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Aldosari SM, AlOtaibi BM, Alblalaihid KS, Aldoihi SA, AlOgab KA, Alsaleh SS, Alshamary DO, Alanazi TH, Aldrees SD, Alshammari BA. Mechanical Recycling of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer in a Circular Economy. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1363. [PMID: 38794555 PMCID: PMC11124815 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review thoroughly investigates the mechanical recycling of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPCs), a critical area for sustainable material management. With CFRPC widely used in high-performance areas like aerospace, transportation, and energy, developing effective recycling methods is essential for tackling environmental and economic issues. Mechanical recycling stands out for its low energy consumption and minimal environmental impact. This paper reviews current mechanical recycling techniques, highlighting their benefits in terms of energy efficiency and material recovery, but also points out their challenges, such as the degradation of mechanical properties due to fiber damage and difficulties in achieving strong interfacial adhesion in recycled composites. A novel part of this review is the use of finite element analysis (FEA) to predict the behavior of recycled CFRPCs, showing the potential of recycled fibers to preserve structural integrity and performance. This review also emphasizes the need for more research to develop standardized mechanical recycling protocols for CFRPCs that enhance material properties, optimize recycling processes, and assess environmental impacts thoroughly. By combining experimental and numerical studies, this review identifies knowledge gaps and suggests future research directions. It aims to advance the development of sustainable, efficient, and economically viable CFRPC recycling methods. The insights from this review could significantly benefit the circular economy by reducing waste and enabling the reuse of valuable carbon fibers in new composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem M. Aldosari
- Innovation Parks, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
- Enhanced Composite and Structures Centre, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Bandar M. AlOtaibi
- Advanced Material Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (B.M.A.); (K.A.A.); (D.O.A.); (T.H.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Khalid S. Alblalaihid
- Institute of Space and Earth Science, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Saad A. Aldoihi
- Institute of Space and Earth Science, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (K.S.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Khaled A. AlOgab
- Advanced Material Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (B.M.A.); (K.A.A.); (D.O.A.); (T.H.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Sami S. Alsaleh
- Future Economy Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Dham O. Alshamary
- Advanced Material Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (B.M.A.); (K.A.A.); (D.O.A.); (T.H.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Thaar H. Alanazi
- Advanced Material Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (B.M.A.); (K.A.A.); (D.O.A.); (T.H.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Sami D. Aldrees
- Advanced Material Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (B.M.A.); (K.A.A.); (D.O.A.); (T.H.A.); (S.D.A.)
| | - Basheer A. Alshammari
- Advanced Material Technology Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia; (B.M.A.); (K.A.A.); (D.O.A.); (T.H.A.); (S.D.A.)
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Salas A, Berrio ME, Martel S, Díaz-Gómez A, Palacio DA, Tuninetti V, Medina C, Meléndrez MF. Towards recycling of waste carbon fiber: Strength, morphology and structural features of recovered carbon fibers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 165:59-69. [PMID: 37086657 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon fiber is one of the most widely used materials in high demand applications due to its high specific properties, however, its post-recycling properties limit its use to low performance applications. In this research, the carbon fiber recovering is examined using two methods: two-step pyrolysis and microwave-assisted thermolysis. The results indicate that the fibers recovered by pyrolysis show reduced surface and structural damage, maintaining the original mechanical properties of the fiber with losses below 5%. The fibers recovered by microwaves undergo significant surface changes that reduce their tensile strength by up to 60% and changes in their graphitic structure, increasing their degree of crystallinity by Raman index ID/IG from 1.98 to 2.86 and their amorphous degree by ID"/IG ratio from 0.411 to 1.599. Recovering fibers from microwave technique is 70% faster compared to two step pyrolysis, and provides recycled fibers with superior surface activation with the presence of polar functional groups -OH, -CO, and -CH that react with the epoxy matrix. The thermal, morphological, structural and mechanical characterizations of the recovered fibers detailed in this work provide valuable findings to evaluate their direct reuse in new composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salas
- Interdisciplinary Group of Applied Nanotechnology (GINA), Hybrid Materials Laboratory (HML), Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, 270 Edmundo Larenas, Box 160-C, Concepcion 4070409, Chile; Department of Mechanical Engineering (DIM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepción, 219 Edmundo Larenas, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
| | - M E Berrio
- Interdisciplinary Group of Applied Nanotechnology (GINA), Hybrid Materials Laboratory (HML), Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, 270 Edmundo Larenas, Box 160-C, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
| | - S Martel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (DIM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepción, 219 Edmundo Larenas, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
| | - A Díaz-Gómez
- Interdisciplinary Group of Applied Nanotechnology (GINA), Hybrid Materials Laboratory (HML), Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, 270 Edmundo Larenas, Box 160-C, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
| | - Daniel A Palacio
- Department of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - V Tuninetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de La Frontera, Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco 4780000, Chile.
| | - C Medina
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (DIM), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepción, 219 Edmundo Larenas, Concepcion 4070409, Chile
| | - M F Meléndrez
- Interdisciplinary Group of Applied Nanotechnology (GINA), Hybrid Materials Laboratory (HML), Department of Materials Engineering (DIMAT), Faculty of Engineering, University of Concepcion, 270 Edmundo Larenas, Box 160-C, Concepcion 4070409, Chile.
