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Van der Valk Bouman ES, Becker AS, Schaap J, Berghman M, Oude Groeniger J, Van Groeningen M, Vandenberg F, Geensen R, Jeekel J, Klimek M. The impact of different music genres on pain tolerance: emphasizing the significance of individual music genre preferences. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21798. [PMID: 39294266 PMCID: PMC11411120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72882-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Music is a promising (adjunctive) treatment for both acute and chronic pain, reducing the need for pharmacological analgesics and their side effects. Yet, little is known about the effect of different types of music. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of five music genres (Urban, Electronic, Classical, Rock and Pop) on pain tolerance. In this parallel randomized experimental study, we conducted a cold pressor test in healthy volunteers (n = 548). The primary outcome was pain tolerance, measured in seconds. No objective (tolerance time) or subjective (pain intensity and unpleasantness) differences were found among the five genres. Multinomial logistic regression showed that overall genre preference positively influenced pain tolerance. In contrast, the music genres that participants thought would help for pain relief did not. Our study was the first to investigate pain tolerance at genre level and in the context of genre preference without self-selecting music. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that listening to a favored music genre has a significant positive influence on pain tolerance, irrespective of the kind of genre. Our results emphasize the importance of individual music (genre) preference when looking at the analgesic benefits of music. This should be considered when implementing music in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emy S Van der Valk Bouman
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Antonia S Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands.
| | - Julian Schaap
- Department of Arts and Culture Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michaël Berghman
- Department of Arts and Culture Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Merle Van Groeningen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Vandenberg
- Faculty of Arts, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roos Geensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Jeekel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Dr. Molenwaterplein 40, Rotterdam, 3015 GD, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Klimek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Xu L, Xu B, Sun Z, Li H. Associations between lyric and musical depth in Chinese songs: Evidence from computational modeling. Psych J 2024. [PMID: 38898366 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Musical depth, which encompasses the intellectual and emotional complexity of music, is a robust dimension that influences music preference. However, there remains a dearth of research exploring the relationship between lyrics and musical depth. This study addressed this gap by analyzing linguistic inquiry and word count-based lyric features extracted from a comprehensive dataset of 2372 Chinese songs. Correlation analysis and machine learning techniques revealed compelling connections between musical depth and various lyric features, such as the usage frequency of emotion words, time words, and insight words. To further investigate these relationships, prediction models for musical depth were constructed using a combination of audio and lyric features as inputs. The results demonstrated that the random forest regressions (RFR) that integrated both audio and lyric features yielded superior prediction performance compared to those relying solely on lyric inputs. Notably, when assessing the feature importance to interpret the RFR models, it became evident that audio features played a decisive role in predicting musical depth. This finding highlights the paramount significance of melody over lyrics in effectively conveying the intricacies of musical depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingfei Xu
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaoyi Sun
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongting Li
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Becker AS, van der Valk Bouman ES, Schaap J, de Vos CC, van Eijck K, Jeekel H, Klimek M. A multidisciplinary approach on music induced-analgesia differentiated by socio-cultural background in healthy volunteers (MOSART): A cross-over randomized controlled trial protocol. Contemp Clin Trials Commun 2024; 39:101313. [PMID: 38881543 PMCID: PMC11179059 DOI: 10.1016/j.conctc.2024.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Integrating music into pain treatment demonstrates significant benefits, effectively reducing subjective pain levels and perioperative opioid requirements. Currently, the relationship between the impact of specific types of music and listeners' socio-cultural background is still unclear. This is especially relevant given that sociological research indicates that these factors can have a notable influence on music preference and perception. Current evidence suggests that individuals who choose their own music may experience greater benefits. However, additional research is needed to comprehensively grasp whether the effect of (preferred) music on pain endurance remains consistent across different socio-cultural backgrounds. Methods In this study, a collaborative effort between medical and sociological researchers aims to investigate music-induced analgesia differentiated