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van der Klugt T, van den Biggelaar RHGA, Saris A. Host and bacterial lipid metabolism during tuberculosis infections: possibilities to synergise host- and bacteria-directed therapies. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38916142 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2370979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the causative pathogen of tuberculosis, the most lethal infectious disease resulting in 1.3 million deaths annually. Treatments against Mtb are increasingly impaired by the growing prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance, which necessitates the development of new antibiotics or alternative therapeutic approaches. Upon infecting host cells, predominantly macrophages, Mtb becomes critically dependent on lipids as a source of nutrients. Additionally, Mtb produces numerous lipid-based virulence factors that contribute to the pathogen's ability to interfere with the host's immune responses and to create a lipid rich environment for itself. As lipids, lipid metabolism and manipulating host lipid metabolism play an important role for the virulence of Mtb, this review provides a state-of-the-art overview of mycobacterial lipid metabolism and concomitant role of host metabolism and host-pathogen interaction therein. While doing so, we will emphasize unexploited bacteria-directed and host-directed drug targets, and highlight potential synergistic drug combinations that hold promise for the development of new therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teun van der Klugt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Anno Saris
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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Meng X, Zheng H, Du J, Wang X, Wang Y, Hu J, Zhao J, Du Q, Gao Y. Interaction of Glycemic Control and Statin Use on Diabetes-Tuberculosis Treatment Outcome: A Nested Case-Control Study. THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DES MALADIES INFECTIEUSES ET DE LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE 2024; 2024:8675248. [PMID: 38938548 PMCID: PMC11211008 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8675248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to explore the interaction of glycemic control and statin use on the treatment outcomes of pulmonary tuberculosis-diabetes comorbidity (PTB-DM) patients. A nested case-control study was conducted in a tuberculosis patients' cohort. We defined cases as patients who experienced unfavorable outcomes. Glycemic control was estimated at the baseline. Statin use was obtained from medical records. The multivariate logistic regression models were developed, and the interaction table invented by Andersson was adopted to analyze the interaction of glycemic control and statin use on treatment outcomes. A total of 2,047 patients were included in this study. There was a significant interaction between glycemic control and statin use on the treatment outcomes. Patients with good glycemic control and no statin use (OR = 0.464, 95% CI: 0.360-0.623) had a lower risk of unfavorable outcomes than those with poor glycemic control and statin use (OR = 0.604, 95% CI: 0.401-0.734). Patients with good glycemic control and statin use had the lowest risk of unfavorable outcomes (OR = 0.394, 95% CI: 0.264-0.521). Glycemic control in diabetes-tuberculosis treatment should be paid considerable attention. Patients can benefit from statin use even if they have poor glycemic control. Patients with good glycemic control and statin use can have the best outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Meng
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Huiqiu Zheng
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Jian Du
- Beijing Chest Hospital, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Yanling Wang
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Qianqian Du
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, School of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Inner Mongolia Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hohhot 010031, China
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3
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Roth AT, Philips JA, Chandra P. The role of cholesterol and its oxidation products in tuberculosis pathogenesis. IMMUNOMETABOLISM (COBHAM, SURREY) 2024; 6:e00042. [PMID: 38693938 PMCID: PMC11060060 DOI: 10.1097/in9.0000000000000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB), one of the world's most deadly infections. Lipids play an important role in M. tuberculosis pathogenesis. M. tuberculosis grows intracellularly within lipid-laden macrophages and extracellularly within the cholesterol-rich caseum of necrotic granulomas and pulmonary cavities. Evolved from soil saprophytes that are able to metabolize cholesterol from organic matter in the environment, M. tuberculosis inherited an extensive and highly conserved machinery to metabolize cholesterol. M. tuberculosis uses this machinery to degrade host cholesterol; the products of cholesterol degradation are incorporated into central carbon metabolism and used to generate cell envelope lipids, which play important roles in virulence. The host also modifies cholesterol by enzymatically oxidizing it to a variety of derivatives, collectively called oxysterols, which modulate cholesterol homeostasis and the immune response. Recently, we found that M. tuberculosis converts host cholesterol to an oxidized metabolite, cholestenone, that accumulates in the lungs of individuals with TB. M. tuberculosis encodes cholesterol-modifying enzymes, including a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, a putative cholesterol oxidase, and numerous cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Here, we review what is known about cholesterol and its oxidation products in the pathogenesis of TB. We consider the possibility that the biological function of cholesterol metabolism by M. tuberculosis extends beyond a nutritional role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Roth
- Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A. Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Montero-Vega MT, Matilla J, Bazán E, Reimers D, De Andrés-Martín A, Gonzalo-Gobernado R, Correa C, Urbano F, Gómez-Coronado D. Fluvastatin Converts Human Macrophages into Foam Cells with Increased Inflammatory Response to Inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Cells 2024; 13:536. [PMID: 38534380 DOI: 10.3390/cells13060536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors (statins) protect hypercholesterolemic patients against developing active tuberculosis, suggesting that these drugs could help the host to control the pathogen at the initial stages of the disease. This work studies the effect of fluvastatin on the early response of healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to inactivated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Ra. We found that in fluvastatin-treated PBMCs, most monocytes/macrophages became foamy cells that overproduced NLRP3 inflammasome components in the absence of immune stimulation, evidencing important cholesterol metabolism/immunity connections. When both fluvastatin-treated and untreated PBMCs were exposed to Mtb H37Ra, a small subset of macrophages captured large amounts of bacilli and died, concentrating the bacteria in necrotic areas. In fluvastatin-untreated cultures, most of the remaining macrophages became epithelioid cells that isolated these areas of cell death in granulomatous structures that barely produced IFNγ. By contrast, in fluvastatin-treated cultures, foamy macrophages surrounded the accumulated bacteria, degraded them, markedly activated caspase-1 and elicited a potent IFNγ/cytotoxic response. In rabbits immunized with the same bacteria, fluvastatin increased the tuberculin test response. We conclude that statins may enhance macrophage efficacy to control Mtb, with the help of adaptive immunity, offering a promising tool in the design of alternative therapies to fight tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Montero-Vega
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquín Matilla
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eulalia Bazán
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Reimers
- Servicio de Neurobiología-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana De Andrés-Martín
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Gonzalo-Gobernado
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Celular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Correa
- Unidad de Cirugía Experimental y Animalario, Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Urbano
- Servicio Interdepartamental de Investigación (SIdI), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain
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Campos-Pardos E, Uranga S, Picó A, Gómez AB, Gonzalo-Asensio J. Dependency on host vitamin B12 has shaped Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex evolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2161. [PMID: 38461302 PMCID: PMC10924821 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46449-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Human and animal tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MTBC), which has evolved a genomic decay of cobalamin (vitamin B12) biosynthetic genes. Accordingly, and in sharp contrast to environmental, opportunistic and ancestor mycobacteria; we demonstrate that M. tuberculosis (Mtb), M. africanum, and animal-adapted lineages, lack endogenous production of cobalamin, yet they retain the capacity for exogenous uptake. A B12 anemic model in immunocompromised and immunocompetent mice, demonstrates improved survival, and lower bacteria in organs, in B12 anemic animals infected with Mtb relative to non-anemic controls. Conversely, no differences were observed between mice groups infected with M. canettii, an ancestor mycobacterium which retains cobalamin biosynthesis. Interrogation of the B12 transcriptome in three MTBC strains defined L-methionine synthesis by metE and metH genes as a key phenotype. Expression of metE is repressed by a cobalamin riboswitch, while MetH requires the cobalamin cofactor. Thus, deletion of metE predominantly attenuates Mtb in anemic mice; although inactivation of metH exclusively causes attenuation in non-anemic controls. Here, we show how sub-physiological levels of B12 in the host antagonizes Mtb virulence, and describe a yet unknown mechanism of host-pathogen cross-talk with implications for B12 anemic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Campos-Pardos
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Picó
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Gómez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.
- CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Dill-McFarland KA, Simmons JD, Peterson GJ, Nguyen FK, Campo M, Benchek P, Stein CM, Vaisar T, Mayanja-Kizza H, Boom WH, Hawn TR. Epigenetic programming of host lipid metabolism associates with resistance to TST/IGRA conversion after exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582348. [PMID: 38464296 PMCID: PMC10925331 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) exposure leads to a range of outcomes including clearance, latent TB infection (LTBI), and pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Some heavily exposed individuals resist tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) conversion (RSTR), which suggests that they employ IFNγ-independent mechanisms of Mtb control. Here, we compare monocyte epigenetic profiles of RSTR and LTBI from a Ugandan household contact cohort. Chromatin accessibility did not differ between uninfected RSTR and LTBI monocytes. In contrast, methylation significantly differed at 174 CpG sites and across 63 genomic regions. Consistent with previous transcriptional findings in this cohort, differential methylation was enriched in lipid and cholesterol associated pathways including in the genes APOC3, KCNQ1, and PLA2G3. In addition, methylation was enriched in Hippo signaling, which is associated with cholesterol homeostasis and includes CIT and SHANK2. Lipid export and Hippo signaling pathways were also associated with gene expression in response to Mtb in RSTR as well as IFN stimulation in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from an independent healthy donor cohort. Moreover, serum-derived HDL from RSTR had elevated ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) compared to LTBI. Our findings suggest that resistance to TST/IGRA conversion is linked to regulation of lipid accumulation in monocytes, which could facilitate early Mtb clearance among RSTR subjects through IFNγ-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason D Simmons
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Felicia K Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Monica Campo
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Penelope Benchek
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Catherine M Stein
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - W Henry Boom
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas R Hawn
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Hkimi C, Kamoun S, Khamessi O, Ghedira K. Mycobacterium tuberculosis-THP-1 like macrophages protein-protein interaction map revealed through dual RNA-seq analysis and a computational approach. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38314675 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) is still a leading cause of mortality worldwide with estimated 1.4 million deaths annually.Hypothesis/Gap statement. Despite macrophages' ability to kill bacterium, M. tb can grow inside these innate immune cells and the exploration of the infection has traditionally been characterized by a one-sided relationship, concentrating solely on the host or examining the pathogen in isolation.Aim. Because of only a handful of M. tb-host interactions have been experimentally characterized, our main goal is to predict protein-protein interactions during the early phases of the infection.Methodology. In this work, we performed an integrative computational approach that exploits differentially expressed genes obtained from Dual RNA-seq analysis combined with known domain-domain interactions.Results. A total of 2381 and 7214 genes were identified as differentially expressed in M. tb and in THP-1-like macrophages, respectively, revealing different transcriptional profiles in response to infection. Over 48 h of infection, the host-pathogen network revealed 25 016 PPIs. Analysis of the resulting predicted network based on cellular localization information of M. tb proteins, indicated the implication of interacting nodes including the bacterial PE/PPE/PE_PGRS family. In addition, M. tb proteins interacted with host proteins involved in NF-kB signalling pathway as well as interfering with the host apoptosis ability via the potential interaction of M. tb TB16.3 with human TAB1 and M. tb GroEL2 with host protein kinase C delta, respectively.Conclusion. The prediction of the full range of interactions between M. tb and host will contribute to better understanding of the pathogenesis of this bacterium and may provide advanced approaches to explore new therapeutic targets against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Hkimi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR20IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana BP-66, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Selim Kamoun
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR20IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana BP-66, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Oussema Khamessi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR20IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Ariana BP-66, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR20IPT09), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
