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Ramhøj L, Svingen T, Evrard B, Chalmel F, Axelstad M. Two thyroperoxidase-inhibiting chemicals induce shared transcriptional changes in hippocampus of developing rats. Toxicology 2024; 505:153822. [PMID: 38685447 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) system disrupting compounds can impair brain development by perturbing TH action during critical life stages. Human exposure to TH system disrupting chemicals is therefore of great concern. To better protect humans against such chemicals, sensitive test methods that can detect effects on the developing brain are critical. Worryingly, however, current test methods are not sensitive and specific towards TH-mediated effects. To address this shortcoming, we performed RNA-sequencing of rat brains developmentally exposed to two different thyroperoxidase (TPO) inhibiting compounds, the medical drug methimazole (MMI) or the pesticide amitrole. Pregnant and lactating rats were exposed to 8 and 16 mg/kg/day(d) MMI or 25 and 50 mg/kg/d amitrole from gestational day 7 until postnatal day 16. Bulk-RNA-seq was performed on hippocampus from the 16-day old male pups. MMI and amitrole caused pronounced changes to the transcriptomes; 816 genes were differentially expressed, and 425 gene transcripts were similarly affected by both chemicals. Functional terms indicate effects from key cellular functions to changes in cell development, migration and differentiation of several cell populations. Of the total number of DEGs, 106 appeared to form a consistent transcriptional fingerprint of developmental hypothyroidism as they were similarly and dose-dependently expressed across all treatment groups. Using a filtering system, we identified 20 genes that appeared to represent the most sensitive, robust and dose-dependent markers of altered TH-mediated brain development. These markers provide inputs to the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework where they, in the context of linking TPO inhibiting compounds to adverse cognitive function, can be used to assess altered gene expression in the hippocampus in rat toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramhøj
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail), UMR_S 1085, Rennes, F-35000, France
| | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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2
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Opazo MC, Yañez O, Márquez-Miranda V, Santos J, Rojas M, Araya-Durán I, Aguayo D, Leal M, Duarte Y, Kohanoff J, González-Nilo FD. Increased Absorption of Thyroxine in a Murine Model of Hypothyroidism Using Water/CO 2 Nanobubbles. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5827. [PMID: 38892021 PMCID: PMC11172067 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) is a drug extensively utilized for the treatment of hypothyroidism. However, the oral absorption of T4 presents certain limitations. This research investigates the efficacy of CO2 nanobubbles in water as a potential oral carrier for T4 administration to C57BL/6 hypothyroid mice. Following 18 h of fasting, the formulation was administered to the mice, demonstrating that the combination of CO2 nanobubbles and T4 enhanced the drug's absorption in blood serum by approximately 40%. To comprehend this observation at a molecular level, we explored the interaction mechanism through which T4 engages with the CO2 nanobubbles, employing molecular simulations, semi-empirical quantum mechanics, and PMF calculations. Our simulations revealed a high affinity of T4 for the water-gas interface, driven by additive interactions between the hydrophobic region of T4 and the gas phase and electrostatic interactions of the polar groups of T4 with water at the water-gas interface. Concurrently, we observed that at the water-gas interface, the cluster of T4 formed in the water region disassembles, contributing to the drug's bioavailability. Furthermore, we examined how the gas within the nanobubbles aids in facilitating the drug's translocation through cell membranes. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of CO2 nanobubbles in drug absorption and subsequent release into the bloodstream. The findings suggest that utilizing CO2 nanobubbles could enhance T4 bioavailability and cell permeability, leading to more efficient transport into cells. Additional research opens the possibility of employing lower concentrations of this class of drugs, thereby potentially reducing the associated side effects due to poor absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Opazo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
- Laboratorio de Endocrino Inmunología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Osvaldo Yañez
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile;
| | - Valeria Márquez-Miranda
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile (M.R.)
| | - Johana Santos
- Laboratorio de Endocrino Inmunología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile;
| | - Maximiliano Rojas
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile (M.R.)
| | - Ingrid Araya-Durán
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile (M.R.)
| | - Daniel Aguayo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile (M.R.)