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Abstract
The efficient monitoring of the environment is currently gaining a continuous growing interest in view of finding solutions for the global pollution issues and their associated climate change. In this sense, two-dimensional (2D) materials appear as one of highly attractive routes for the development of efficient sensing devices due, in particular, to the interesting blend of their superlative properties. For instance, graphene (Gr) and graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 (g-CN) have specifically attracted great attention in several domains of sensing applications owing to their excellent electronic and physical-chemical properties. Despite the high potential they offer in the development and fabrication of high-performance gas-sensing devices, an exhaustive comparison between Gr and g-CN is not well established yet regarding their electronic properties and their sensing performances such as sensitivity and selectivity. Hence, this work aims at providing a state-of-the-art overview of the latest experimental advances in the fabrication, characterization, development, and implementation of these 2D materials in gas-sensing applications. Then, the reported results are compared to our numerical simulations using density functional theory carried out on the interactions of Gr and g-CN with some selected hazardous gases’ molecules such as NO2, CO2, and HF. Our findings conform with the superior performances of the g-CN regarding HF detection, while both g-CN and Gr show comparable detection performances for the remaining considered gases. This allows suggesting an outlook regarding the future use of these 2D materials as high-performance gas sensors.
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Butenegro JA, Bahrami M, Abenojar J, Martínez MÁ. Recent Progress in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers Recycling: A Review of Recycling Methods and Reuse of Carbon Fibers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:6401. [PMID: 34771926 PMCID: PMC8585427 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The rapid increase in the application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite materials represents a challenge to waste recycling. The circular economy approach coupled with the possibility of recovering carbon fibers from CFRP waste with similar properties to virgin carbon fibers at a much lower cost and with lower energy consumption motivate the study of CFRP recycling. Mechanical recycling methods allow the obtention of chopped composite materials, while both thermal and chemical recycling methods aim towards recovering carbon fibers. This review examines the three main recycling methods, their processes, and particularities, as well as the reuse of recycled carbon fibers in the manufacture of new composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Butenegro
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Mohsen Bahrami
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
| | - Juana Abenojar
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Alberto Aguilera 25, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez
- Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering Department, IAAB, University Carlos III Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Spain; (M.B.); (J.A.); (M.Á.M.)
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Salah N, Muhammad Alfawzan A, Allafi W, Alshahrie A, Al-Shawafi WM. Synthesis of carbon nanotubes using pre-sintered oil fly ash via a reproducible process with large-scale potential. Methods 2021; 199:37-53. [PMID: 34543747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil fly ash (OFA) is a byproduct generated by the burning of heavy crude oil in factories and power plants. Millions of tons of OFA is produced annually worldwide and is mostly treated as solid waste. Extensive efforts have been made to utilize OFA and reduce its environmental effects. Recently, OFA has been found to be a suitable catalyst and co-precursor for carbon nanotube (CNTs) production. However, the treatment methods used are expensive and time consuming. Here, we describe a new method for OFA treatment and provide optimized growth conditions for CNTs production. Pre-sintering of OFA at elevated temperatures (400-450 °C) in air or vacuum using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) tube furnace (80-100 min) is a very effective treatment method for CNTs growth under optimum growth conditions. The optimum parameters for CNTs growth were growth temperature, gas pressure, gas flow rate, and growth time. Well-defined, thin nanotubes with diameters of 20-40 nm were produced. Bamboo-like nanotubes with zigzag curved walls were also observed in the produced CNTs. The weight percentage of the produced CNTs was approximately twice that of the treated OFA. Consequently, the pre-sintering method exhibited suitability for the mass production of CNTs. Thus, large quantities of the nanomaterial can be supplied for use in various applications, e.g., polymer composites, the rubber industry, construction materials, and lubricant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Numan Salah
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Waleed Allafi
- SABIC Plastic Application Development Center, Riyadh 11551, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alshahrie
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed M Al-Shawafi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
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