results show that the eIF4E modulates the rhythmic oscillation of the circadian clock. Together, our study provides mechanistic insights into how the protein translation regulates multiple developmental processes in Arabidopsis, including the circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huanhuan Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yadi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yonghong Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lianfeng Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guifang Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chentao Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Stone RA, Tobias JW, Wei W, Carlstedt X, Zhang L, Iuvone PM, Nickla DL. Diurnal gene expression patterns in retina and choroid distinguish myopia progression from myopia onset. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0307091. [PMID: 39028695 PMCID: PMC11259283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0307091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The world-wide prevalence of myopia (nearsightedness) is increasing, but its pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Among many putative mechanisms, laboratory and clinical findings have implicated circadian biology in the etiology of myopia. Consistent with a circadian hypothesis, we recently reported a marked variability in diurnal patterns of gene expression in two crucial tissues controlling post-natal refractive development - the retina and choroid-at the onset of form-deprivation myopia in chick, a widely studied and validated model. To extend these observations, we assayed gene expression by RNA-Seq in retina and choroid during the progression of established unilateral form-deprivation myopia of chick. We assayed gene expression every 4 hours during a single day from myopic and contralateral control eyes. Retinal and choroidal gene expression in myopic vs. control eyes during myopia progression differed strikingly at discrete times during the day. Very few differentially expressed genes occurred at more than one time in either tissue during progressing myopia. Similarly, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis pathways varied markedly by time during the day. Some of the differentially expressed genes in progressing myopia coincided with candidate genes for human myopia, but only partially corresponded with genes previously identified at myopia onset. Considering other laboratory findings and human genetics and epidemiology, these results further link circadian biology to the pathogenesis of myopia; but they also point to important mechanistic differences between the onset of myopia and the progression of established myopia. Future laboratory and clinical investigations should systematically incorporate circadian mechanisms in studying the etiology of myopia and in seeking more effective treatments to normalize eye growth in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Genomics and Sequencing Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xia Carlstedt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - P. Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology & Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Debora L. Nickla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Jiang D, Guo N, Lv X, Li Y, Han Y, Yuan M, Zhai C, Zhang W, Zhang F. Association between Fundus Tessellation and Contrast Sensitivity in Myopic Eyes. Curr Eye Res 2024; 49:188-196. [PMID: 37846084 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2269612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the association of fundus tessellation with contrast sensitivity, Quality of Vision questionnaire, and other factors at five years postcorneal refractive surgery. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Both eyes of 98 subjects (196 eyes) who received femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK) or small incision lenticular extraction (SMILE) five years prior were enrolled in this study. Fundus tessellation was imaged using wide-angle fundus photographs and graded into four categories with the assistance of the ETDRS grid. Photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity were measured under the best correction. The Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire was used to assess visual symptoms. RESULTS Fundus tessellation was classified as follows: 19 eyes were grade 0 (9.7%), 28 eyes were grade 1 (14.3%), 59 eyes were grade 2 (30.1%), and 90 eyes were grade 3 (45.9%). Higher degrees of fundus tessellation were associated with lower photopic contrast sensitivity, a significant difference was observed at spatial frequencies of 6cpd (p = 0.030, grade 1 >grade 3 p = 0.011). Higher degrees of fundus tessellation were also associated with lower mesopic contrast sensitivity, a significant difference was observed at spatial frequencies of 18cpd (p = 0.011, grade 0 >grade 3 p = 0.012). The preoperative degree of myopia was positively associated with fundus tessellation grade (p < 0.001). However, in linear mixed-effect model analysis, no significant influence of parameters (contrast sensitivity, preoperative myopia, and QoV scores) upon different tessellation grades was found (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Patients with moderate and high myopia were more likely to have higher grades of fundus tessellation. Higher degree of fundus tessellation associates with lower contrast sensitivity. Patients with moderate and high myopia should be concerned with retinal-choroidal changes. Contrast sensitivity could be a clinical sign for progression of tessellation and used to screen for early retinal-choroidal changes to prevent pathologic myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianjun Jiang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Guo
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaotong Lv
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Han
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Mingzhen Yuan
