1
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Aktürk Ş, Mapelli I, Güler MN, Gürün K, Katırcıoğlu B, Vural KB, Sağlıcan E, Çetin M, Yaka R, Sürer E, Atağ G, Çokoğlu SS, Sevkar A, Altınışık NE, Koptekin D, Somel M. Benchmarking kinship estimation tools for ancient genomes using pedigree simulations. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13960. [PMID: 38676702 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
There is growing interest in uncovering genetic kinship patterns in past societies using low-coverage palaeogenomes. Here, we benchmark four tools for kinship estimation with such data: lcMLkin, NgsRelate, KIN, and READ, which differ in their input, IBD estimation methods, and statistical approaches. We used pedigree and ancient genome sequence simulations to evaluate these tools when only a limited number (1 to 50 K, with minor allele frequency ≥0.01) of shared SNPs are available. The performance of all four tools was comparable using ≥20 K SNPs. We found that first-degree related pairs can be accurately classified even with 1 K SNPs, with 85% F1 scores using READ and 96% using NgsRelate or lcMLkin. Distinguishing third-degree relatives from unrelated pairs or second-degree relatives was also possible with high accuracy (F1 > 90%) with 5 K SNPs using NgsRelate and lcMLkin, while READ and KIN showed lower success (69 and 79% respectively). Meanwhile, noise in population allele frequencies and inbreeding (first-cousin mating) led to deviations in kinship coefficients, with different sensitivities across tools. We conclude that using multiple tools in parallel might be an effective approach to achieve robust estimates on ultra-low-coverage genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şevval Aktürk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Igor Mapelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve N Güler
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kanat Gürün
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Büşra Katırcıoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kıvılcım Başak Vural
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekin Sağlıcan
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çetin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Reyhan Yaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elif Sürer
- Department of Modeling and Simulation, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Atağ
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevim Seda Çokoğlu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Sevkar
- Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Ezgi Altınışık
- Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Koptekin
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Somel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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2
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Caduff M, Eckel R, Leuenberger C, Wegmann D. Accurate Bayesian inference of sex chromosome karyotypes and sex-linked scaffolds from low-depth sequencing data. Mol Ecol Resour 2024; 24:e13913. [PMID: 38173222 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The identification of sex-linked scaffolds and the genetic sex of individuals, i.e. their sex karyotype, is a fundamental step in population genomic studies. If sex-linked scaffolds are known, single individuals may be sexed based on read counts of next-generation sequencing data. If both sex-linked scaffolds as well as sex karyotypes are unknown, as is often the case for non-model organisms, they have to be jointly inferred. For both cases, current methods rely on arbitrary thresholds, which limits their power for low-depth data. In addition, most current methods are limited to euploid sex karyotypes (XX and XY). Here we develop BeXY, a fully Bayesian method to jointly infer the posterior probabilities for each scaffold to be autosomal, X- or Y-linked and for each individual to be any of the sex karyotypes XX, XY, X0, XXX, XXY, XYY and XXYY. If the sex-linked scaffolds are known, it also identifies autosomal trisomies and estimates the sex karyotype posterior probabilities for single individuals. As we show with downsampling experiments, BeXY has higher power than all existing methods. It accurately infers the sex karyotype of ancient human samples with as few as 20,000 reads and accurately infers sex-linked scaffolds from data sets of just a handful of samples or with highly imbalanced sex ratios, also in the case of low-quality reference assemblies. We illustrate the power of BeXY by applying it to both whole-genome shotgun and target enrichment sequencing data of ancient and modern humans, as well as several non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madleina Caduff
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Eckel
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Leuenberger
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Wegmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Fribourg, Switzerland
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3
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Penske S, Küßner M, Rohrlach AB, Knipper C, Nováček J, Childebayeva A, Krause J, Haak W. Kinship practices at the early bronze age site of Leubingen in Central Germany. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3871. [PMID: 38365887 PMCID: PMC10873355 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54462-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
With the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe ~ 2200 BC, a regional and supra-regional hierarchical social organization emerged with few individuals in positions of power (chiefs), set apart by rich graves with extensive burial constructions. However, the social organization and stratification within the majority of people, who represent the non-elite, remain unclear. Here, we present genome-wide data of 46 individuals from the Early Bronze Age burial ground of Leubingen in today's Germany, integrating archaeological, genetic and strontium isotope data to gain new insights into Early Bronze Age societies. We were able to reconstruct five pedigrees which constitute the members of close biological kinship groups (parents and their offspring), and also identify individuals who are not related to individuals buried at the site. Based on combined lines of evidence, we observe that the kinship structure of the burial community was predominantly patrilineal/virilocal involving female exogamy. Further, we detect a difference in the amount of grave goods among the individuals buried at Leubingen based on genetic sex, age at death and locality but see no difference in the types of grave goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423, Weimar, Germany.
