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Raouf YS. Targeting histone deacetylases: Emerging applications beyond cancer. Drug Discov Today 2024:104094. [PMID: 38997001 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are a special class of hydrolase enzymes, which through epigenetic control of cellular acetylation, play regulatory roles in various processes including chromatin packing, cytokine signaling, and gene expression. Widespread influence on cell function has implicated dysregulated HDAC activity in human disease. While traditionally an oncology target, in the past decade, there has been a notable rise in inhibition strategies within several therapeutic areas beyond cancer. This review highlights advances in four of these indications, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and viral infections, focusing on the role of deacetylases in disease, small molecule drug discovery, and clinical progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasir S Raouf
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates.
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2
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Tago T, Sakata M, Kanazawa M, Yamamoto S, Ishii K, Toyohara J. Preclinical validation of a novel brain-penetrant PET ligand for visualization of histone deacetylase 6: a potential imaging target for neurodegenerative diseases. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2024; 51:2193-2203. [PMID: 38441662 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-024-06666-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) has emerged as a therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Noninvasive imaging of HDAC6 in the brain by positron emission tomography (PET) would accelerate research into its roles in these diseases. We recently discovered an 18F-labeled derivative of the selective HDAC6 inhibitor SW-100 ([18F]FSW-100) as a potential candidate for brain HDAC6 radioligand. As a mandatory step prior to clinical translation, we performed preclinical validation of [18F]FSW-100. METHODS Process validation of [18F]FSW-100 radiosynthesis for clinical use and assessment of preclinical toxicity and radiation dosimetry estimated from mouse distribution data were performed. In vitro selectivity of FSW-100 for 28 common receptors in the brain and HDAC isoforms was characterized. [18F]FSW-100 PET imaging was performed in non-human primates in a conscious state to estimate the feasibility of HDAC6 imaging in humans. RESULTS Three consecutive validation runs of the automated radiosynthesis gave [18F]FSW-100 injections with radiochemical yields of 12%, and the injections conformed to specified quality control criteria for batch release. No acute toxicity was observed for non-radiolabeled FSW-100 or radioactivity decayed [18F]FSW-100 injection, and the former was negative in the Ames test. The whole-body effective dose estimated from biodistribution in mice was within the range of that of previously reported 18F-radioligands in humans. In vitro selectivity against common receptors and other HDAC isoforms was confirmed. [18F]FSW-100 demonstrated good penetration in monkey brain, and in vivo blocking studies suggested that the uptake was specific. CONCLUSION These results support the clinical utility of [18F]FSW-100 for in vivo imaging of HDAC6 in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Muneyuki Sakata
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Kenji Ishii
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Pereira M, Cruz MT, Fortuna A, Bicker J. Restoring the epigenome in Alzheimer's disease: advancing HDAC inhibitors as therapeutic agents. Drug Discov Today 2024; 29:104052. [PMID: 38830501 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2024.104052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Current treatment options for Alzheimer's disease (AD) focus on symptom relief rather than halting disease progression. In this context, targeting histone deacetylation emerges as a promising therapeutic alternative. Dysregulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity is present in AD, contributing to cognitive decline. Pharmacological HDAC inhibition has shown benefits in preclinical models, namely reduced amyloid beta plaque formation, lower phosphorylation and aggregation of tau protein, greater microtubule stability, less neuroinflammation, and improved metabolic homeostasis and cell survival. Nonetheless, clinical trials evidenced limitations such as insufficient selectivity or blood-brain barrier penetration. Hence, future innovative strategies are required to enhance their efficacy/safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Pereira
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Cruz
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Bicker
- University of Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Diniz LP, Morgado J, Bergamo Araujo AP, da Silva Antônio LM, Mota-Araujo HP, de Sena Murteira Pinheiro P, Sagrillo FS, Cesar GV, Ferreira ST, Figueiredo CP, Manssour Fraga CA, Gomes FCA. Histone deacetylase inhibition mitigates cognitive deficits and astrocyte dysfunction induced by amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38936407 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of histone deacetylases (iHDACs) are promising drugs for neurodegenerative diseases. We have evaluated the therapeutic potential of the new iHDAC LASSBio-1911 in Aβ oligomer (AβO) toxicity models and astrocytes, key players in neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease (AD). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Astrocyte phenotype and synapse density were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and qPCR, in vitro and in mice. Cognitive function was evaluated by behavioural assays using a mouse model of intracerebroventricular infusion of AβO. KEY RESULTS LASSBio-1911 modulates reactivity and synaptogenic potential of cultured astrocytes and improves synaptic markers in cultured neurons and in mice. It prevents AβO-triggered astrocytic reactivity in mice and enhances the neuroprotective potential of astrocytes. LASSBio-1911 improves behavioural performance and rescues synaptic and memory function in AβO-infused mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS These results contribute to unveiling the mechanisms underlying astrocyte role in AD and provide the rationale for using astrocytes as targets to new drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Pereira Diniz
