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Jing J, Zhang Z, Hu Z, Ma X, Cui J, Zhu H, Bai X, Zhai L. Physicochemical, structural and functional properties of low methoxyl pectin‑iron (III) complex and its effect on rats with iron deficiency anemia. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132099. [PMID: 38710256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is the most common nutritional disease worldwide. In this study, a low methoxyl pectin (LMP)‑iron(III) complex was prepared. The physicochemical and structural properties were characterized by HPSEC, HPIC, CV, FTIR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM and CD. The results showed that iron increased the molecular weight of the LMP‑iron(III) from 11.50 ± 0.32 to 12.70 ± 0.45 kDa and improved its crystallinity. Moreover, the findings demonstrated that -OH and -COOH groups in LMP coordinate with Fe3+ to form β-FeOOH. The water-holding capacity, emulsion stability, and antioxidant activities of the LMP‑iron(III) were lower than those of LMP. Furthermore, the therapeutic effects of LMP‑iron(III) on IDA were investigated in rats. Following LMP‑iron(III) supplementation, compared with the model group, the administration of LMP‑iron(III) significantly increased the body weight, hemoglobin concentration, and serum iron concentration as well as decreased free erythrocyte protoporphyrin concentration. Therefore, the LMP‑iron(III) can potentially treat IDA in rats experiments, providing a theoretical basis for the development of a promising iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China.
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Jianlan Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Hailin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Xueli Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
| | - Lijun Zhai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan Institute of Technology, Taiyuan 030008, China
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Nevara GA, Muhammad SKS, Zawawi N, Mustapha NA, Karim R. Fractionation and physicochemical characterization of dietary fiber of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3216-3227. [PMID: 38072678 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kenaf seeds are underutilized kenaf plant by-products, containing essential nutrients including dietary fiber (DF), which can be potentially utilized as food ingredients. The present study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of kenaf seed fiber fractions extracted from kenaf seed. RESULTS Defatted kenaf seed powder yielded four DF fractions: alkali-soluble hemicellulose (146.4 g kg-1 ), calcium-bound pectin (10.3 g kg-1 ) and acid-soluble pectin (25.4 g kg-1 ) made up the soluble fibre fraction, whereas cellulose (202.2 g kg-1 ) comprised the insoluble fraction. All fractions were evaluated for their physicochemical properties. The DF fractions contained glucose, mannose, xylose and arabinose, and a small amount of uronic acid (1.2-2.7 g kg-1 ). The isolated pectin fractions had a low degree of esterification (14-30%). All the isolated DF fractions had high average molecular weights ranging from 0.3 to 4.3 × 106 g mol-1 . X-ray diffractogram analysis revealed that the fractions consisted mainly of an amorphous structure with a relative crystallinity ranging from 31.6% to 44.1%. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of kenaf seed and its DF fractions showed typical absorption of polysaccharides, with the presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl, acetyl and methyl groups. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the raw material with the rigid structure resulted in soluble and insoluble DF fractions with more fragile and fibrous appearances, respectively. The soluble DF demonstrated greater flowability and compressibility than the insoluble fractions. CONCLUSION These findings provide novel information on the DF fractions of kenaf seeds, which could be used as a potential new DF for the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gita Addelia Nevara
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Mohammad Natsir Bukittinggi, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
| | | | - Norhasnida Zawawi
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Afizah Mustapha
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Roselina Karim
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
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Haque SM. Application of combined Box-Behnken design with response surface methodology and desirability function in optimizing pectin extraction from fruit peels. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:149-173. [PMID: 37574926 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to extract pectin from various fruit peels, namely apple, orange, green citron, and pomegranate, and to evaluate the effects of various experimental conditions. The extraction was conducted at temperatures of 50-90 °C, with a solid-liquid ratio of 0.03-0.08 g/mL, for 120-180 min. The Box-Behnken design was applied in a three-level and four-factor factorial approach, including 29 experiments for each extraction, with varying conditions. The interaction effects were investigated. Each experiment's conditions were optimized. RESULTS The percentage yield varied (11.70-37.37%). The maximum yield was found in apples, whereas the lowest was in pomegranates. CONCLUSION Under optimized experimental conditions,high-quality pectin was extracted from pomegranate, orange, green citron, and apple peel waste. The extract was considered to be high methyl ester pectin with a degree of esterification greater than 50% and with an Anhydrouronic acid (AUA) content greater than 65%. The peel pectin that was studied could therefore be a food additive with numerous uses. The procedure developed here reuses waste resources effectively and contributes to a novel concept for exploring natural assets for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk Manirul Haque
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jubail Industrial College, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