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Corina Knipper
- Curt-Engelhorn-Zentrum Archäometrie gGmbH, 68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, 99423, Weimar, Germany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ainash Childebayeva
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66045, USA
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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4
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Mallick S, Micco A, Mah M, Ringbauer H, Lazaridis I, Olalde I, Patterson N, Reich D. The Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR) a curated compendium of ancient human genomes. Sci Data 2024; 11:182. [PMID: 38341426 PMCID: PMC10858950 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03031-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
More than two hundred papers have reported genome-wide data from ancient humans. While the raw data for the vast majority are fully publicly available testifying to the commitment of the paleogenomics community to open data, formats for both raw data and meta-data differ. There is thus a need for uniform curation and a centralized, version-controlled compendium that researchers can download, analyze, and reference. Since 2019, we have been maintaining the Allen Ancient DNA Resource (AADR), which aims to provide an up-to-date, curated version of the world's published ancient human DNA data, represented at more than a million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at which almost all ancient individuals have been assayed. The AADR has gone through six public releases at the time of writing and review of this manuscript, and crossed the threshold of >10,000 individuals with published genome-wide ancient DNA data at the end of 2022. This note is intended as a citable descriptor of the AADR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan Mallick
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Adam Micco
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Mah
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Iosif Lazaridis
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- BIOMICs Research Group, University of the Basque Country, 01006, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nick Patterson
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - David Reich
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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5
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Antonio ML, Weiß CL, Gao Z, Sawyer S, Oberreiter V, Moots HM, Spence JP, Cheronet O, Zagorc B, Praxmarer E, Özdoğan KT, Demetz L, Gelabert P, Fernandes D, Lucci M, Alihodžić T, Amrani S, Avetisyan P, Baillif-Ducros C, Bedić Ž, Bertrand A, Bilić M, Bondioli L, Borówka P, Botte E, Burmaz J, Bužanić D, Candilio F, Cvetko M, De Angelis D, Drnić I, Elschek K, Fantar M, Gaspari A, Gasperetti G, Genchi F, Golubović S, Hukeľová Z, Jankauskas R, Vučković KJ, Jeremić G, Kaić I, Kazek K, Khachatryan H, Khudaverdyan A, Kirchengast S, Korać M, Kozlowski V, Krošláková M, Kušan Špalj D, La Pastina F, Laguardia M, Legrand S, Leleković T, Leskovar T, Lorkiewicz W, Los D, Silva AM, Masaryk R, Matijević V, Cherifi YMS, Meyer N, Mikić I, Miladinović-Radmilović N, Milošević Zakić B, Nacouzi L, Natuniewicz-Sekuła M, Nava A, Neugebauer-Maresch C, Nováček J, Osterholtz A, Paige J, Paraman L, Pieri D, Pieta K, Pop-Lazić S, Ruttkay M, Sanader M, Sołtysiak A, Sperduti A, Stankovic Pesterac T, Teschler-Nicola M, Teul I, Tončinić D, Trapp J, Vulović D, Waliszewski T, Walter D, Živanović M, Filah MEM, Čaušević-Bully M, Šlaus M, Borić D, Novak M, Coppa A, Pinhasi R, Pritchard JK. Stable population structure in Europe since the Iron Age, despite high mobility. eLife 2024; 13:e79714. [PMID: 38288729 PMCID: PMC10827293 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA research in the past decade has revealed that European population structure changed dramatically in the prehistoric period (14,000-3000 years before present, YBP), reflecting the widespread introduction of Neolithic farmer and Bronze Age Steppe ancestries. However, little is known about how population structure changed from the historical period onward (3000 YBP - present). To address this, we collected whole genomes from 204 individuals from Europe and the Mediterranean, many of which are the first historical period genomes from their region (e.g. Armenia and France). We found that most regions show remarkable inter-individual heterogeneity. At least 7% of historical individuals carry ancestry uncommon in the region where they were sampled, some indicating cross-Mediterranean contacts. Despite this high level of mobility, overall population structure across western Eurasia is relatively stable through the historical period up to the present, mirroring geography. We show that, under standard population genetics models with local panmixia, the observed level of dispersal would lead to a collapse of population structure. Persistent population structure thus suggests a lower effective migration rate than indicated by the observed dispersal. We hypothesize that this phenomenon can be explained by extensive transient dispersal arising from drastically improved transportation networks and the Roman Empire's mobilization of people for trade, labor, and military. This work highlights the utility of ancient DNA in elucidating finer scale human population dynamics in recent history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Antonio