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Changbin Zhai
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
| | - Fengju Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing, China
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Peng X, Huang Y, Wang Y, Shang J, Shen Y, Chen Z, Zhou X, Han T. Early regional changes in retina and choroid of chicks following monocular hemifield form deprivation. Exp Eye Res 2024; 239:109786. [PMID: 38211681 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
To investigate regional changes in the chick retina and choroid after hemifield form deprivation (HFD). Ten chicks were randomly and equally divided into a temporal retinal deprivation (TRD) and nasal retinal deprivation (NRD) group. HFD was induced with half-lateral translucent plastic goggles in the right eye; the left eye was kept untreated. Swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) images obtained at 0, 3, and 72 hours (h) were analyzed using customized software. After 72 h of TRD, the retinal thickness (RT) of the treated eyes was significantly less than that of the fellow eyes in the temporal (P = 0.034) rather than the nasal (P = 0.083) region. In the NRD group, the RT of the treated eyes was thinner in both the nasal and temporal regions than that of the fellow eyes (P < 0.01). The RT alterations were more pronounced in the temporal (Δ = -16.86 ± 7.14 μm) than in the nasal (Δ = -13.44 ± 4.83 μm) region after 72-h TRD (P = 0.036), whereas the opposite was observed in the NRD group (P = 0.008). The choroidal thickness (ChT) of the treated eyes was less in both the nasal and temporal regions than that of the fellow eyes in both groups after 72-h treatment (P < 0.01). The ChT alterations were more pronounced in the temporal (Δ = -2.48 ± 8.95 μm) than in the nasal (Δ = 23.65 ± 13.58 μm) region after 72-h TRD (P = 0.021), whereas the NRD group showed the opposite effect (P = 0.019). HFD in chicks can lead to retinal and choroidal thinning in the corresponding regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliao Peng
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China
| | - Yangyi Huang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China
| | - Jianmin Shang
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China
| | - Xingtao Zhou
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China.
| | - Tian Han
- Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Key Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China; Shanghai Research Center of Ophthalmology and Optometry, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Laser and Autostereoscopic 3D for Vision Care, China.
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Stone RA, Tobias JW, Wei W, Schug J, Wang X, Zhang L, Iuvone PM, Nickla DL. Diurnal retinal and choroidal gene expression patterns support a role for circadian biology in myopia pathogenesis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:533. [PMID: 38177383 PMCID: PMC10767138 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50684-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of myopia (nearsightedness) is increasing to alarming levels, but its etiology remains poorly understood. Because both laboratory and clinical findings suggest an etiologic role for circadian rhythms in myopia development, we assayed gene expression by RNA-Seq in retina and choroid at the onset of unilateral experimental myopia in chick, isolating tissues every 4 h during a single 24-h period from myopic and contralateral control eyes. Occluded versus open eye gene expression differences varied considerably over the 24-h sampling period, with some occurring at multiple times of day but with others showing differences at only a single investigated timepoint. Some of the genes identified in retina or choroid of chick myopia were previously identified as candidate genes for common human myopia. Like differentially expressed genes, pathways identified by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis also varied dramatically by sampling time. Considered with other laboratory data, human genetic and epidemiology data, these findings further implicate circadian events in myopia pathogenesis. The present results emphasize a need to include time of day in mechanistic studies of myopia and to assess circadian biology directly in trying to understand better the origin of myopia and to develop more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomics and Sequencing Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenjie Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Schug
- Penn Genomics and Sequencing Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lixin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
| | - P Michael Iuvone
- Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Debora L Nickla
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Disease, New England College of Optometry, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Applications of Genomics and Transcriptomics in Precision Medicine for Myopia Control or Prevention. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13030494. [PMID: 36979429 PMCID: PMC10046175 DOI: 10.3390/biom13030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myopia is a globally emerging concern accompanied by multiple medical and socio-economic burdens with no well-established causal treatment to control thus far. The study of the genomics and transcriptomics of myopia treatment is crucial to delineate disease pathways and provide valuable insights for the design of precise and effective therapeutics. A strong understanding of altered biochemical pathways and underlying pathogenesis leading to myopia may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of myopia, ultimately leading to the development of more effective preventive and therapeutic measures. In this review, we summarize current data about the genomics and transcriptomics of myopia in human and animal models. We also discuss the potential applicability of these findings to precision medicine for myopia treatment.