by socio-cultural background in healthy volunteers. Participants (n = 84) will listen to self-, and researcher-chosen music and a podcast as a control condition in a cross-over study design. The primary outcome of this study is pain endurance measured by electric stimuli of increasing intensity. Detailed sociological validated questionnaires will be utilized. Considering the notable influence of educational level on music taste formation found in previous research and its crucial role as a source of socio-cultural differentiation, participants will be stratified based on their level of education. Discussion This experimental study represents one of the first efforts to gain a socio-culturally differentiated understanding of the therapeutic potential of music. Consequently, this could pave the way to purposefully and inclusively implement personalized music in healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia S Becker
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Julian Schaap
- Department of Arts and Culture Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cecile C de Vos
- Centre for Pain Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Koen van Eijck
- Department of Arts and Culture Studies, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Jeekel
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Klimek
- Department of Anesthesiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Tola YO, Lawal MA, Johnson EO, Phiri PG, Iloba NG, Lawal AO, Liang W, Chow KM. Development, Feasibility, and Preliminary Effects of a Hybrid-Mode Multicomponent Music Intervention for Women Undergoing Mastectomy. Cancer Nurs 2023:00002820-990000000-00190. [PMID: 37976121 DOI: 10.1097/ncc.0000000000001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Music listening interventions have been used to manage preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain in women undergoing breast cancer (BC) using face-to-face mode and music that was relevant to the patients' culture; however, the interventions were not underpinned by any theories. OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility and preliminary effects of a theory-driven multicomponent music intervention on preoperative and postoperative patient outcomes in African women with BC undergoing mastectomy. METHODS This study was a multicenter, single-blind randomized controlled trial with qualitative interview. A total of 36 women scheduled to undergo mastectomy were recruited from Nigeria and Malawi and randomly assigned to either the intervention group or the control group. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed rank tests, whereas qualitative data were analyzed using the inductive approach. RESULTS The multicomponent music intervention was effective in reducing participants' preoperative anxiety and enhancing satisfaction with care on the day of surgery, reducing postoperative pain at 24 and 48 hours after surgery, and reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 48 hours after surgery. The qualitative data corroborated these findings. CONCLUSION The study's findings indicated that the theory-driven multicomponent music intervention was feasible, acceptable, and effective in reducing preoperative anxiety and postoperative pain, optimizing vital signs, and enhancing satisfaction with care among African women with BC undergoing mastectomy. IMPLICATION FOR PRACTICE The study's findings indicate that nurses in clinical settings can integrate the intervention into the plan of care of women with BC beginning with their surgery booking visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yetunde Oluwafunmilayo Tola
- Author Affiliations: School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada (Dr Tola); The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Drs Tola and Chow); Institute of Nursing Research, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria (Dr Tola); Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (Dr Iloba and Mr Lawal); and Lagos University Hospital (Dr Lawal and Ms Johnson), Nigeria; Institute of Applied Technology, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Al Maqam, Al Ain Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (Dr Phiri); and School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China (Dr Wei)
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Rohaj A, Bulaj G. Digital Therapeutics (DTx) Expand Multimodal Treatment Options for Chronic Low Back Pain: The Nexus of Precision Medicine, Patient Education, and Public Health. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1469. [PMID: 37239755 PMCID: PMC10218553 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Digital therapeutics (DTx, software as a medical device) provide personalized treatments for chronic diseases and expand precision medicine beyond pharmacogenomics-based pharmacotherapies. In this perspective article, we describe how DTx for chronic low back pain (CLBP) can be integrated with pharmaceutical drugs (e.g., NSAIDs, opioids), physical therapy (PT), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and patient empowerment. An example of an FDA-authorized DTx for CLBP is RelieVRx, a prescription virtual reality (VR) app that reduces pain severity as an adjunct treatment for moderate to severe low back pain. RelieVRx is an immersive VR system that delivers at-home pain management modalities, including relaxation, self-awareness, pain distraction, guided breathing, and patient education. The mechanism of action of DTx is aligned with recommendations from the American College of Physicians to use non-pharmacological modalities as the first-line therapy for CLBP. Herein, we discuss how DTx can provide multimodal therapy options integrating conventional treatments with exposome-responsive, just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAI). Given the flexibility of software-based therapies to accommodate diverse digital content, we also suggest that music-induced analgesia can increase the clinical effectiveness of digital interventions for chronic pain. DTx offers opportunities to simultaneously address the chronic pain crisis and opioid epidemic while supporting patients and healthcare providers to improve therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Rohaj