- Biomedical Informatics Program, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Clemens L Weiß
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Ziyue Gao
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Susanna Sawyer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victoria Oberreiter
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Hannah M Moots
- Stanford Archaeology Center, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- University of Chicago, Department of Human GeneticsChicagoUnited States
| | - Jeffrey P Spence
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Olivia Cheronet
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Brina Zagorc
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Elisa Praxmarer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | - Lea Demetz
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Pere Gelabert
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Michaela Lucci
- Dipartimento di Storia Antropologia Religioni Arte Spettacolo, Sapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | | | - Selma Amrani
- LBEIG, Population Genetics & Conservation Unit, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology – Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology Houari BoumedieneAlgiersAlgeria
| | - Pavel Avetisyan
- National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, Institute of Archaeology and EthnographyYerevanArmenia
| | - Christèle Baillif-Ducros
- French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)/CAGT UMR 5288ToulouseFrance
| | - Željka Bedić
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | | | | | - Luca Bondioli
- Dipartimento dei Beni Culturali, Archeologia, Storia dell'arte, del Cinema e della Musica, Università di PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Paulina Borówka
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzŁódźPoland
| | - Emmanuel Botte
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centre Camille JullianAix-en-ProvenceFrance
| | | | - Domagoj Bužanić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Mirna Cvetko
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Daniela De Angelis
- Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Tarquinia, Direzione Regionale Musei LazioRomeItaly
| | - Ivan Drnić
- Archaeological Museum in ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Kristián Elschek
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | - Mounir Fantar
- Département des Monuments et des Sites Antiques - Institut National du Patrimoine INPTunisTunisia
| | - Andrej Gaspari
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department for ArchaeologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Gabriella Gasperetti
- Soprintendenza Archeologia, belle arti e paesaggio per le province di Sassari e NuoroSassariItaly
| | - Francesco Genchi
- Department of Oriental Studies, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | | | - Zuzana Hukeľová
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | | | | | - Iva Kaić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Kevin Kazek
- Université de Lorraine, Centre de Recherche Universitaire Lorrain d' Histoire (CRULH)NancyFrance
| | - Hamazasp Khachatryan
- Department of Archaeologi, Shirak Centere of Armenological Studies, National Academy of Sciences Republic of ArmeniaGyumriArmenia
| | - Anahit Khudaverdyan
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of ArmeniaYerevanArmenia
| | - Sylvia Kirchengast
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | | | | | - Mária Krošláková
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | | | - Marie Laguardia
- UMR 7041 ArScAn / French Institute of the Near EastBeirutLebanon
| | | | - Tino Leleković
- Archaeology Division, Croatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsZagrebCroatia
| | - Tamara Leskovar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Department for ArchaeologyLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Wiesław Lorkiewicz
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of LodzŁódźPoland
| | | | - Ana Maria Silva
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- CEF - University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- UNIARQ - University of LisbonLisbonPortugal
| | - Rene Masaryk
- Skupina STIK Zavod za preučevanje povezovalnih področij preteklosti in sedanjostiLjubljanaSlovenia
| | - Vinka Matijević