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7
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Zeitz C, Roger JE, Audo I, Michiels C, Sánchez-Farías N, Varin J, Frederiksen H, Wilmet B, Callebert J, Gimenez ML, Bouzidi N, Blond F, Guilllonneau X, Fouquet S, Léveillard T, Smirnov V, Vincent A, Héon E, Sahel JA, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Sennlaub F, Morgans CW, Duvoisin RM, Tkatchenko AV, Picaud S. Shedding light on myopia by studying complete congenital stationary night blindness. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 93:101155. [PMID: 36669906 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Myopia is the most common eye disorder, caused by heterogeneous genetic and environmental factors. Rare progressive and stationary inherited retinal disorders are often associated with high myopia. Genes implicated in myopia encode proteins involved in a variety of biological processes including eye morphogenesis, extracellular matrix organization, visual perception, circadian rhythms, and retinal signaling. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in animal models mimicking myopia are helpful in suggesting candidate genes implicated in human myopia. Complete congenital stationary night blindness (cCSNB) in humans and animal models represents an ON-bipolar cell signal transmission defect and is also associated with high myopia. Thus, it represents also an interesting model to identify myopia-related genes, as well as disease mechanisms. While the origin of night blindness is molecularly well established, further research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of myopia development in subjects with cCSNB. Using whole transcriptome analysis on three different mouse models of cCSNB (in Gpr179-/-, Lrit3-/- and Grm6-/-), we identified novel actors of the retinal signaling cascade, which are also novel candidate genes for myopia. Meta-analysis of our transcriptomic data with published transcriptomic databases and genome-wide association studies from myopia cases led us to propose new biological/cellular processes/mechanisms potentially at the origin of myopia in cCSNB subjects. The results provide a foundation to guide the development of pharmacological myopia therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zeitz
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France.
| | - Jérome E Roger
- Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Saclay, France
| | - Isabelle Audo
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Juliette Varin
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Helen Frederiksen
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Baptiste Wilmet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Callebert
- Service of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, INSERM U942, Hospital Lariboisière, APHP, Paris, France
| | | | - Nassima Bouzidi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Blond
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Stéphane Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | | | - Vasily Smirnov
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Ajoy Vincent
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elise Héon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France; CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Sennlaub
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Catherine W Morgans
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Robert M Duvoisin
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrei V Tkatchenko
- Oujiang Laboratory, Zhejiang Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health, Wenzhou, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serge Picaud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Huang Y, Chen X, Zhuang J, Yu K. The Role of Retinal Dysfunction in Myopia Development. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01309-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Marshall AT, Crewther SG. Osmotic gradients and transretinal water flow-a quantitative elemental microanalytical study of frozen hydrated chick eyes. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:975313. [PMID: 36353149 PMCID: PMC9639504 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.975313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Optical clarity and efficient phototransduction are necessary for optimal vision, however, how the associated processes of osmoregulation and continuous fluid drainage across the whole eye are achieved remains relatively unexplored. Hence, we have employed elemental microanalysis of planed surfaces of light-adapted bulk frozen-hydrated chick eyes to determine the unique intracellular elemental localization, compositions, and hydration states that contribute to maintaining osmotic gradients and water flow from the vitreous, across the retina, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), to choroid and sclera. As expected, the greatest difference in resultant osmotic concentration gradients, [calculated using the combined concentrations of sodium (Na) and potassium (K)] and tissue hydration [oxygen-defined water concentration], occurs in the outer retina and, in particular, in the RPE where the apical and basal membranes are characterized by numerous bioenergetically active, osmoregulating ion transport mechanisms, aquaporins, and chloride (Cl) channels. Our results also demonstrate that the high intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations in the apical region of the RPE are partially derived from the melanosomes. The inclusion of the ubiquitous osmolyte taurine to the calculation of the osmotic gradients suggests a more gradual increase in the osmotic transport of water from the vitreous into the ganglion cell layer across the inner retina to the outer segments of the photoreceptor/apical RPE region where the water gradient increases rapidly towards the basal membrane. Thus transretinal water is likely to cross the apical membrane from the retina into the RPE cells down the Na+ and K+ derived osmotic concentration gradient and leave the RPE for the choroid across the basal membrane down the Cl- derived osmotic concentration gradient that is sustained by the well-described bioenergetically active RPE ion transporters and channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan T. Marshall