- The Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Grzegorz Bulaj
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, L.S. Skaggs College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Rodgers-Melnick SN, Rivard RL, Block S, Dusek JA. Clinical Delivery and Effectiveness of Music Therapy in Hematology and Oncology: An EMMPIRE Retrospective Study. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221142538. [PMID: 36510393 PMCID: PMC9751180 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221142538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Music therapy (MT) has been shown to improve outcomes for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and patients with hematologic and/or oncologic conditions excluding SCD (HemOnc) in prior randomized trials. While few studies have described the clinical delivery (ie, volume, clinical settings, patient characteristics, referrals, and session characteristics) of MT and examined its real-world effectiveness, no studies have compared responses between hematology/oncology populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical delivery and effectiveness of MT at a freestanding academic cancer center and compare the effectiveness of MT on pain, anxiety, and fatigue between adult patients in the HemOnc and SCD groups. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of all MT sessions provided at a freestanding academic cancer center between January 2017 and July 2020. The unadjusted single-session effects of MT on pain, anxiety, and fatigue were assessed among patients reporting symptoms ≥1 out of 10 on a 0 to 10 scale. Adjustments were made for multiple sessions on the same patient using a mixed model to compare pre-session and change scores between the HemOnc and SCD groups. Patients' comments were analyzed using conventional qualitative content analysis. RESULTS Music therapists provided 4002 sessions to 1152 patients including 1012 in the HemOnc group and 140 in the SCD group. In the combined sample, statistically significant reductions in pain (1.48 units), anxiety (2.58 units), and fatigue (0.84 units) were observed, with changes in pain and anxiety exceeding clinically significant thresholds. After adjustment, the SCD group reported significantly greater pre-session pain (7.22 vs 5.81) and anxiety (6.11 vs 5.17) as well as greater anxiety reduction (2.89 vs 2.23) than the HemOnc group. Patients' comments contained themes including enjoyment, gratitude, and improvements in mood, pain, and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS This study supports the delivery and clinical effectiveness of MT for addressing the needs of patients throughout their course of treatment at an academic cancer center and justifies the inclusion of individuals with SCD within integrative oncology services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel N. Rodgers-Melnick
- University Hospitals Connor Whole Health, Cleveland, OH, USA,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA,Samuel N. Rodgers-Melnick, University Hospitals Connor Whole Health, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Rachael L. Rivard
- University Hospitals Connor Whole Health, Cleveland, OH, USA,HealthPartners Institute, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Seneca Block
- University Hospitals Connor Whole Health, Cleveland, OH, USA,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jeffery A. Dusek
- University Hospitals Connor Whole Health, Cleveland, OH, USA,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Lad D, Wilkins A, Johnstone E, Vuong QC. Feeling the music: The feel and sound of songs attenuate pain. Br J Pain 2022; 16:518-527. [PMID: 36389008 PMCID: PMC9644099 DOI: 10.1177/20494637221097786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive research has demonstrated that music and touch can separately attenuate perceived pain intensity. However, little research has investigated how auditory and tactile stimulation can synergistically enhance pain attenuation by music. In the current study, we investigated whether tactile stimulation can enhance music-induced analgesia for noxious force stimulation on the fingertip. METHODS We systematically applied force to 34 listeners' fingertips to induce pain. We then compared the force measurement (in Newton) that gave rise to the same perceived moderate pain intensity when listeners were presented their self-selected liked or disliked song with auditory-only, tactile-only and auditory-tactile stimulation. Higher force indicated less perceived pain. The tactile stimulation were low-frequency modulations extracted from the songs and presented as vibrations on the wrist. RESULTS The results showed a significant interaction between song preference and stimulation condition. Listeners had higher force measurements at the same moderate pain for their liked compared to disliked song only in the auditory-tactile condition. They also had higher force measurements for their liked song with auditory-tactile stimulation compared to the other remaining conditions except for the liked song with auditory-only stimulation. CONCLUSIONS The addition of tactile stimulation enhanced music-induced analgesia which reduced subjective pain intensity. The findings suggest that combined auditory and tactile stimulation may increase the affective content of self-selected preferred music, which may stimulate affective and motivation mechanisms which inhibit pain transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhillon Lad