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Yahia Mehdi Seddik Cherifi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Cardiolo-Oncology Research Collaborative Group (CORCG), Faculty of Medicine, Benyoucef Benkhedda UniversityAlgiersAlgeria
- Molecular Pathology, University Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIIToulouseFrance
| | - Nicolas Meyer
- French National Institute for Preventive Archaeological Research (INRAP)MetzFrance
| | - Ilija Mikić
- Institute of Archaeology BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
| | | | | | - Lina Nacouzi
- L’Institut français du Proche-OrientBeirutLebanon
| | - Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła
- Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Centre of Interdisciplinary Archaeological ResearchWarsawPoland
| | - Alessia Nava
- Department of Odontostomatological and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Christine Neugebauer-Maresch
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
- Institute of Prehistory and Early History, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jan Nováček
- Thuringia State Service for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology WeimarThuringiaGermany
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Medical Centre, Georg-August University of GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | | | | | | | | | - Karol Pieta
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | | | - Matej Ruttkay
- Institute of Archaeology, Slovak Academy of SciencesNitraSlovakia
| | - Mirjana Sanader
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | | | - Alessandra Sperduti
- Bioarchaeology Service, Museum of CivilizationsRomeItaly
- Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo, Università degli Studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”NaplesItaly
| | | | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Iwona Teul
- Chair and Department of Normal Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecinPoland
| | - Domagoj Tončinić
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
| | - Julien Trapp
- Musée de La Cour d'Or, Eurométropole de MetzMetzFrance
| | | | | | - Diethard Walter
- Thuringia State Service for Cultural Heritage and Archaeology WeimarThuringiaGermany
| | - Miloš Živanović
- Department of Archeology, Center for Conservation and Archeology of MontenegroCetinjeMontenegro
| | | | | | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Centre, Croatian Academy of Sciences and ArtsZagrebCroatia
| | - Dušan Borić
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Anthropology, New York UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological ResearchZagrebCroatia
| | - Alfredo Coppa
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Jonathan K Pritchard
- Department of Genetics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Biology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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6
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Orlando L. A genetic window into the human social past. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2312672120. [PMID: 37647367 PMCID: PMC10500179 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312672120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for Anthropobiology and Genomics of Toulouse (CNRS UMR 5288), Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse31000, France
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7
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Blöcher J, Brami M, Feinauer IS, Stolarczyk E, Diekmann Y, Vetterdietz L, Karapetian M, Winkelbach L, Kokot V, Vallini L, Stobbe A, Haak W, Papageorgopoulou C, Krause R, Sharapova S, Burger J. Descent, marriage, and residence practices of a 3,800-year-old pastoral community in Central Eurasia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303574120. [PMID: 37603728 PMCID: PMC10483636 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303574120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of prehistoric societal organization at the family level is still limited. Here, we generated genome data from 32 individuals from an approximately 3,800-y-old burial mound attributed to the Bronze Age Srubnaya-Alakul cultural tradition at the site of Nepluyevsky, located in the Southern Ural region of Central Eurasia. We found that life expectancy was generally very low, with adult males living on average 8 y longer than females. A total of 35 first-degree, 40 second-degree, and 48 third-degree biological relationships connected 23 of the studied individuals, allowing us to propose a family tree spanning three generations with six brothers at its center. The oldest of these brothers had eight children with two women and the most children overall, whereas the other relationships were monogamous. Notably, related female children above the age of five were completely absent from the site, and adult females were more genetically diverse than males. These results suggest that biological relationships between male siblings played a structural role in society and that descent group membership was based on patrilineality. Women originated from a larger mating network and moved to join the men, with whom they were buried. Finally, the oldest brother likely held a higher social position, which was expressed in terms of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Blöcher