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Guo H, Liu HY, Li H, Wu DT, Zhong LLD, Gan RY, Gao H. Recent advances in the influences of drying technologies on physicochemical properties and biological activities of plant polysaccharides. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37778371 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2259983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant polysaccharides, as significant functional macromolecules with diverse biological properties, are currently receiving increasing attention. Drying technologies play a pivotal role in the research, development, and application of various foods and plant polysaccharides. The chemical composition, structure, and function of extracted polysaccharides are significantly influenced by different drying technologies (e.g., microwave, infrared, and radio frequency) and conditions (e.g., temperature). This study discusses and compares the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and effects of different drying processes on the chemical composition as well as structural and biological properties of plant polysaccharides. In most plant-based raw materials, molecular degradation, molecular aggregation phenomena along with intermolecular interactions occurring within cell wall components and cell contents during drying represent primary mechanisms leading to variations in chemical composition and structures of polysaccharides. These differences further impact their biological properties. The biological properties of polysaccharides are determined by a combination of multiple relevant factors rather than a single factor alone. This review not only provides insights into selecting appropriate drying processes to obtaining highly bioactive plant polysaccharides but also offers a fundamental theoretical basis for the structure-function relationship of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Guo
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong-Yan Liu
- Research Center for Plants and Human Health, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Ding-Tao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industrialization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linda L D Zhong
- Biomedical Sciences and Chinese Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ren-You Gan
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Gao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Kumar S, Konwar J, Purkayastha MD, Kalita S, Mukherjee A, Dutta J. Current progress in valorization of food processing waste and by-products for pectin extraction. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 239:124332. [PMID: 37028618 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Food processing waste and by-products such as peel of citrus fruit, melon, mango, pineapple, etc. and fruit pomace can be utilized for manufacturing of several high-value products. Valorization of these waste and by-products for extraction of pectin, can help offset growing environmental concerns, facilitate value-addition of by-products and their sustainable uses. Pectin has many applications in food industries such as gelling, thickening, stabilizing, and emulsifying agent, and as a dietary fibre. This review elaborates on various conventional and advanced, sustainable pectin extraction techniques, and paints a comparative picture between them considering extraction efficiency, quality, and functionality of the pectin. Conventional acid, alkali, and chelating agents-assisted extraction have been profusely used for pectin extraction, but advanced extraction technologies e.g., enzyme, microwave, supercritical water, ultrasonication, pulse electric field and high-pressure extraction are preferred due to less energy consumption, better quality product, higher yield, and minimal or no generation of harmful effluent.
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Yang H, Liu Y, Wang S, Zhao L, Liu H, Liu J, Zhu D. Composition, morphology, interfacial rheology and emulsifying ability of soy hull polysaccharides extracted with ammonium oxalate and sodium citrate as extractants. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:2325-2336. [PMID: 36628504 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy hull, a by-product of crop processing, is rich in pectin-like polysaccharides that have potential for thickening, gelling and emulsifying applications. The effect of ammonium oxalate (SHPA) and sodium citrate (SHPS) on the conformation, physicochemical properties and emulsifying ability of soy hull polysaccharide (SHP) were investigated. RESULTS The composition analysis showed that SHPS had more polysaccharide, protein, and higher molecular weight than SHPA. Images of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that SHPS molecules appeared spherical bodies with smooth and firm surfaces, while SHPA molecules appeared chain-like bodies with rough and wrinkled surface. At the oil-water interface, SHPS adsorbed faster and formed a more elastic interfacial layer than SHPA. The characterization of the prepared emulsions showed that the SHPS emulsion was a smaller particle size and more stable system within 30 days than SHPA emulsion, especially at the SHPS concentration of 9 mg mL-1 . Images of cryo-scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) also demonstrated SHPS formed clearer network structure on the surface of the oil droplets, compared to SHPA. CONCLUSION Overall, ammonium oxalate and sodium citrate significantly influenced the composition and properties of the SHP. SHPS exhibited a better emulsifying ability than SHPA, which was mainly due to the higher protein content of SHPS and the sodium ion (Na+ ) residue of sodium citrate. This study is useful for the extraction and application of SHP and other plant-based polysaccharides. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yexuan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Lingling Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - He Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Dezhou National Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Shandong Yuwang Ecogical Food Industry Co. Ltd., Yucheng, China
| | - Danshi Zhu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Bohai University, Jinzhou, China