| | - Matías Leal
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Yorley Duarte
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile (M.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience of Valparaíso, Faculty of Science, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Jorge Kohanoff
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear “Guillermo Velarde”, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Fernando D. González-Nilo
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology (CBIB), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile (M.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neuroscience of Valparaíso, Faculty of Science, University of Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
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3
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Ramhøj L, Guyot R, Svingen T, Kortenkamp A, Flamant F, Axelstad M. Is periventricular heterotopia a useful endpoint for developmental thyroid hormone system disruption in mouse toxicity studies? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023:105445. [PMID: 37414127 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
In rats, hypothyroidism during fetal and neonatal development can disrupt neuronal migration and induce the formation of periventricular heterotopia in the brain. However, it remains uncertain if heterotopia also manifest in mice after developmental hypothyroidism and whether they could be used as a toxicological endpoint to detect TH-mediated effects caused by TH system disrupting chemicals. Here, we performed a mouse study where we induced severe hypothyroidism by exposing pregnant mice (n = 3) to a very high dose of propylthiouracil (PTU) (1500 ppm) in the diet. This, to obtain best chances of detecting heterotopia. We found what appears to be very small heterotopia in 4 out of the 8 PTU-exposed pups. Although the incidence rate could suggest some utility for this endpoint, the small size of the ectopic neuronal clusters at maximum hypothyroidism excludes the utility of heterotopia in mouse toxicity studies aimed to detect TH system disrupting chemicals. On the other hand, parvalbumin expression was manifestly lower in the cortex of hypothyroid mouse offspring demonstrating that offspring TH-deficiency caused an effect on the developing brain. Based on overall results, we conclude that heterotopia formation in mice is not a useful toxicological endpoint for examining TH-mediated developmental neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramhøj
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
| | - Romain Guyot
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Terje Svingen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, CNRS UMR 5242, INRAE USC 1370 Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 46 allée d'Italie, 69364, Lyon, France
| | - Marta Axelstad
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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4
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Ren J, Flamant F. Thyroid hormone as a temporal switch in mouse development. Eur Thyroid J 2023; 12:e220225. [PMID: 36715693 PMCID: PMC10083660 DOI: 10.1530/etj-22-0225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are known to trigger metamorphosis in an amphibian. This review discusses the hypothesis according to which they act in a similar manner to synchronize the post-natal development of mice, using brain, brown adipose tissue, and heart as examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ren
- ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Flamant
- ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Hipólito LTM, Batista TH, Dos Anjos-Garcia T, Giusti-Paiva A, Vilela FC. Methimazole-induced gestational hypothyroidism affects the offspring development and differently impairs the conditioned fear in male and female adulthood rodents. Int J Dev Neurosci 2023; 83:108-120. [PMID: 36445265 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gestational hypothyroidism is a prevalent disorder in pregnant women and also impairs fetal development with relevant outcomes. One of the outcomes of greatest interest has been rodent fear- and anxiety-like behavior. However, the relationship between maternal hypothyroidism and onset of conditioned fear-related responses in offspring remains controversial. Here, we used a well-validated methimazole-induced gestational hypothyroidism to investigate the behavioral consequences in offspring. Dams were treated with methimazole at 0.02% in drinking water up to gestational Day 9. Maternal body weights and maternal behavior were evaluated, and the puppies ware analyzed for weight gain and physical/behavioral development and assigned for the open field and fear conditioning test. Methimazole-induced gestational hypothyroidism induced loss in maternal and litter weight, increases in maternal behavior, and impairs in offspring developmental landmarks in both male and female rodents. Only male offspring enhanced responsiveness to conditioned fear-like behavior in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laísa T M Hipólito
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tatiane H Batista
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Tayllon Dos Anjos-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Giusti-Paiva
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação Multicêntrico em Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Fabiana C Vilela
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências Aplicadas à Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, Brazil
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6
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Gibel-Russo R, Benacom D, Di Nardo AA. Non-Cell-Autonomous Factors Implicated in Parvalbumin Interneuron Maturation and Critical Periods. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:875873. [PMID: 35601531 PMCID: PMC9115720 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.875873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
From birth to adolescence, the brain adapts to its environmental stimuli through structural and functional remodeling of neural circuits during critical periods of heightened plasticity. They occur across modalities for proper sensory, motor, linguistic, and cognitive development. If they are disrupted by early-life adverse experiences or genetic deficiencies, lasting consequences include behavioral changes, physiological and cognitive deficits, or psychiatric illness. Critical period timing is orchestrated not only by appropriate neural activity but also by a multitude of signals that participate in the maturation of fast-spiking parvalbumin interneurons and the consolidation of neural circuits. In this review, we describe the various signaling factors that initiate critical period onset, such as BDNF, SPARCL1, or OTX2, which originate either from local neurons or glial cells or from extracortical sources such as the choroid plexus. Critical period closure is established by signals that modulate extracellular matrix and myelination, while timing and plasticity can also be influenced by circadian rhythms and by hormones and corticosteroids that affect brain oxidative stress levels or immune response. Molecular outcomes include lasting epigenetic changes which themselves can be considered signals that shape downstream cross-modal critical periods. Comprehensive knowledge of how these signals and signaling factors interplay to influence neural mechanisms will help provide an inclusive perspective on the effects of early adversity and developmental defects that permanently change perception and behavior.