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Maxime Brami
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Isabelle Sofie Feinauer
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm10691, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm10405, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm10691, Sweden
| | - Eliza Stolarczyk
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Yoan Diekmann
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Lisa Vetterdietz
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Marina Karapetian
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow125009, Russia
| | - Laura Winkelbach
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | - Vanessa Kokot
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
| | | | - Astrid Stobbe
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig04103, Germany
| | - Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Laboratory of Physical Anthropology, Department of History and Ethnology, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini69100, Greece
| | - Rüdiger Krause
- Institute of Archaeological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am MainD-60629, Germany
| | - Svetlana Sharapova
- Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Ekaterinburg620108, Russia
| | - Joachim Burger
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Palaeogenetics Group, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz55128, Germany
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8
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Gerber D, Szeifert B, Székely O, Egyed B, Gyuris B, Giblin JI, Horváth A, Köhler K, Kulcsár G, Kustár Á, Major I, Molnár M, Palcsu L, Szeverényi V, Fábián S, Mende BG, Bondár M, Ari E, Kiss V, Szécsényi-Nagy A. Interdisciplinary Analyses of Bronze Age Communities from Western Hungary Reveal Complex Population Histories. Mol Biol Evol 2023; 40:msad182. [PMID: 37562011 PMCID: PMC10473862 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msad182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we report 21 ancient shotgun genomes from present-day Western Hungary, from previously understudied Late Copper Age Baden, and Bronze Age Somogyvár-Vinkovci, Kisapostag, and Encrusted Pottery archeological cultures (3,530-1,620 cal Bce). Our results indicate the presence of high steppe ancestry in the Somogyvár-Vinkovci culture. They were then replaced by the Kisapostag group, who exhibit an outstandingly high (up to ∼47%) Mesolithic hunter-gatherer ancestry, despite this component being thought to be highly diluted by the time of the Early Bronze Age. The Kisapostag population contributed the genetic basis for the succeeding community of the Encrusted Pottery culture. We also found an elevated hunter-gatherer component in a local Baden culture-associated individual, but no connections were proven to the Bronze Age individuals. The hunter-gatherer ancestry in Kisapostag is likely derived from two main sources, one from a Funnelbeaker or Globular Amphora culture-related population and one from a previously unrecognized source in Eastern Europe. We show that this ancestry not only appeared in various groups in Bronze Age Central Europe but also made contributions to Baltic populations. The social structure of Kisapostag and Encrusted Pottery cultures is patrilocal, similarly to most contemporaneous groups. Furthermore, we developed new methods and method standards for computational analyses of ancient DNA, implemented to our newly developed and freely available bioinformatic package. By analyzing clinical traits, we found carriers of aneuploidy and inheritable genetic diseases. Finally, based on genetic and anthropological data, we present here the first female facial reconstruction from the Bronze Age Carpathian Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Gerber
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bea Szeifert
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Székely
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Egyed
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gyuris
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julia I Giblin
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Anikó Horváth
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research (ICER) Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Köhler
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Kulcsár
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - István Major
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research (ICER) Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mihály Molnár
