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Xu J, Wang J, Wen S, Ding S, Song J, Jiang S, Wang H. Preparation and Dispersion Performance of Hydrophobic Fumed Silica Aqueous Dispersion. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3502. [PMID: 37688128 PMCID: PMC10490408 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrophobic fumed silica (HFS) is a commonly used rheology additive in waterborne coatings. A series of experiments were conducted on the HFS-dispersing technology in this study. The size and structure of HFS primary particles were observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The measurement results of the TEM were D50 = 13.6 nm and D90 = 19.7 nm, respectively. The particle size and dispersion performance of HFS were tested via dynamic light scattering (DLS). Additionally, the HFS aqueous dispersion was prepared and compounded with waterborne polyacrylic latex and polyurethane resin. The elemental distribution of the coatings was characterized using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results show that the HFS in a non-ionic polymer dispersant had the best dispersion performance. The particle size of the HFS in the aqueous dispersion is related to the dispersion conditions. Under optimized conditions, the HFS aqueous dispersion can be prepared with a particle size of D50 = 27.2 nm. The HFS aqueous dispersion has stable storage stability. Even after storage for 47 d, the particle size still did not change significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shaoguo Wen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China; (J.X.); (J.W.); (S.D.); (J.S.); (S.J.); (H.W.)
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Lushinga N, Dong Z, Cao L. Evaluating the High-Temperature Properties and Reaction Mechanism of Terminal Blend Rubber/Nano Silica Composite Modified Asphalt Using Activated Rubber. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4388. [PMID: 36558240 PMCID: PMC9787940 DOI: 10.3390/nano12244388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Terminal blend (TB) rubberized asphalt is a popular technology in the production of rubberized asphalt. However, it always presents challenges regarding the inadequate high-temperature rutting performance of the binders. Additionally, crumb rubber (CR), a modifier of asphalt is a cross-linked material which presents poor compatibility between CR particles and bitumen. Incorporating nanomaterials and pretreating CR particles are two possible solutions to address this drawback. But the performance improvement and modification mechanism of the composite TB binders is not clearly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to evaluate the high-temperature properties and reaction mechanism of the TB rubber/nano silica composite modified asphalt using microwave activated rubber. To achieve the research purpose, bitumen penetration grade 80-100 was first modified with 8% CR particles at elevated temperature to produce TB rubberized asphalt followed by the addition of 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0% weight percentage of nano silica to produce TB rubber/nano silica composite modified asphalt. Short and long-term aging tests were performed on samples by thin film oven test (TFOT) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) prior to chemical and rheological tests. The results of the study shows that nano silica has a great influence on the high temperature rutting resistance, storage stability and anti-aging properties of TB rubberized asphalt. Nano silica promoted good interaction and compatibility between CR particles and bitumen and improved the overall rheological properties of the binders. XRD test results revealed that the TB rubberized/nano silica composite modified asphalt samples were amorphous materials and did not have a crystalline structure. The reaction mechanism between rubber and asphalt was found to be physical, whereas nano silica interacted chemically with TB rubberized asphalt. In light of these findings, this research concluded that nano silica evidently improves the high-temperature rutting properties of TB rubberized asphalt, which deserves further exploration and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonde Lushinga
- Department of Road and Railway Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
- Department of Construction Economics and Management, School of Built Environment, The Copperbelt University, Kitwe P.O. Box 21692, Zambia
| | - Zejiao Dong
- Department of Road and Railway Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Liping Cao
- Department of Road and Railway Engineering, School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Wu M, Cai H, Wang H, Hua JW, Liang J, Zhang Y. Stabilization and Reinforcement Effect of Fibers on a Bitumen Binder. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44207-44214. [PMID: 36506145 PMCID: PMC9730749 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated fibers' stabilization and reinforcement effect on a bitumen binder. The fibers' microstructures were primarily observed using scanning electron microscopy, and laboratory tests, including the oven heating and mesh-basket draindown, were designed and carried out on three different fiber-bitumen binders (lignin, mineral, and carbon fiber) in this paper to evaluate the bitumen adsorption and thermal stability, respectively. Then, the cone sink experiment was performed to check the rheological properties of these fiber-bitumen binders. These results reveal that the stabilization and reinforcement effect increases with the fiber content increasing to the optimal value. The optimal fiber content depends on the performance of the fiber-bitumen binder, and the value found in this paper is 0.4 wt %. The results indicate that the fiber enhances the toughness of the bitumen effectively via its spatial framework, adhesion, and stabilization of the fiber-bitumen binder. The rheological properties and rutting resistance were tested by a dynamic shear rheometer, and the results suggested that the fiber could effectively enhance the flow resistance and the rutting resistance of the fiber-bitumen binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Wu
- College
of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou225300, P. R. China
| | | | - Hao Wang
- College
of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou225300, P. R. China
| | - Jia wei Hua
- College
of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou225300, P. R. China
| | - Jilei Liang
- College
of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou225300, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao266555, P. R. China
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Pérez-Landeros JF, Limón-Covarrubias P, Galaviz-González JR, Avalos-Cueva D, Pérez-Rea MDLL, Zamora-Palacios M. Evaluation of Mode-I Fracture Toughness of Asphalt Mixtures with Symmetric Geometry Specimen at Intermediate Temperature. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15144977. [PMID: 35888444 PMCID: PMC9320249 DOI: 10.3390/ma15144977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mode I fracture (tensile type) is the common cracking mode of asphalt pavements, which is caused by thermal cyclic loading or traffic. Some studies allow the analysis of the fracture modes by means of standardized tests, some of which are limited, difficult, with little repeatability or do not generate an adequate tension state. In this paper, mode I fracture toughness of asphalt mixtures with symmetric geometry specimens at intermediate temperature is evaluated. Experimental results from direct tension test and simulations on asphalt mix specimens subjected to intermediate temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 °C, mode I load rates (0.5, 1 and 2 mm/min) and notches (2 and 3 cm) were compared to find the variables that reflect the operating conditions of the asphalt mix. Results showed that shear stresses are 8.12% lower in the simulations with respect to the tests, while the load-deformation curves show 30% and 35% variation, where the temperature of 20 °C, the notch of 2 cm and the loading speed of 1 mm/min are the conditions that best represent the stress state of the test; moreover, it manages to consider the elastic and viscous components of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Francisco PĂ©rez-Landeros
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (J.F.P.-L.); (M.d.l.L.P.-R.)