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Morgado
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bergamo Araujo
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro de Sena Murteira Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Savacini Sagrillo
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Vargas Cesar
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sérgio T Ferreira
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Manssour Fraga
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Síntese de Substâncias Bioativas (LASSBio), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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5
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Tago T, Toyohara J. Step-by-step optimisation of the radiosynthesis of the brain HDAC6 radioligand [ 18F]FSW-100 for clinical applications. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2024; 9:45. [PMID: 38831171 PMCID: PMC11147973 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-024-00277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an emerging target for the treatment and diagnosis of proteinopathies. [18F]FSW-100 was recently developed as a promising brain-penetrating radioligand for HDAC6 PET imaging and the process validation of [18F]FSW-100 radiosynthesis for clinical use is complete, but no detailed synthetic strategy nor process optimisation has been reported. Here, we describe the optimisation of several processes in [18F]FSW-100 radiosynthesis, including the 18F-fluorination reaction, semipurification of the 18F-intermediate, and purification of the product by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), to achieve a radiochemical yield (RCY) adequate for clinical applications of the radioligand. Our findings will aid optimisation of radiosynthesis processes in general. RESULTS In the 18F-fluorination reaction, the amount of copper reagent was reduced without reducing the nonisolated RCY of the intermediate (50%), thus reducing the risk of copper contamination in the product injection solution. Optimising the solid-phase extraction (SPE) conditions for semipurification of the intermediate improved its recovery efficiency. The addition of anti-radiolysis reagents to the mobile phase for the HPLC purification of [18F]FSW-100 increased its activity yield in radiosynthesis using a high [18F]fluoride radioactivity of approximately 50 GBq. The SPE-based formulation method and additives for the injection solution were optimised, and the resulting [18F]FSW-100 injection solution was stable for over 2 h with a radiochemical purity of greater than 95%. CONCLUSIONS Of all the reconsidered processes, we found that optimisation of the SPE-based semipurification of the intermediate and of the mobile phase for HPLC purification in particular improved the RCY of [18F]FSW-100, doubling it compared to that of the original protocol. The radioactivity of [18F]FSW-100 synthesized using the optimized protocol was sufficient for multiple doses for a clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Tago
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan
| | - Jun Toyohara
- Research Team for Neuroimaging, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 35-2 Sakae-Cho, Itabashi-Ku, Tokyo, 173-0015, Japan.
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Liu R, Guo L, Zhao Y, Wu D, Yu J, Liu P. Study on multi-target effects of the novel HDAC6 inhibitor W5 on Aβ/Cu 2+-induced Alzheimer's disease model of rats. Brain Res 2024; 1832:148847. [PMID: 38442843 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a key therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been demonstrated to play an essential role in memory function and microtubule-associated tau physiology. In this study, W5 was used to treat AD model rats induced by Aβ/Cu2+ to study the improving effect of W5 on learning and memory impairment in AD rats and its related mechanism, to provide the basis for the subsequent development of W5 as an anti-AD drug. Results showed that W5 could decrease the expression of Aβ, Tau, and p-Tau proteins in the hippocampus of AD rats to inhibit the formation of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, down-regulate the expression of Bax mRNA and Caspase-3 mRNA, and up-regulate the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA to reduce the apoptosis of neuron cells, reverse the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA to regulate neuroinflammatory response in AD rat brain. W5 also could regulate the oxidative stress state of AD rats, and balance the neurotransmitter disorder in AD rats' brain tissue. Overall, W5 could recover the morphology of hippocampal neurons and improve the learning and memory dysfunction in AD rats by regulating multiple targets in AD rats, providing a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Linli Guo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiasi Yu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Inspection, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Cellupica E, Gaiassi A, Rocchio I, Rovelli G, Pomarico R, Sandrone G, Caprini G, Cordella P, Cukier C, Fossati G, Marchini M, Bebel A, Airoldi C, Palmioli A, Stevenazzi A, Steinkühler C, Vergani B. Mechanistic and Structural Insights on Difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole Inhibitors of HDAC6. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5885. [PMID: 38892072 PMCID: PMC11172862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is increasingly recognized for its potential in targeted disease therapy. This study delves into the mechanistic and structural nuances of HDAC6 inhibition by difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DFMO) derivatives, a class of non-hydroxamic inhibitors with remarkable selectivity and potency. Employing a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) kinetic experiments, comprehensive enzymatic characterizations, and X-ray crystallography, we dissect the intricate details of the DFMO-HDAC6 interaction dynamics. More specifically, we find that the chemical structure of a DMFO and the binding mode of its difluoroacetylhydrazide derivative are crucial in determining the predominant hydrolysis mechanism. Our findings provide additional insights into two different mechanisms of DFMO hydrolysis, thus contributing to a better understanding of the HDAC6 inhibition by oxadiazoles in disease modulation and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cellupica
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Aureliano Gaiassi
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Ilaria Rocchio
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Grazia Rovelli
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Roberta Pomarico
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Giovanni Sandrone
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Gianluca Caprini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Paola Cordella
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Cyprian Cukier
- Department of Biochemistry, Selvita S.A., 30-394 Kraków, Poland; (C.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Mattia Marchini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Aleksandra Bebel
- Department of Biochemistry, Selvita S.A., 30-394 Kraków, Poland; (C.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Cristina Airoldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Alessandro Palmioli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.A.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Stevenazzi
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Christian Steinkühler
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, 20092 Milan, Italy; (E.C.); (A.G.); (I.R.); (G.R.); (R.P.); (G.S.); (G.C.); (P.C.); (G.F.); (M.M.); (A.S.); (C.S.)
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Christianson DW. Chemical Versatility in Catalysis and Inhibition of the Class IIb Histone Deacetylases. Acc Chem Res 2024; 57:1135-1148. [PMID: 38530703 PMCID: PMC11021156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
The zinc-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs 1-11) belong to the arginase-deacetylase superfamily of proteins, members of which share a common α/β fold and catalytic metal binding site. While several HDACs play a role in epigenetic regulation by catalyzing acetyllysine hydrolysis in histone proteins, the biological activities of HDACs extend far beyond histones. HDACs also deacetylate nonhistone proteins in the nucleus as well as the cytosol to regulate myriad cellular processes. The substrate pool is even more diverse in that certain HDACs can hydrolyze other covalent modifications. For example, HDAC6 is also a lysine decrotonylase, and HDAC11 is a lysine-fatty acid deacylase. Surprisingly, HDAC10 is not a lysine deacetylase but instead is a polyamine deacetylase. Thus, the HDACs are biologically and chemically versatile catalysts as they regulate the function of diverse protein and nonprotein substrates throughout the cell.Owing to their critical regulatory functions, HDACs serve as prominent targets for drug design. At present, four HDAC inhibitors are FDA-approved for cancer chemotherapy. However, these inhibitors are active against multiple HDAC isozymes, and a lack of selectivity is thought to contribute to undesirable side effects. Current medicinal chemistry campaigns focus on the development of isozyme-selective inhibitors, and many such studies largely focus on HDAC6 and HDAC10. HDAC6 is a target for therapeutic intervention due to its cellular role as a tubulin deacetylase and tau deacetylase, and selective inhibitors are being studied in cancer chemotherapy and the treatment of peripheral neuropathy. Crystal structures of enzyme-inhibitor complexes reveal how various features of inhibitor design, such as zinc-coordinating groups, bifurcated capping groups, and aromatic fluorination patterns, contribute to affinity and isozyme selectivity. The polyamine deacetylase HDAC10 is also an emerging target for cancer chemotherapy. Crystal structures of intact substrates trapped in the HDAC10 active site reveal the molecular basis of strikingly narrow substrate specificity for N8-acetylspermidine hydrolysis. Active site features responsible for substrate specificity have been successfully exploited in the design of potent and selective inhibitors.In this Account, I review the structural chemistry and inhibition of HDACs, highlighting recent X-ray crystallographic and functional studies of HDAC6 and HDAC10 in my laboratory. These studies have yielded fascinating snapshots of catalysis as well as novel chemical transformations involving bound inhibitors. The zinc-bound water molecule in the HDAC active site is the catalytic nucleophile in the deacetylation reaction, but this activated water molecule can also react with inhibitor C═O or C═N groups to yield unanticipated reaction products that bind exceptionally tightly. Versatile active site chemistry unleashes the full inhibitory potential of such compounds, and X-ray crystallography allows us to view this chemistry in action.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W. Christianson
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104-6323, USA
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9