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research (ICER) Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Palcsu
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research (ICER) Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | | | - Balázs Gusztáv Mende
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Bondár
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Ari
- Department of Genetics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- HCEMM-BRC Metabolic Systems Biology Lab, Szeged, Hungary
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kiss
- Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network (ELKH), Budapest, Hungary
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9
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Carloni D, Šegvić B, Sartori M, Zanoni G, Besse M. Who venerated the ancestors at the Petit-Chasseur site? Examining Early Bronze Age cultic activities around megalithic monuments through the archaeometric analyses of ceramic findings (Upper Rhône Valley, Switzerland, 2200-1600 BC). ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 15:62. [PMID: 37096178 PMCID: PMC10119256 DOI: 10.1007/s12520-023-01737-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Through the analyses of recovered pottery, this study explores the social dimension of an ancestor cult developed at the Petit-Chasseur megalithic necropolis (Upper Rhône Valley, Switzerland) during the Early Bronze Age (2200-1600 BC). The jar votive offerings and domestic pottery from settlement sites were characterized using a range of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Acquired archaeometric data allowed identification of six ceramic fabrics and two types of clay substrate-illite- and muscovite-based-which were used in pottery production. The present article discusses the pottery composition in the light of natural resources available in the region, thus shedding light on raw material choices and paste preparation recipes. The Early Bronze Age people that lived in the Upper Rhône Valley seem to have shared a common ceramic tradition, partly inherited from the previous Bell Beaker populations. The compositional correspondence between the jar offerings and domestic pottery revealed that the majority of the known Early Bronze Age groups partook in cultic activities at the Petit-Chasseur megalithic necropolis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12520-023-01737-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Carloni
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Branimir Šegvić
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Mario Sartori
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Zanoni
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX USA
| | - Marie Besse
- Department F.-A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Laboratory of Prehistoric Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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10
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Kinship practices in the early state El Argar society from Bronze Age Iberia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22415. [PMID: 36575206 PMCID: PMC9794729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The Early Bronze Age in Europe is characterized by social and genetic transformations, starting in the early 3rd millennium BCE. New settlement and funerary structures, artifacts and techniques indicate times of change with increasing economic asymmetries and political hierarchization. Technological advances in metallurgy also played an important role, facilitating trade and exchange networks, which became tangible in higher levels of mobility and connectedness. Archeogenetic studies have revealed a substantial transformation of the genetic ancestry around this time, ultimately linked to the expansion of steppe- and forest steppe pastoralists from Eastern Europe. Evidence for emerging infectious diseases such as Yersinia pestis adds further complexity to these tumultuous and transformative times. The El Argar complex in southern Iberia marks the genetic turnover in southwestern Europe ~ 2200 BCE that accompanies profound changes in the socio-economic structure of the region. To answer the question of who was buried in the emblematic double burials of the El Argar site La Almoloya, we integrated results from biological relatedness analyses and archaeological funerary contexts and refined radiocarbon-based chronologies from 68 individuals. We find that the El Argar society was virilocally and patrilineally organized and practiced reciprocal female exogamy, supported by pedigrees that extend up to five generations along the paternal line. Synchronously dated adult males and females from double tombs were found to be unrelated mating partners, whereby the incoming females reflect socio-political alliances among El Argar groups. In three cases these unions had common offspring, while paternal half-siblings also indicate serial monogamy or polygyny.