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Chen Y, MacGilvary NJ, Tan S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to cholesterol is integrated with environmental pH and potassium levels via a lipid metabolism regulator. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011143. [PMID: 38266039 PMCID: PMC10843139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful colonization of the host requires Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to sense and respond coordinately to disparate environmental cues during infection and adapt its physiology. However, how Mtb response to environmental cues and the availability of key carbon sources may be integrated is poorly understood. Here, by exploiting a reporter-based genetic screen, we have unexpectedly found that overexpression of transcription factors involved in Mtb lipid metabolism altered the dampening effect of low environmental potassium concentrations ([K+]) on the pH response of Mtb. Cholesterol is a major carbon source for Mtb during infection, and transcriptional analyses revealed that Mtb response to acidic pH was augmented in the presence of cholesterol and vice versa. Strikingly, deletion of the putative lipid regulator mce3R had little effect on Mtb transcriptional response to acidic pH or cholesterol individually, but resulted specifically in loss of cholesterol response augmentation in the simultaneous presence of acidic pH. Similarly, while mce3R deletion had little effect on Mtb response to low environmental [K+] alone, augmentation of the low [K+] response by the simultaneous presence of cholesterol was lost in the mutant. Finally, a mce3R deletion mutant was attenuated for growth in foamy macrophages and for colonization in a murine infection model that recapitulates caseous necrotic lesions and the presence of foamy macrophages. These findings reveal the critical coordination between Mtb response to environmental cues and cholesterol, a vital carbon source, and establishes Mce3R as a transcription factor that crucially serves to integrate these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Current affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Salgueiro V, Bertol J, Gutierrez C, Palacios A, Pasquina-Lemonche L, Espalliat A, Lerma L, Weinrick B, Lavin JL, Elortza F, Azkalgorta M, Prieto A, Buendía-Nacarino P, Luque-García JL, Neyrolles O, Cava F, Hobbs JK, Sanz J, Prados-Rosales R. Maintenance of cell wall remodeling and vesicle production are connected in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.19.567727. [PMID: 38187572 PMCID: PMC10769192 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.19.567727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) under various conditions. EVs produced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( Mtb ) have raised significant interest for their potential in cell communication, nutrient acquisition, and immune evasion. However, the relevance of vesicle secretion during tuberculosis infection remains unknown due to the limited understanding of mycobacterial vesicle biogenesis. We have previously shown that a transposon mutant in the LCP-related gene virR ( virR mut ) manifested a strong attenuated phenotype during experimental macrophage and murine infections, concomitant to enhanced vesicle release. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of VirR in the vesicle production process in Mtb . We employ genetic, transcriptional, proteomics, ultrastructural and biochemical methods to investigate the underlying processes explaining the enhanced vesiculogenesis phenomenon observed in the virR mutant. Our results establish that VirR is critical to sustain proper cell permeability via regulation of cell envelope remodeling possibly through the interaction with similar cell envelope proteins, which control the link between peptidoglycan and arabinogalactan. These findings advance our understanding of mycobacterial extracellular vesicle biogenesis and suggest that these set of proteins could be attractive targets for therapeutic intervention.
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10
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Zmyslia M, Fröhlich K, Dao T, Schmidt A, Jessen-Trefzer C. Deep Proteomic Investigation of Metabolic Adaptation in Mycobacteria under Different Growth Conditions. Proteomes 2023; 11:39. [PMID: 38133153 PMCID: PMC10747050 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11040039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the complex mechanisms of mycobacterial pathophysiology and adaptive responses presents challenges that can hinder drug development. However, employing physiologically relevant conditions, such as those found in human macrophages or simulating physiological growth conditions, holds promise for more effective drug screening. A valuable tool in this pursuit is proteomics, which allows for a comprehensive analysis of adaptive responses. In our study, we focused on Mycobacterium smegmatis, a model organism closely related to the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis, to investigate the impact of various carbon sources on mycobacterial growth. To facilitate this research, we developed a cost-effective, straightforward, and high-quality pipeline for proteome analysis and compared six different carbon source conditions. Additionally, we have created an online tool to present and analyze our data, making it easily accessible to the community. This user-friendly platform allows researchers and interested parties to explore and interpret the results effectively. Our findings shed light on mycobacterial adaptive physiology and present potential targets for drug development, contributing to the fight against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Zmyslia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.Z.); (T.D.)
| | - Klemens Fröhlich
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (K.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Trinh Dao
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.Z.); (T.D.)