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7
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Fang Y, Dang P, Liang Y, Zhao D, Wang R, Xi Y, Zhang D, Wang W, Shan Z, Teng W, Teng X. Histological, functional and transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile hippocampus in a mouse model of thyroid hormone resistance. Eur Thyroid J 2022; 11:e210097. [PMID: 35262510 PMCID: PMC9066571 DOI: 10.1530/etj-21-0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proper thyroid hormone signaling via the TRα1 nuclear receptor is required for normal neurodevelopmental processes. The specific downstream mechanisms mediated by TRα1 that impact brain development remain to be investigated. METHODS In this study, the structure, function and transcriptome of hippocampal tissue in a mouse model expressing the first RTHα mutation discovered in a patient, THRA E403X, were analyzed. RNAscope was used to visualize the spatial and temporal expression of Thra1 mRNA in the hippocampus of WT mice, which is corresponding to THRA1 mRNA in humans. The morphological structure was analyzed by Nissl staining, and the synaptic transmission was analyzed on the basis of long-term potentiation. The Morris water maze test and the zero maze test were used to evaluate the behavior. RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of the hippocampal tissues in the mouse model expressing the Thra E403X mutation. RESULTS The juvenile mutant Thra E403X mice presented with delayed neuronal migration, disordered neuronal distribution, and decreased synaptic plasticity. A total of 754 DEGs, including 361 upregulated genes and 393 downregulated genes, were identified by RNA-seq. DEG-enriched Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways were associated with PI3K-Akt signaling, ECM-receptor interaction, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and a range of immune-related pathways. 25 DEGs were validated by qPCR. CONCLUSIONS The ThraE403X mutation results in histological and functional abnormalities, as well as transcriptomic alterations in the juvenile mouse hippocampus. This study of the ThraE403X mutant offers new insights into the biological cause of RTHα-associated neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pingping Dang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Defa Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ranran Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyan Shan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiping Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Teng:
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrine, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence should be addressed to X Teng:
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8
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Lindlöf A. The Vulnerability of the Developing Brain: Analysis of Highly Expressed Genes in Infant C57BL/6 Mouse Hippocampus in Relation to Phenotypic Annotation Derived From Mutational Studies. Bioinform Biol Insights 2022; 16:11779322211062722. [PMID: 35023907 PMCID: PMC8743926 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211062722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus has been shown to have a major role in learning and memory, but also to participate in the regulation of emotions. However, its specific role(s) in memory is still unclear. Hippocampal damage or dysfunction mainly results in memory issues, especially in the declarative memory but, in animal studies, has also shown to lead to hyperactivity and difficulty in inhibiting responses previously taught. The brain structure is affected in neuropathological disorders, such as Alzheimer's, epilepsy, and schizophrenia, and also by depression and stress. The hippocampus structure is far from mature at birth and undergoes substantial development throughout infant and juvenile life. The aim of this study was to survey genes highly expressed throughout the postnatal period in mouse hippocampus and which have also been linked to an abnormal phenotype through mutational studies to achieve a greater understanding about hippocampal functions during postnatal development. Publicly available gene expression data from C57BL/6 mouse hippocampus was analyzed; from a total of 5 time points (at postnatal day 1, 10, 15, 21, and 30), 547 genes highly expressed in all of these time points were selected for analysis. Highly expressed genes are considered to be of potential biological importance and appear to be multifunctional, and hence any dysfunction in such a gene will most likely have a large impact on the development of abilities during the postnatal and juvenile period. Phenotypic annotation data downloaded from Mouse Genomic Informatics database were analyzed for these genes, and the results showed that many of them are important for proper embryo development and infant survival, proper growth, and increase in body size, as well as for voluntary movement functions, motor coordination, and balance. The results also indicated an association with seizures that have primarily been characterized by uncontrolled motor activity and the development of proper grooming abilities. The complete list of genes and their phenotypic annotation data have been compiled in a file for easy access.