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11
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Altınışık NE, Kazancı DD, Aydoğan A, Gemici HC, Erdal ÖD, Sarıaltun S, Vural KB, Koptekin D, Gürün K, Sağlıcan E, Fernandes D, Çakan G, Koruyucu MM, Lagerholm VK, Karamurat C, Özkan M, Kılınç GM, Sevkar A, Sürer E, Götherström A, Atakuman Ç, Erdal YS, Özer F, Erim Özdoğan A, Somel M. A genomic snapshot of demographic and cultural dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia during the Neolithic Transition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo3609. [PMID: 36332018 PMCID: PMC9635823 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo3609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Upper Mesopotamia played a key role in the Neolithic Transition in Southwest Asia through marked innovations in symbolism, technology, and diet. We present 13 ancient genomes (c. 8500 to 7500 cal BCE) from Pre-Pottery Neolithic Çayönü in the Tigris basin together with bioarchaeological and material culture data. Our findings reveal that Çayönü was a genetically diverse population, carrying mixed ancestry from western and eastern Fertile Crescent, and that the community received immigrants. Our results further suggest that the community was organized along biological family lines. We document bodily interventions such as head shaping and cauterization among the individuals examined, reflecting Çayönü's cultural ingenuity. Last, we identify Upper Mesopotamia as the likely source of eastern gene flow into Neolithic Anatolia, in line with material culture evidence. We hypothesize that Upper Mesopotamia's cultural dynamism during the Neolithic Transition was the product not only of its fertile lands but also of its interregional demographic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ezgi Altınışık
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Deniz Kazancı
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayça Aydoğan
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Can Gemici
- Department of Settlement Archaeology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömür Dilek Erdal
- Husbio-L Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Savaş Sarıaltun
- Department of Museology and Cultural Heritage Management, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Kıvılcım Başak Vural
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dilek Koptekin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kanat Gürün
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekin Sağlıcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Health Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CIAS, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gökhan Çakan
- Husbio-L Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Meliha Melis Koruyucu
- Husbio-L Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Vendela Kempe Lagerholm
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cansu Karamurat
- Department of Settlement Archaeology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Özkan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülşah Merve Kılınç
- Department of Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, 06100 Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arda Sevkar
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Elif Sürer
- Department of Modeling and Simulation, Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anders Götherström
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Archaeology and Classical Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Çiğdem Atakuman
- Department of Settlement Archaeology, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yılmaz Selim Erdal
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
- Husbio-L Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Füsun Özer
- Human-G Laboratory, Department of Anthropology, Hacettepe University, 06800 Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aslı Erim Özdoğan
- Department of Archaeology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Somel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
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12
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Ancient DNA gives new insights into a Norman Neolithic monumental cemetery dedicated to male elites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120786119. [PMID: 35446690 PMCID: PMC9170172 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120786119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
By integrating genomic and archaeological data, we provide new insights into the Neolithic French monumental site of Fleury-sur-Orne in Normandy, where a group of selected individuals was buried in impressively long monuments. The earliest individuals buried at Fleury-sur-Orne match the expected western European Neolithic genetic diversity, while three individuals, designated as genetic outliers, were buried after 4,000 calibrated BCE. We hypothesize that different, unrelated families or clans used the site over several centuries. Thirteen of 14 of the analyzed individuals were male, indicating an overarching patrilineal system. However, one exception, a female buried with a symbolically male artifact, suggests that the embodiment of the male gender in death was required to access burial at the monumental structures. The Middle Neolithic in western Europe is characterized by monumental funerary structures, known as megaliths, along the Atlantic façade. The first manifestations of this phenomenon occurred in modern-day France with the long mounds of the Cerny culture. Here, we present genome-wide data from the fifth-millennium BCE site of Fleury-sur-Orne in Normandy (France), famous for its impressively long monuments built for selected individuals. The site encompasses 32 monuments of variable sizes, containing the burials of 19 individuals from the Neolithic period. To address who was buried at the site, we generated genome-wide data for 14 individuals, of whom 13 are males, completing previously published data [M. Rivollat et al., Sci. Adv. 6, eaaz5344 (2020)]. Population genetic and Y chromosome analyses show that the Fleury-sur-Orne group fits within western European Neolithic genetic diversity and that the arrival of a new group is detected after 4,000 calibrated BCE. The results of analyzing uniparentally inherited markers and an overall low number of long runs of homozygosity suggest a patrilineal group practicing female exogamy. We find two pairs of individuals to be father and son, buried together in the same monument/grave. No other biological relationship can link monuments together, suggesting that each monument was dedicated to a genetically independent lineage. The combined data and documented father–son line of descent suggest a male-mediated transmission of sociopolitical authority. However, a single female buried with an arrowhead, otherwise considered a symbol of power of the male elite of the Cerny culture, questions a strictly biological sex bias in the burial rites of this otherwise “masculine” monumental cemetery.