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 19A, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- The Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Proteomics Core Facility, Biozentrum Basel, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; (K.F.); (A.S.)
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.Z.); (T.D.)
- The Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Adhyapak P, Liang K, Duan M, Kapoor S. Effect of Host Cholesterol on the Membrane Dynamics of Outer Membrane Lipids of Mycobacteria. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300697. [PMID: 37846643 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to remain dormant after primary infection represents the prime cause of new TB cases throughout the world. Hence, diagnosis and treatment of individuals hosting dormant mycobacterium is one of the crucial strategies to be adopted for the prevention of Tuberculosis. Among many strategies unleashed by the latent bacterium, one of them is scavenging host cholesterol for carbon source. Cholesterol modifies lipid membranes over many scales and here, its effect on mycobacterial membrane biophysics and the subsequent effect on partitioning of antibiotics into cholesterol- enriched mycobacterial membranes was investigated. Our research showed that cholesterol alters the phase state behavior of mycobacterial outer membrane lipids by enhancing the overall membrane order at the headgroup and acyl chain region and is integrated into both ordered and disordered domains/phases, with a preference for the latter. Exogenous cholesterol further alters the drug partitioning behavior of structurally different drugs, pointing to a larger clinical potential of using more hydrophobic medications to target dormant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Adhyapak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Kuan Liang
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Mojie Duan
- National Centre for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, 400076, India
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Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Schami AM, Olmo-Fontánez AM, Hicks A, Peters J, Maselli DJ, Wewers MD, Wang Y, Torrelles JB. Exposure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to human alveolar lining fluid shows temporal and strain-specific adaptation to the lung environment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559381. [PMID: 37808780 PMCID: PMC10557635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Upon infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ) reaches the alveolar space and comes in close contact with human alveolar lining fluid (ALF) for an uncertain period of time prior to its encounter with alveolar cells. We showed that homeostatic ALF hydrolytic enzymes modify the M.tb cell envelope, driving M.tb -host cell interactions. Still, the contribution of ALF during M.tb infection is poorly understood. Here, we exposed 4 M.tb strains with different levels of virulence, transmissibility, and drug resistance (DR) to physiological concentrations of human ALF for 15-min and 12-h, and performed RNA sequencing. Gene expression analysis showed a temporal and strain-specific adaptation to human ALF. Differential expression (DE) of ALF-exposed vs. unexposed M.tb revealed a total of 397 DE genes associated with lipid metabolism, cell envelope and processes, intermediary metabolism and respiration, and regulatory proteins, among others. Most DE genes were detected at 12-h post-ALF exposure, with DR- M.tb strain W-7642 having the highest number of DE genes. Interestingly, genes from the KstR2 regulon, which controls the degradation of cholesterol C and D rings, were significantly upregulated in all strains post-ALF exposure. These results indicate that M.tb -ALF contact drives initial metabolic and physiologic changes in M.tb , with potential implications in infection outcome. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis, caused by airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( M.tb ), is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Upon infection, M.tb reaches the alveoli and gets in contact with human alveolar lining fluid (ALF), where ALF hydrolases modify the M.tb cell envelope driving subsequent M.tb -host cell interactions. Still, the contributions of ALF during infection are poorly understood. We exposed 4 M.tb strains to ALF for 15-min and 12-h and performed RNA sequencing, demonstrating a temporal and strain-specific adaptation of M.tb to ALF. Interestingly, genes associated with cholesterol degradation were highly upregulated in all strains. This study shows for the first time that ALF drives global metabolic changes in M.tb during the initial stages of the infection, with potential implications in disease outcome. Biologically relevant networks and common and strain-specific bacterial determinants derived from this study could be further investigated as potential therapeutic candidates.