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Zhang H, Hu S, Yang P, Long H, Ma Q, Yin D, Xu G. HDAC9-mediated calmodulin deacetylation induces memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14573. [PMID: 38421101 PMCID: PMC10850929 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive dysfunction and memory impairment. AD pathology involves protein acetylation. Previous studies have mainly focused on histone acetylation in AD, however, the roles of nonhistone acetylation in AD are less explored. METHODS The protein acetylation and expression levels were detected by western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation. The stoichiometry of acetylation was measured by home-made and site-specific antibodies against acetylated-CaM (Ac-CaM) at K22, K95, and K116. Hippocampus-dependent learning and memory were evaluated by using the Morris water maze, novel object recognition, and contextual fear conditioning tests. RESULTS We showed that calmodulin (CaM) acetylation is reduced in plasma of AD patients and mice. CaM acetylation and its target Ca2+ /CaM-dependent kinase II α (CaMKIIα) activity were severely impaired in AD mouse brain. The stoichiometry showed that Ac-K22, K95-CaM acetylation were decreased in AD patients and mice. Moreover, we screened and identified that lysine deacetylase 9 (HDAC9) was the main deacetylase for CaM. In addition, HDAC9 inhibition increased CaM acetylation and CaMKIIα activity, and hippocampus-dependent memory in AD mice. CONCLUSIONS HDAC9-mediated CaM deacetylation induces memory impairment in AD, HDAC9, or CaM acetylation may become potential therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Long Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of NeuroscienceSuzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Shufen Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of NeuroscienceSuzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Pin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education and Shanghai, School of Life ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Han‐Chun Long
- Department of NeurologyThe Affiliated Xingyi City Hospital of Guizhou Medical UniversityXingyiChina
| | - Quan‐Hong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of NeuroscienceSuzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
| | - Dong‐Min Yin
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education and Shanghai, School of Life ScienceEast China Normal UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guang‐Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of NeuroscienceSuzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Medical Center of Soochow UniversitySuzhouChina
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10
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Bourdakou MM, Fernández-Ginés R, Cuadrado A, Spyrou GM. Drug repurposing on Alzheimer's disease through modulation of NRF2 neighborhood. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102881. [PMID: 37696195 PMCID: PMC10500459 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of cognitive decline. The alarming epidemiological features of Alzheimer's disease, combined with the high failure rate of candidate drugs tested in the preclinical phase, impose more intense investigations for new curative treatments. NRF2 (Nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2) plays a critical role in the inflammatory response and in the cellular redox homeostasis and provides cytoprotection in several diseases including those in the neurodegeneration spectrum. These roles suggest that NRF2 and its directly associated proteins may be novel attractive therapeutic targets in the fight against AD. In this study, through a systemics perspective, we propose an in silico drug repurposing approach for AD, based on the NRF2 interactome and regulome, with the aim of highlighting possible repurposed drugs for AD. Using publicly available information based on differential expressions of the NRF2-neighborhood in AD and through a computational drug repurposing pipeline, we derived to a short list of candidate repurposed drugs and small molecules that affect the expression levels of the majority of NRF2-partners. The relevance of these findings was assessed in a four-step computational meta-analysis including i) structural similarity comparisons with currently ongoing NRF2-related drugs in clinical trials ii) evaluation based on the NRF2-diseasome iii) comparison of relevance between targeted pathways of shortlisted drugs and NRF2-related drugs in clinical trials and iv) further comparison with existing knowledge on AD and NRF2-related drugs in clinical trials based on their known modes of action. Overall, our analysis yielded in 5 candidate repurposed drugs for AD. In cell culture, these 5 candidates activated a luciferase reporter for NRF2 activity and in hippocampus derived TH22 cells they increased NRF2 protein levels and the NRF2 transcriptional signatures as determined by increased expression of its downstream target heme oxygenase 1. We expect that our proposed candidate repurposed drugs will be useful for further research and clinical translation for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena M Bourdakou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Raquel Fernández-Ginés
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" UAM-CSIC, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - George M Spyrou
- Bioinformatics Department, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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11