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Environment, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sheila G. Crewther
- Department of Psychology and Counselling, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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10
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Li Y, Lu Y, Du K, Yin Y, Hu T, Fu Q, Zhang Y, Wen D, Wu X, Xia X. RNA-sequencing analysis reveals the long noncoding RNA profile in the mouse myopic retina. Front Genet 2022; 13:1014031. [PMID: 36313450 PMCID: PMC9606684 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1014031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Myopia is a prevalent public health problem. The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) mechanisms for dysregulated retinal signaling in the myopic eye have remained elusive. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profiles and possible pathogenic roles of lncRNAs in mouse form-deprived myopia (FDM) retinas. Methods: A mouse FDM model was induced and retinas from the FDM right eyes and the contralateral eyes were collected for RNA sequencing. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment, and lncRNA-mRNA coexpression network analyses were conducted to explore the biological functions of the differentially expressed lncRNAs. In addition, the levels of differentially expressed lncRNAs in the myopic retinas were validated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to detect the localization of lncRNAs in mouse retinas. Results: FDM eyes exhibited reduced refraction and increased ocular axial length compared to control fellow eyes. RNA sequencing revealed that there were 655 differentially expressed lncRNAs between the FDM and control retinas. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that the differentially expressed RNAs were mostly enriched in cellular processes, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, retinol metabolism, and rhythmic processes. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were validated by qRT-PCR. Additionally, RNA FISH showed that XR_384718.4 (Gm35369) localized in the ganglion cell (GCL) and inner nuclear layers (INL). Conclusion: This study identified the differential expression profiles of lncRNAs in myopic mouse retinas. Our results provide scientific evidence for investigations of myopia and the development of putative interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Li
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Lu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kaixuan Du
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yewei Yin
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tu Hu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuman Fu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yanni Zhang
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Wen
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoying Wu
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaobo Xia
- Eye Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Chen CW, Yao JY. RNA sequence analysis identified bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) as a biomarker underlying form deprivation myopia. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 30:101261. [PMID: 35494490 PMCID: PMC9043376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Form deprivation myopia (FDM) is an urgent public issue characterized by pathological changes, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear. The aim was to investigate bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) utilizing the pathogenesis of FDM. Material and methods Gene expression omnibus (GEO) database was used to analyze one mRNA profile (GSE89325) of FDM. Sixteen retina samples (8 FDM and 8 controls) were randomly divided into seven groups for differential gene expression analysis in R. software. The gene pathway and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis were performed by the DAVID and STRING databases. Cytoscape was used to draw the PPI network. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were determined to achieve gene annotation and visualization. Results A total of 18420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified associated with FDM. The only non-significant gene (BEND6) was separately analyzed between two groups. Thirteen hub genes were discovered, ACVR1, ACVR2A, ACVR2B, RGMB, BMPR2, BMPR1A, BMP2, BMPR1B, CHRD, PTH, PTH1R, PTHLH, and WNT9A. The expression alteration in FDM were mainly enriched in cytokine-cytokine, and neuroactive ligand receptor interaction pathways. BMP2 was the key gene in myopia progression. Conclusions Of clinical perspective, our findings reveal that expression of BMP2 as an underlying mechanism of FDM, providing an insight for therapeutic interventions. BMP2 is a novel biomarker of myopia. Neuroactive ligand receptor interaction has some potential clinical applications. Estimating gene changes could become one of methods for myopia prevention.