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13
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Wu M, Yang Q, Yang C, Han J, Liu H, Qiao L, Duan H, Xing L, Liu Q, Dong L, Wang Q, Zuo L. Characteristics of plasma exosomes in drug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2023; 141:102359. [PMID: 37329682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing prevalence of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) poses a major challenge to the early detection and effective control of tuberculosis (TB). Exosomes carrying proteins and nucleic acid mediate intercellular communication between host and pathogen including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, molecular events of exosomes indicating the status and development of DR-TB remain unknown. This study determined the proteomics of exosome in DR-TB and explored the potential pathogenesis of DR-TB. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from 17 DR-TB patients and 33 non-drug-resistant tuberculosis (NDR-TB) patients using grouped case-control study design. After exosomes of plasma were isolated and confirmed by compositional and morphological measurement for exosomal characteristics, a label-free quantitative proteomics of exosomes was performed and differential protein components were determined via bioinformatics analysis. RESULTS Compared with the NDR-TB group, we identified 16 up-regulated proteins and 10 down-regulated proteins in the DR-TB group. The down-regulated proteins were mainly apolipoproteins and mainly enriched in cholesterol metabolism-related pathways. Apolipoproteins family including APOA1, APOB, APOC1 were key proteins in protein-protein interaction network. CONCLUSION Differentially expressed proteins in the exosomes may indicate the status of DR-TB from NDR-TB. Apolipoproteins family including APOA1, APOB, APOC1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of DR-TB by regulating cholesterol metabolism via exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingrui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, School of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Qianwei Yang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Caiting Yang
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jie Han
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Hai Liu
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Lingran Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, School of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Huiping Duan
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Li Xing
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Qunqun Liu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Li Dong
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
| | - Quanhong Wang
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Taiyuan, Taiyuan, 030024, China.
| | - Lin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, The Department of Physiology, School of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
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14
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Wei W, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Yu M, Wu Z, Xu L, Peng K, Wu Z, Li Y, Wang X. Whole-genome sequencing and transcriptome-characterized in vitro evolution of aminoglycoside resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microb Genom 2023; 9. [PMID: 37224060 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major public health concern worldwide. Therefore, it is of great significance to characterize the mutational pathways by which susceptible Mtb evolves into drug resistance. In this study, we used laboratory evolution to explore the mutational pathways of aminoglycoside resistance. The level of resistance in amikacin inducing Mtb was also associated with changes in susceptibility to other anti-tuberculosis drugs such as isoniazid, levofloxacin and capreomycin. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the induced resistant Mtb strains had accumulated diverse mutations. We found that rrs A1401G was the predominant mutation in aminoglycoside-resistant clinical Mtb isolates from Guangdong. In addition, this study provided global insight into the characteristics of the transcriptome in four representative induced strains and revealed that rrs mutated and unmutated aminoglycoside-resistant Mtb strains have different transcriptional profiles. WGS analysis and transcriptional profiling of Mtb strains during evolution revealed that Mtb strains harbouring rrs A1401G have an evolutionary advantage over other drug-resistant strains under the pressure of aminoglycosides because of their ultra-high resistance level and low physiological impact on the strain. The results of this study should advance our understanding of aminoglycoside resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wei
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Yuchuan Zhao
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Meiling Yu
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Zhuhua Wu
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Liuyue Xu
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Kehao Peng
- Center for Tuberculosis Control of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Guangdong, Guangzhou 510630, PR China
| | - Zhilong Wu
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan 528000, PR China
| | - Yanxia Li
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan 528000, PR China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Foshan Fourth People's Hospital, Foshan 528000, PR China
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15