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9
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Uchida K, Suzuki M. Congenital Hypothyroidism and Brain Development: Association With Other Psychiatric Disorders. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:772382. [PMID: 34955723 PMCID: PMC8695682 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.772382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones play an important role in brain development, and thyroid hormone insufficiency during the perinatal period results in severe developmental delays. Perinatal thyroid hormone deficiency is clinically known as congenital hypothyroidism, which is caused by dysgenesis of the thyroid gland or low iodine intake. If the disorder is not diagnosed or not treated early, the neuronal architecture is perturbed by thyroid hormone insufficiency, and neuropathological findings, such as abnormal synapse formation, defects in neuronal migration, and impairment of myelination, are observed in the brains of such patients. Furthermore, the expression of psychiatric disorder-related molecules, especially parvalbumin, is significantly decreased by thyroid hormone insufficiency during the perinatal period. Animal experiments using hypothyroidism models display decreased parvalbumin expression and abnormal brain architecture, and these experimental results show reproducibility and stability. These basic studies reinforce the results of epidemiological studies, suggesting the relevance of thyroid dysfunction in psychiatric disorders. In this review, we discuss the disruption of brain function associated with congenital hypothyroidism from the perspective of basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuya Uchida
- Laboratory of Information Biology, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mao Suzuki
- Laboratory of Biomodeling, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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10
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Ramhøj L, Svingen T, Frädrich C, Rijntjes E, Wirth EK, Pedersen K, Köhrle J, Axelstad M. Perinatal exposure to the thyroperoxidase inhibitors methimazole and amitrole perturbs thyroid hormone system signaling and alters motor activity in rat offspring. Toxicol Lett 2021; 354:44-55. [PMID: 34757178 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of the thyroid hormone system during development can impair brain development and cause irreversible damage. Some thyroid hormone system disruptors act by inhibiting the thyroperoxidase (TPO) enzyme, which is key to thyroid hormone synthesis. For the potent TPO-inhibiting drug propylthiouracil (PTU) this has been shown to result in thyroid hormone system disruption and altered brain development in animal studies. However, an outstanding question is which chemicals beside PTU can cause similar effects on brain development and to what degree thyroid hormone insufficiency must be induced to be able to measure adverse effects in rats and their offspring. To start answering these questions, we performed a perinatal exposure study in pregnant rats with two TPO-inhibitors: the drug methimazole (MMI) and the triazole herbicide amitrole. The study involved maternal exposure from gestational day 7 through to postnatal day 22, to MMI (8 and 16 mg/kg body weight/day) or amitrole (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight/day). Both MMI and amitrole reduced serum T4 concentrations in a dose-dependent manner in dams and offspring, with a strong activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. This reduction in serum T4 led to decreased thyroid hormone-mediated gene expression in the offspring's brains and caused adverse effects on brain function, seen as hyperactivity and decreased habituation in preweaning pups. These dose-dependent effects induced by MMI and amitrole are largely the same as those observed with PTU. This demonstrates that potent TPO-inhibitors can induce effects on brain development in rats and that these effects are driven by T4 deficiency. This knowledge will aid the identification of TPO-inhibiting thyroid hormone system disruptors in a regulatory context and can serve as a starting point in search of more sensitive markers of developmental thyroid hormone system disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ramhøj
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Caroline Frädrich
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism and Charité Center for Cardiovascular Research, 10115, Berlin, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrine Pedersen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Axelstad
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark.
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Schiera G, Di Liegro CM, Di Liegro I. Involvement of Thyroid Hormones in Brain Development and Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2693. [PMID: 34070729 PMCID: PMC8197921 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and maturation of the mammalian brain are regulated by thyroid hormones (THs). Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism cause serious anomalies in the organization and function of the nervous system. Most importantly, brain development is sensitive to TH supply well before the onset of the fetal thyroid function, and thus depends on the trans-placental transfer of maternal THs during pregnancy. Although the mechanism of action of THs mainly involves direct regulation of gene expression (genomic effects), mediated by nuclear receptors (THRs), it is now clear that THs can elicit cell responses also by binding to plasma membrane sites (non-genomic effects). Genomic and non-genomic effects of THs cooperate in modeling chromatin organization and function, thus controlling proliferation, maturation, and metabolism of the nervous system. However, the complex interplay of THs with their targets has also been suggested to impact cancer proliferation as well as metastatic processes. Herein, after discussing the general mechanisms of action of THs and their physiological effects on the nervous system, we will summarize a collection of data showing that thyroid hormone levels might influence cancer proliferation and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche) (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (G.S.); (C.M.D.L.)
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics (Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Neuroscienze e Diagnostica avanzata) (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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