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Golovchenko V, Popov S, Smirnov V, Khlopin V, Vityazev F, Naranmandakh S, Dmitrenok AS, Shashkov AS. Polysaccharides of Salsola passerina: Extraction, Structural Characterization and Antioxidant Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13175. [PMID: 36361966 PMCID: PMC9657462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The above-ground part of the Salsola passerine was found to contain ~13% (w/w) of polysaccharides extractable with water and aqueous solutions of ammonium oxalate and sodium carbonate. The fractions extracted with aqueous sodium carbonate solutions had the highest yield. The polysaccharides of majority fractions are characterized by similar monosaccharide composition; namely, galacturonic acid and arabinose residues are the principal components of their carbohydrate chains. The present study focused on the determination of antioxidant activity of the extracted polysaccharide fractions and elucidation of the structure of polysaccharides using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Homogalacturonan (HG), consisting of 1,4-linked residues of α-D-galactopyranosyluronic acid (GalpA), rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I), which contains a diglycosyl repeating unit with a strictly alternating sequence of 1,4-linked D-GalpA and 1,2-linked L-rhamnopyranose (Rhap) residues in the backbone, and arabinan, were identified as the structural units of the obtained polysaccharides. HMBC spectra showed that arabinan consisted of alternating regions formed by 3,5-substituted and 1,5-linked arabinofuranose residues, but there was no alternation of these residues in the arabinan structure. Polysaccharide fractions scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical at 0.2-1.8 mg/mL. The correlation analysis showed that the DPPH scavenging activity of polysaccharide fractions was associated with the content of phenolic compounds (PCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Golovchenko
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Sergey Popov
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Vasily Smirnov
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Victor Khlopin
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Fedor Vityazev
- Institute of Physiology of Federal Research Centre “Komi Science Centre of the Urals Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 167982 Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Shinen Naranmandakh
- School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Andrey S. Dmitrenok
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S. Shashkov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Effect of drying methods on the characterisation of pectin extracted from dried hawthorn fruit. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-022-01485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Dai H, Lv S, Qiao Z, Wang K, Zhou X, Bao C, Zhang S, Fu X, Li W. The Active Components of Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) Calathide and the Effects on Urate Nephropathy Based on COX-2/PGE2 Signaling Pathway and the Urate Transporter URAT1, ABCG2, and GLUT9. Front Nutr 2022; 8:769555. [PMID: 35083262 PMCID: PMC8784607 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.769555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) calathide is gradually used as an alternative treatment for hyperuricemia; nevertheless, evidence regarding its main components and therapeutic capacity for urate nephropathy is lacking. Identification of sunflower calathide aqueous extract (SCE) was rapidly done by UPLC-ESI-Q-Orbitrap, and 32 water-soluble compounds with a comprehensive score >80 were discovered. Besides, yeast extract was administrated to induce high UA levels and hyperuricemic renal injury. We found that SCE treatment not only decreased UA levels to a comparable degree as allopurinol and benzbromarone, but also reduced the BUN levels and participated in kidney injury repair induced by uric acid. Moreover, it regulated the expression of URAT1 and ABCG2, especially inhibiting the GLUT9 in the normal kidney. Results were multifacetedly evaluated with a view to suggesting a possible mechanism of action as compared with those of allopurinol and benzbromarone by western blotting, H&E staining, and immunohistochemistry. However, the H&E staining showed histological changes in model, benzbromarone, and allopurinol groups rather than SCE treatments, and at the same time, the uric acid was identified as a cause of renal damage. The antiinflammatory effects and the regulations of COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway were revealed on the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, indicating that the SCE not only increased cellular proliferation but also downregulated the COX-2, PGE2, NO, and IFN-γ cytokines in the RAW264.7 cells. To conclude, the SCE acts on urate transporters and contributes to prevent urate nephropathy via alleviating inflammatory process involving COX-2/PGE2 signaling pathway. It is available to develop SCE as food supplemental applications for hyperuricemia and nephritic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huining Dai
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shuai Lv
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zi'an Qiao
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaiyu Wang
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xipeng Zhou
- Jilin Province Medical Device Inspection Institute, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyang Bao
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shitao Zhang
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wannan Li
- Edmond H. Fischer Signal Transduction Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Popov S, Smirnov V, Kvashninova E, Khlopin V, Vityazev F, Golovchenko V. Isolation, Chemical Characterization and Antioxidant Activity of Pectic Polysaccharides of Fireweed ( Epilobium angustifolium L.). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237290. [PMID: 34885872 PMCID: PMC8658847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to isolate pectins with antioxidant activity from the leaves of Epilobium angustifolium L. Two pectins, EA-4.0 and EA-0.8, with galacturonic acid contents of 88 and 91% were isolated from the leaves of E. angustifolium L. by the treatment of plant raw materials with aqueous hydrochloric acid at pH 4.0 and 0.8, respectively. EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to scavenge the DPPH radical in a concentration-dependent manner at 17–133 μg/mL, whereas commercial apple pectin scavenged at 0.5–2 mg/mL. The antioxidant activity of EA-4.0 was the highest and exceeded the activity of EA-0.8 and a commercial apple pectin by 2 and 39 times (IC50—0.050, 0.109 and 1.961 mg/mL), respectively. Pectins EA-4.0 and EA-0.8 were found to possess superoxide radical scavenging activity, with IC50s equal to 0.27 and 0.97 mg/mL, respectively. Correlation analysis of the composition and activity of 32 polysaccharide fractions obtained by enzyme hydrolysis and anionic exchange chromatography revealed that the antioxidant capacity of fireweed pectins is mainly due to phenolics and is partially associated with xylogalacturonan chains. The data obtained demonstrate that pectic polysaccharides appeared to be bioactive components of fireweed leaves with high antioxidant activity, which depend on pH at their extraction.
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