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Wilkins
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Emma Johnstone
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Quoc C Vuong
- School of Psychology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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Howlin C, Stapleton A, Rooney B. Tune out pain: Agency and active engagement predict decreases in pain intensity after music listening. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271329. [PMID: 35921262 PMCID: PMC9348657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Music is increasingly being recognised as an adjuvant treatment for pain management. Music can help to decrease the experience of both chronic and experimental pain. Cognitive agency has been identified as a specific mechanism that may mediate the analgesic benefits of music engagement however, it is unclear if this specific mechanism translates to acute pain. Previous attempts to understand the cognitive mechanisms that underpin music analgesia have been predominantly lab-based, limiting the extent to which observed effects may apply to participants’ everyday lives. Addressing these gaps, in naturalistic settings, the present study examined the degree to which cognitive agency (i.e., perceived choice in music), music features (i.e., complexity), and individual levels of musical sophistication were related to perceived pain. In an online global experiment, using a randomised between groups experimental design with two levels for choice (no choice and perceived choice) and two levels for music (high and low complexity), a sample of 286 adults experiencing acute pain reported their pain intensity and pain unpleasantness pre- and post-music listening. A bespoke piece of music was co-created with a commercial artist to enable the manipulation of music complexity while controlling for familiarity, while facilitating an authentic music listening experience. Overall, findings demonstrated that increased perceived control over music is associated with analgesic benefits, and that perceived choice is more important than music complexity. Highlighting the importance of listener engagement, people who reported higher levels of active engagement experienced greater decreases of pain intensity in the perceived choice condition, than those who reported lower levels of active engagement. These findings have implications for both research and practice, emphasising the importance of facilitating freedom of choice, and sustained engagement with music throughout music listening interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Howlin
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology School of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alison Stapleton
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Rooney
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Sihvonen AJ, Pitkäniemi A, Särkämö T, Soinila S. Isn't There Room for Music in Chronic Pain Management? THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:1143-1150. [PMID: 35124251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain with its comorbidities, such as depression, insomnia, and social deprivation, is a major cause of disability and health-economic burden. Insufficient response to pain medication and potentially serious adverse effects have led the majority of chronic pain patients to seek relief from non-pharmacological remedies. Along with this trend, pain research has paid increasing interest in critical evaluation of various complementary treatments. Music-based treatments have emerged as an efficacious and safe means to enhance the management of acute and chronic pain. We review the current position of music-based interventions in the treatment of chronic pain and present explanations for the analgesic effects of music through modulation of the primary nociception and discuss the contribution of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system to the affective component of pain perception. We propose ways to translate the novel theoretical understanding into clinical practice in different health care settings, primary health care in particular, and discuss the preconditions of successful implementation. We argue that music interventions provide low-cost, easily applicable complementary pain treatments not requiring heavy utilization of health care resources. Finally, we provide research and quality improvement frameworks and make suggestions to cover the gaps of existing evidence. PERSPECTIVE: This article addresses the current evidence for analgesic effects of music interventions, discusses its neurobiological basis and evaluates potential use of music in treating chronic pain patients in different health care settings. We also propose directions for future research to cover shortages in the currently published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi J Sihvonen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| | - Anni Pitkäniemi
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teppo Särkämö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Soinila
- Neurocenter, Turku University Hospital and Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Turku, Finland
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