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Ongwae GM, Lepori I, Chordia MD, Dalesandro BE, Apostolos AJ, Siegrist MS, Pires MM. Measurement of Small Molecule Accumulation into Diderm Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:97-110. [PMID: 36530146 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Some of the most dangerous bacterial pathogens (Gram-negative and mycobacterial) deploy a formidable secondary membrane barrier to reduce the influx of exogenous molecules. For Gram-negative bacteria, this second exterior membrane is known as the outer membrane (OM), while for the Gram-indeterminate Mycobacteria, it is known as the "myco" membrane. Although different in composition, both the OM and mycomembrane are key structures that restrict the passive permeation of small molecules into bacterial cells. Although it is well-appreciated that such structures are principal determinants of small molecule permeation, it has proven to be challenging to assess this feature in a robust and quantitative way or in complex, infection-relevant settings. Herein, we describe the development of the bacterial chloro-alkane penetration assay (BaCAPA), which employs the use of a genetically encoded protein called HaloTag, to measure the uptake and accumulation of molecules into model Gram-negative and mycobacterial species, Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium smegmatis, respectively, and into the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The HaloTag protein can be directed to either the cytoplasm or the periplasm of bacteria. This offers the possibility of compartmental analysis of permeation across individual cell membranes. Significantly, we also showed that BaCAPA can be used to analyze the permeation of molecules into host cell-internalized E. coli and M. tuberculosis, a critical capability for analyzing intracellular pathogens. Together, our results show that BaCAPA affords facile measurement of permeability across four barriers: the host plasma and phagosomal membranes and the diderm bacterial cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Ongwae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Irene Lepori
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Mahendra D Chordia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Brianna E Dalesandro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Alexis J Apostolos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - M Sloan Siegrist
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Marcos M Pires
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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16
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Lobastova T, Fokina V, Pozdnyakova-Filatova I, Tarlachkov S, Shutov A, Donova M. Insight into Different Stages of Steroid Degradation in Thermophilic Saccharopolyspora hirsuta VKM Ac-666 T Strain. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232416174. [PMID: 36555813 PMCID: PMC9782250 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232416174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroids are abundant molecules in nature, and various microorganisms evolved to utilize steroids. Thermophilic actinobacteria play an important role in such processes. However, very few thermophiles have so far been reported capable of degrading or modifying natural sterols. Recently, genes putatively involved in the sterol catabolic pathway have been revealed in the moderately thermophilic actinobacterium Saccharopolyspora hirsuta VKM Ac-666T, but peculiarities of strain activity toward sterols are still poorly understood. S. hirsuta catalyzed cholesterol bioconversion at a rate significantly inferior to that observed for mesophilic actinobacteria (mycobacteria and rhodococci). Several genes related to different stages of steroid catabolism increased their expression in response to cholesterol as was shown by transcriptomic studies and verified by RT-qPCR. Sequential activation of genes related to the initial step of cholesterol side chain oxidation (cyp125) and later steps of steroid core degradation (kstD3, kshA, ipdF, and fadE30) was demonstrated for the first time. The activation correlates with a low cholesterol conversion rate and intermediate accumulation by the strain. The transcriptomic analyses revealed that the genes involved in sterol catabolism are linked functionally, but not transcriptionally. The results contribute to the knowledge on steroid catabolism in thermophilic actinobacteria and could be used at the engineering of microbial catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Lobastova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering of Microbial Producers, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Victoria Fokina
- Laboratory of Bioengineering of Microbial Producers, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Irina Pozdnyakova-Filatova
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Sergey Tarlachkov
- Laboratory of Bioengineering of Microbial Producers, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Andrey Shutov
- Laboratory of Bioengineering of Microbial Producers, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Marina Donova
- Laboratory of Bioengineering of Microbial Producers, G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, RAS, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence:
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17