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13
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Aneli S, Saupe T, Montinaro F, Solnik A, Molinaro L, Scaggion C, Carrara N, Raveane A, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Scheib CL, Pagani L. The genetic origin of Daunians and the Pan-Mediterranean southern Italian Iron Age context. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6509524. [PMID: 35038748 PMCID: PMC8826970 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The geographical location and shape of Apulia, a narrow land stretching out in the sea at the South of Italy, made this region a Mediterranean crossroads connecting Western Europe and the Balkans. Such movements culminated at the beginning of the Iron Age with the Iapygian civilization which consisted of three cultures: Peucetians, Messapians, and Daunians. Among them, the Daunians left a peculiar cultural heritage, with one-of-a-kind stelae and pottery, but, despite the extensive archaeological literature, their origin has been lost to time. In order to shed light on this and to provide a genetic picture of Iron Age Southern Italy, we collected and sequenced human remains from three archaeological sites geographically located in Northern Apulia (the area historically inhabited by Daunians) and radiocarbon dated between 1157 and 275 calBCE. We find that Iron Age Apulian samples are still distant from the genetic variability of modern-day Apulians, they show a degree of genetic heterogeneity comparable with the cosmopolitan Republican and Imperial Roman civilization, even though a few kilometers and centuries separate them, and they are well inserted into the Iron Age Pan-Mediterranean genetic landscape. Our study provides for the first time a window on the genetic make-up of pre-Roman Apulia, whose increasing connectivity within the Mediterranean landscape, would have contributed to laying the foundation for modern genetic variability. In this light, the genetic profile of Daunians may be compatible with an at least partial autochthonous origin, with plausible contributions from the Balkan peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Aneli
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi, 58b, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Tina Saupe
- Estonian Biocentre,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Francesco Montinaro
- Department of Biology-Genetics, University of Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Anu Solnik
- Core Facility,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu, 51010 Estonia
| | - Ludovica Molinaro
- Estonian Biocentre,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Cinzia Scaggion
- Department of Geosciences, University of Padua, Via Giovanni Gradenigo, 6, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nicola Carrara
- Anthropology Museum,University of Padova,Via Giotto, 1, Padova 35121, Italy
| | - Alessandro Raveane
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Toomas Kivisild
- Estonian Biocentre,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia.,Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Estonian Biocentre,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Christiana L Scheib
- Estonian Biocentre,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia.,St John's College, Cambridge, CB2 1TP, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Pagani
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi, 58b, Padova 35121, Italy.,Estonian Biocentre,Institute of Genomics,University of Tartu, Riia 23B, Tartu 51010, Estonia
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14
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Freilich S, Ringbauer H, Los D, Novak M, Pavičić DT, Schiffels S, Pinhasi R. Reconstructing genetic histories and social organisation in Neolithic and Bronze Age Croatia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16729. [PMID: 34408163 PMCID: PMC8373892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ancient DNA studies have revealed how human migrations from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age transformed the social and genetic structure of European societies. Present-day Croatia lies at the heart of ancient migration routes through Europe, yet our knowledge about social and genetic processes here remains sparse. To shed light on these questions, we report new whole-genome data for 28 individuals dated to between ~ 4700 BCE-400 CE from two sites in present-day eastern Croatia. In the Middle Neolithic we evidence first cousin mating practices and strong genetic continuity from the Early Neolithic. In the Middle Bronze Age community that we studied, we find multiple closely related males suggesting a patrilocal social organisation. We also find in that community an unexpected genetic ancestry profile distinct from individuals found at contemporaneous sites in the region, due to the addition of hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. These findings support archaeological evidence for contacts with communities further north in the Carpathian Basin. Finally, an individual dated to Roman times exhibits an ancestry profile that is broadly present in the region today, adding an important data point to the substantial shift in ancestry that occurred in the region between the Bronze Age and today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Harald Ringbauer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | | | - Mario Novak
- Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745, Jena, Germany.
| | - Ron Pinhasi
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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