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Abid I, Blanco A, Al-Otaibi N, Guix S, Costafreda MI, Pintó RM, Bosch A. Dynamic and Seasonal Distribution of Enteric Viruses in Surface and Well Water in Riyadh (Saudi Arabia). Pathogens 2023; 12:1405. [PMID: 38133289 PMCID: PMC10747075 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12121405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteric viruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis and enteric hepatitis worldwide, but in some areas like Saudi Arabia, little is known about their presence in water sources. The available information from clinical samples is not enough to figure out their actual prevalence. The aim of this study was to gather information for the first time in Saudi Arabia on the presence of the Norovirus (NoV) genogroup GI and GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and hepatitis E virus (HEV) in water. For this purpose, thirteen monthly samples were collected from Lake Wadi Hanifa and surrounding wells from December 2014 to November 2015. Viruses were detected and quantified using real-time RT-qPCR. Despite HEV findings being anecdotic, our results highlight interesting behaviors of the other viruses. There was a higher prevalence of noroviruses in Wadi Hanifa samples than in well water samples (46.43% vs. 12.5% of NoV GI; 66.67% vs. 8.33% of NoV GII). On the contrary, similar levels of HAV positivity were observed (40.48% in surface water vs. 43.06% in well water). Also, a strong influence of flooding events on HAV and NoV GI occurrence was observed in both surface and well water samples, with NoV GII apparently not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islem Abid
- Center of Excellence in Biotechnology Research, College of Applied Medical Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Albert Blanco
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nawal Al-Otaibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Susana Guix
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria I. Costafreda
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Pintó
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Bosch
- Enteric Virus Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, School of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.); (S.G.); (M.I.C.); (R.M.P.)
- Research Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain
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Eifan S, Nour I, Hanif A, Alhetheel A, Al-Ashkar I. Molecular Epidemiology and Surveillance of Human Adenovirus and Rotavirus A Associated Gastroenteritis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050279. [PMID: 37235327 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In Saudi Arabia, acute gastroenteritis (GE) is a common illness affecting children and adults; however, the extent to which human rotavirus A (HRV) and human adenovirus (HAdV) strains contribute to the condition is unclear. The surveillance of the GE-causing viruses, HRV and HadV, was performed using polymerase chain reaction, sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis at King Khalid University Hospital. The associations between virus prevalence and meteorological factors were analyzed. The prevalence of HAdV was recorded (7%), followed by HRV (2%). On a gender basis, HAdV infections were found to be dominant in females (5:2) (U = 407.5; p < 0.0001), whereas HRV was only detected in males (U = 50; p < 0.0001). A significantly higher HAdV prevalence was recorded at the age of 3.5 ± 0.63 years (21.1%; p = 0.00047), whereas HRV cases were found equally distributed between <3 years and 3-5 years. The highest HAdV prevalence was recorded in autumn, followed by winter and spring. A significant correlation was detected between humidity and the total number of recorded cases (p = 0.011). Phylogenetic analysis depicted the dominance of HAdV type 41 and the G2 lineage of HRV among circulating strains. The current study uncovered the epidemiology and genotypes of HRV and HadV, and provided forecasting equations for monitoring climatic-mediated outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Eifan
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Islam Nour
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atif Hanif
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkarim Alhetheel
- Virology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Al-Ashkar
- Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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