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Pepperell CS. Evolution of Tuberculosis Pathogenesis. Annu Rev Microbiol 2022; 76:661-680. [PMID: 35709500 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-121321-093031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a globally distributed, lethal pathogen of humans. The virulence armamentarium of M. tuberculosis appears to have been developed on a scaffold of antiphagocytic defenses found among diverse, mostly free-living species of Mycobacterium. Pathoadaptation was further aided by the modularity, flexibility, and interactivity characterizing mycobacterial effectors and their regulators. During emergence of M. tuberculosis, novel genetic material was acquired, created, and integrated with existing tools. The major mutational mechanisms underlying these adaptations are discussed in this review, with examples. During its evolution, M. tuberculosis lost the ability and/or opportunity to engage in lateral gene transfer, but despite this it has retained the adaptability that characterizes mycobacteria. M. tuberculosis exemplifies the evolutionary genomic mechanisms underlying adoption of the pathogenic niche, and studies of its evolution have uncovered a rich array of discoveries about how new pathogens are made. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Microbiology, Volume 76 is September 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin S Pepperell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA;
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18
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Chandra P, Coullon H, Agarwal M, Goss CW, Philips JA. Macrophage global metabolomics identifies cholestenone as host/pathogen cometabolite present in human Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:152509. [PMID: 35104812 PMCID: PMC8803325 DOI: 10.1172/jci152509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) causes an enormous burden of disease worldwide. As a central aspect of its pathogenesis, M. tuberculosis grows in macrophages, and host and microbe influence each other's metabolism. To define the metabolic impact of M. tuberculosis infection, we performed global metabolic profiling of M. tuberculosis-infected macrophages. M. tuberculosis induced metabolic hallmarks of inflammatory macrophages and a prominent signature of cholesterol metabolism. We found that infected macrophages accumulate cholestenone, a mycobacterial-derived, oxidized derivative of cholesterol. We demonstrated that the accumulation of cholestenone in infected macrophages depended on the M. tuberculosis enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-Hsd) and correlated with pathogen burden. Because cholestenone is not a substantial human metabolite, we hypothesized it might be diagnostic of M. tuberculosis infection in clinical samples. Indeed, in 2 geographically distinct cohorts, sputum cholestenone levels distinguished subjects with tuberculosis (TB) from TB-negative controls who presented with TB-like symptoms. We also found country-specific detection of cholestenone in plasma samples from M. tuberculosis-infected subjects. While cholestenone was previously thought to be an intermediate required for cholesterol degradation by M. tuberculosis, we found that M. tuberculosis can utilize cholesterol for growth without making cholestenone. Thus, the accumulation of cholestenone in clinical samples suggests it has an alternative role in pathogenesis and could be a clinically useful biomarker of TB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Chandra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Héloise Coullon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Mansi Agarwal
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Charles W Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer A Philips
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
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19
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Joshi H, Kandari D, Bhatnagar R. Insights into the molecular determinants involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence and their therapeutic implications. Virulence 2021; 12:2721-2749. [PMID: 34637683 PMCID: PMC8565819 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1990660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of persistent infections and the reactivation of persistent bacteria to active bacilli are the two hurdles in effective tuberculosis treatment. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an etiologic tuberculosis agent, adapts to numerous antibiotics and resists the host immune system causing a disease of public health concern. Extensive research has been employed to combat this disease due to its sheer ability to persist in the host system, undetected, waiting for the opportunity to declare itself. Persisters are a bacterial subpopulation that possesses transient tolerance to high doses of antibiotics. There are certain inherent mechanisms that facilitate the persister cell formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, some of those had been characterized in the past namely, stringent response, transcriptional regulators, energy production pathways, lipid metabolism, cell wall remodeling enzymes, phosphate metabolism, and proteasome protein degradation. This article reviews the recent advancements made in various in vitro persistence models that assist to unravel the mechanisms involved in the persister cell formation and to hunt for the possible preventive or treatment measures. To tackle the persister population the immunodominant proteins that express specifically at the latent phase of infection can be used for diagnosis to distinguish between the active and latent tuberculosis, as well as to select potential drug or vaccine candidates. In addition, we discuss the genes engaged in the persistence to get more insights into resuscitation and persister cell formation. The in-depth understanding of persistent cells of mycobacteria can certainly unravel novel ways to target the pathogen and tackle its persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Joshi
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Kandari
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Bhatnagar
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- Amity University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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