| | - Pedro LimĂłn-Covarrubias
- Department of Civil Engineering and Topography, University of Guadalajara, 1421 Blvd. Marcelino GarcĂa Barragán, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (P.L.-C.); (D.A.-C.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - José Roberto Galaviz-González
- Department of Civil Engineering and Topography, University of Guadalajara, 1421 Blvd. Marcelino GarcĂa Barragán, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (P.L.-C.); (D.A.-C.); (M.Z.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-331-378-5900 (ext. 27699)
| | - David Avalos-Cueva
- Department of Civil Engineering and Topography, University of Guadalajara, 1421 Blvd. Marcelino GarcĂa Barragán, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (P.L.-C.); (D.A.-C.); (M.Z.-P.)
| | - MarĂa de la Luz PĂ©rez-Rea
- Faculty of Engineering, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico; (J.F.P.-L.); (M.d.l.L.P.-R.)
| | - Miguel Zamora-Palacios
- Department of Civil Engineering and Topography, University of Guadalajara, 1421 Blvd. Marcelino GarcĂa Barragán, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico; (P.L.-C.); (D.A.-C.); (M.Z.-P.)
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Singh S, Khairandish MI, Razahi MM, Kumar R, Chohan JS, Tiwary A, Sharma S, Li C, Ilyas RA, Asyraf MRM, Zakaria SZS. Preference Index of Sustainable Natural Fibers in Stone Matrix Asphalt Mixture Using Waste Marble. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15082729. [PMID: 35454422 PMCID: PMC9027365 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the preference index of natural fibers such as sisal, coir, and rice straw fibers in stone matrix asphalt mixtures (SMA), using waste marble as filler. Waste marble was used as the filler in asphalt mixtures and was crushed by abrasion machine and sieved according to SMA filler requirements. The SEM topography and EDS analysis of sisal, coir, and rice straw fibers were also carried out. The Marshall test was conducted, which is the most acceptable, cost-effective, and widely adopted method to estimate the optimum bitumen and to examine several Marshall Measures, such as flow value, voids filled with bitumen (VFB), stability, voids in mineral aggregate (VMA), and air voids (VA). Furthermore, tests were performed on the specimen with the optimum amount of bitumen, different percentages of fibers, and waste marble as filler to calculate drain down, moister sensitivity, and Marshall Stability. Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques were implemented to obtain subjective and objective weights, which were further used to compute the values of the preference index of natural fiber contents. The outcomes revealed favorable results for the usage of marble dust as filler in Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA). In addition, the preference index upshots are inclined toward the usage of rice straw over coir followed by sisal fiber. It was observed that the value of the preference index in rice straw at 0.3 varied from 0.918, 0.925, and 0.931 in rice straw using equal, objective, and subjective weights, respectively. The maximum drain down value observed is 0.335 based on ASTM-D 6390 and IRC-SP-79 are against 0.3 percent natural fiber. Moreover, as per the prescribed limit of MoRTH, because of the thin film around aggregates, moisture susceptibility characteristics, i.e., better resistance to moisture, were enhanced by more than 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (S.S.); (M.I.K.); (M.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Mohammad Iqbal Khairandish
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (S.S.); (M.I.K.); (M.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Mustafa Musleh Razahi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (S.S.); (M.I.K.); (M.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Raman Kumar
- University Centre of Research and Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (R.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Jasgurpreet Singh Chohan
- University Centre of Research and Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (R.K.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Aditya Tiwary
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (S.S.); (M.I.K.); (M.M.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Shubham Sharma
- University Centre of Research and Development, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India; (R.K.); (J.S.C.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Main Campus, Kapurthala 144603, India
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (S.Z.S.Z.)
| | - Changhe Li
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266520, China;
| | - R. A. Ilyas
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia;
- Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - M. R. M. Asyraf
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Malaysia;
| | - S. Z. S. Zakaria
- Research Centre for Environment, Economic and Social Sustainability (KASES), Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (S.S.); (S.Z.S.Z.)
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Zhu J, Xu W. Aging Resistance of Silica Fume/Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene Composite-Modified Asphalt. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216536. [PMID: 34772062 PMCID: PMC8585421 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influences of silica fume content and aging on the rheological properties of silica fume/styrene-butadiene-styrene composite-modified asphalts were investigated via rolling thin-film oven test simulations. The asphalts rheological properties before and after aging were measured using three-major-indices, dynamic shear rheology, and bending beam rheometer tests. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the changes in the functional groups of the asphalt. The silica fume did not chemically react with the modified asphalt, and its original structure was maintained. The aging resistance improved significantly after adding the silica fume. At 6% silica fume content, the relaxation of the asphalt was the highest, indicating that the asphalt had the best low-temperature crack resistance at this mixing proportion. Furthermore, the carbonyl index value of this sample exhibited the smallest increment among all of the samples, and this asphalt sample had the strongest short-term aging resistance. Thus, the optimum silica fume content in the composite-modified asphalt was determined to be 6%. This information may be used to fabricate an asphalt mixture that can improve the service life and aging resistance of pavements.
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