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12
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Hwangbo S, Lee S, Lee S, Hwang H, Kim I, Park T. Kernel-based hierarchical structural component models for pathway analysis. Bioinformatics 2022; 38:3078-3086. [PMID: 35460238 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btac276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Pathway analyses have led to more insight into the underlying biological functions related to the phenotype of interest in various types of omics data. Pathway-based statistical approaches have been actively developed, but most of them do not consider correlations among pathways. Because it is well known that there are quite a few biomarkers that overlap between pathways, these approaches may provide misleading results. In addition, most pathway-based approaches tend to assume that biomarkers within a pathway have linear associations with the phenotype of interest, even though the relationships are more complex. RESULTS To model complex effects including nonlinear effects, we propose a new approach, Hierarchical structural CoMponent analysis using Kernel (HisCoM-Kernel). The proposed method models nonlinear associations between biomarkers and phenotype by extending the kernel machine regression and analyzes entire pathways simultaneously by using the biomarker-pathway hierarchical structure. HisCoM-Kernel is a flexible model that can be applied to various omics data. It was successfully applied to three omics datasets generated by different technologies. Our simulation studies showed that HisCoM-Kernel provided higher statistical power than other existing pathway-based methods in all datasets. The application of HisCoM-Kernel to three types of omics dataset showed its superior performance compared to existing methods in identifying more biologically meaningful pathways, including those reported in previous studies. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Freely available at http://statgen.snu.ac.kr/software/HisCom-Kernel/. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhyun Hwangbo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea.,Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Sungyoung Lee
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Korea
| | - Seungyeoun Lee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sejong University, Sejong, 05006, Korea
| | - Heungsun Hwang
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24060, U.S.A
| | - Taesung Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea.,Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
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13
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Zhu Y, Bian JF, Lu DQ, To CH, Lam CSY, Li KK, Yu FJ, Gong BT, Wang Q, Ji XW, Zhang HM, Nian H, Lam TC, Wei RH. Alteration of EIF2 Signaling, Glycolysis, and Dopamine Secretion in Form-Deprived Myopia in Response to 1% Atropine Treatment: Evidence From Interactive iTRAQ-MS and SWATH-MS Proteomics Using a Guinea Pig Model. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:814814. [PMID: 35153787 PMCID: PMC8832150 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.814814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Atropine, a non-selective muscarinic antagonist, effectively slows down myopia progression in human adolescents and several animal models. However, the underlying molecular mechanism is unclear. The current study investigated retinal protein changes of form-deprived myopic (FDM) guinea pigs in response to topical administration of 1% atropine gel (10 g/L). Methods: At the first stage, the differentially expressed proteins were screened using fractionated isobaric tags for a relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) approach, coupled with nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS) (n = 24, 48 eyes) using a sample pooling technique. At the second stage, retinal tissues from another cohort with the same treatment (n = 12, 24 eyes) with significant ocular changes were subjected to label-free sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) proteomics for orthogonal protein target confirmation. The localization of Alpha-synuclein was verified using immunohistochemistry and confocal imaging. Results: A total of 1,695 proteins (8,875 peptides) were identified with 479 regulated proteins (FC ≥ 1.5 or ≤0.67) found from FDM eyes and atropine-treated eyes receiving 4-weeks drug treatment using iTRAQ-MS proteomics. Combining the iTRAQ-MS and SWATH-MS datasets, a total of 29 confident proteins at 1% FDR were consistently quantified and matched, comprising 12 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated proteins which differed between FDM eyes and atropine treated eyes (iTRAQ: FC ≥ 1.5 or ≤0.67, SWATH: FC ≥ 1.4 or ≤0.71, p-value of ≤0.05). Bioinformatics analysis using IPA and STRING databases of these commonly regulated proteins revealed the involvement of the three commonly significant pathways: EIF2 signaling; glycolysis; and dopamine secretion. Additionally, the most significantly regulated proteins were closely connected to Alpha-synuclein (SNCA). Using immunostaining (n = 3), SNCA was further confirmed in the inner margin of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and spread throughout the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina of guinea pigs. Conclusion: The molecular evidence using next-generation proteomics (NGP) revealed that retinal EIF2 signaling, glycolysis, and dopamine secretion through SNCA are implicated in atropine treatment of myopia in the FDM-induced guinea pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Fang Bian
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Da Qian Lu
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Ho To
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Carly Siu-Yin Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - King Kit Li
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng Juan Yu
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo Teng Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Wen Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Mei Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hong Nian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Thomas Chuen Lam
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Hua Wei, ; Thomas Chuen Lam,
| | - Rui Hua Wei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Hua Wei, ; Thomas Chuen Lam,
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Shan SSW, Wang PF, Cheung JKW, Yu F, Zheng H, Luo S, Yip SP, To CH, LAM C. Transcriptional profiling of the chick retina identifies down-regulation of VIP and UTS2B genes during early lens-induced myopia. Mol Omics 2022; 18:449-459. [DOI: 10.1039/d1mo00407g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression of the chick retina was examined during the early development of lens-induced myopia (LIM) using whole transcriptome sequencing. Monocular treatment of the right eyes with −10 diopter (D)...
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15
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Yang J, Ouyang X, Fu H, Hou X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Yu H, Wang G. Advances in biomedical study of the myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112472. [PMID: 34861634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia has become one of the most critical health problems in the world with the increasing time spent indoors and increasing close work. Pathological myopia may have multiple complications, such as myopic macular degeneration, retinal detachment, cataracts, open-angle glaucoma, and severe cases that can cause blindness. Mounting evidence suggests that the cause of myopia can be attributed to the complex interaction of environmental exposure and genetic susceptibility. An increasing number of researchers have focused on the genetic pathogenesis of myopia in recent years. Scleral remodeling and excessive axial elongating induced retina thinning and even retinal detachment are myopia's most important pathological manifestations. The related signaling pathways are indispensable in myopia occurrence and development, such as dopamine, nitric oxide, TGF-β, HIF-1α, etc. We review the current major and recent progress of biomedicine on myopia-related signaling pathways and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinli Ouyang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Hong Fu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xinyu Hou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China
| | - Yongfang Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Haiqun Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261031, China.
| | - Guohui Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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Riddell N, Murphy MJ, Crewther SG. Electroretinography and Gene Expression Measures Implicate Phototransduction and Metabolic Shifts in Chick Myopia and Hyperopia Models. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11060501. [PMID: 34072440 PMCID: PMC8228081 DOI: 10.3390/life11060501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Retinal Ion-Driven Fluid Efflux (RIDE) model theorizes that phototransduction-driven changes in trans-retinal ion and fluid transport underlie the development of myopia (short-sightedness). In support of this model, previous functional studies have identified the attenuation of outer retinal contributions to the global flash electroretinogram (gfERG) following weeks of myopia induction in chicks, while discovery-driven transcriptome studies have identified changes to the expression of ATP-driven ion transport and mitochondrial metabolism genes in the retina/RPE/choroid at the mid- to late-induction time-points. Less is known about the early time-points despite biometric analyses demonstrating changes in eye growth by 3 h in the chick lens defocus model. Thus, the present study compared gfERG and transcriptome profiles between 3 h and 3 days of negative lens-induced myopia and positive lens-induced hyperopia in chicks. Photoreceptor (a-wave and d-wave) and bipolar (b-wave and late-stage d-wave) cell responses were suppressed following negative lens-wear, particularly at the 3–4 h and 3-day time-points when active shifts in the rate of ocular growth were expected. Transcriptome measures revealed the up-regulation of oxidative phosphorylation genes following 6 h of negative lens-wear, concordant with previous reports at 2 days in this model. Signal transduction pathways, with core genes involved in glutamate and G-protein coupled receptor signalling, were down-regulated at 6 h. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence for the dysregulation of phototransduction and mitochondrial metabolism in animal models of myopia.
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