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Ripa L, Sandmark J, Hughes G, Shamovsky I, Gunnarsson A, Johansson J, Llinas A, Collins M, Jung B, Novén A, Pemberton N, Mogemark M, Xiong Y, Li Q, Tångefjord S, Ek M, Åstrand A. Selective and Bioavailable HDAC6 2-(Difluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole Substrate Inhibitors and Modeling of Their Bioactivation Mechanism. J Med Chem 2023; 66:14188-14207. [PMID: 37797307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique member of the HDAC family mainly targeting cytosolic nonhistone substrates, such as α-tubulin, cortactin, and heat shock protein 90 to regulate cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion, and mitosis in tumors. We describe the identification and characterization of a series of 2-(difluoromethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles (DFMOs) as selective nonhydroxamic acid HDAC6 inhibitors. By comparing structure-activity relationships and performing quantum mechanical calculations of the HDAC6 catalytic mechanism, we show that potent oxadiazoles are electrophilic substrates of HDAC6 and propose a mechanism for the bioactivation. We also observe that the inherent electrophilicity of the oxadiazoles makes them prone to degradation in water solution and the generation of potentially toxic products cannot be ruled out, limiting the developability for chronic diseases. However, the oxadiazoles demonstrate high oral bioavailability and low in vivo clearance and are excellent tools for studying the role of HDAC6 in vitro and in vivo in rats and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ripa
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Sandmark
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Glyn Hughes
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Igor Shamovsky
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Gunnarsson
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Julia Johansson
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Antonio Llinas
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mia Collins
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Bomi Jung
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Novén
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Nils Pemberton
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mickael Mogemark
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Yao Xiong
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmaron Beijing, Co. Ltd., No. 6, Taihe Road, BDA, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Stefan Tångefjord
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Margareta Ek
- Discovery Sciences, Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Annika Åstrand
- Respiratory & Immunology (R&I), Research and Early Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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12
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Dewdney B, Jenkins MR, Best SA, Freytag S, Prasad K, Holst J, Endersby R, Johns TG. From signalling pathways to targeted therapies: unravelling glioblastoma's secrets and harnessing two decades of progress. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37857607 PMCID: PMC10587102 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a rare, and highly lethal form of brain cancer, poses significant challenges in terms of therapeutic resistance, and poor survival rates for both adult and paediatric patients alike. Despite advancements in brain cancer research driven by a technological revolution, translating our understanding of glioblastoma pathogenesis into improved clinical outcomes remains a critical unmet need. This review emphasises the intricate role of receptor tyrosine kinase signalling pathways, epigenetic mechanisms, and metabolic functions in glioblastoma tumourigenesis and therapeutic resistance. We also discuss the extensive efforts over the past two decades that have explored targeted therapies against these pathways. Emerging therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-toxin conjugates or CAR T cell therapies, offer potential by specifically targeting proteins on the glioblastoma cell surface. Combination strategies incorporating protein-targeted therapy and immune-based therapies demonstrate great promise for future clinical research. Moreover, gaining insights into the role of cell-of-origin in glioblastoma treatment response holds the potential to advance precision medicine approaches. Addressing these challenges is crucial to improving outcomes for glioblastoma patients and moving towards more effective precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Dewdney
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Sarah A Best
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Saskia Freytag
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
| | - Krishneel Prasad
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3010, Australia
| | - Jeff Holst
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia
| | - Raelene Endersby
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Terrance G Johns
- Cancer Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre For Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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13
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Frühauf A, Behringer M, Meyer-Almes FJ. Significance of Five-Membered Heterocycles in Human Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:5686. [PMID: 37570656 PMCID: PMC10419652 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Five-membered heteroaromatic rings, in particular, have gained prominence in medicinal chemistry as they offer enhanced metabolic stability, solubility and bioavailability, crucial factors in developing effective drugs. The unique physicochemical properties and biological effects of five-membered heterocycles have positioned them as key structural motifs in numerous clinically effective drugs. Hence, the exploration of five-ring heterocycles remains an important research area in medicinal chemistry, with the aim of discovering new therapeutic agents for various diseases. This review addresses the incorporation of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur into the aromatic ring of these heterocyclic compounds, enhancing their polarity and facilitating both aromatic stacking interactions and the formation of hydrogen bonds. Histone deacetylases are present in numerous multiprotein complexes within the epigenetic machinery and play a central role in various cellular processes. They have emerged as important targets for cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and other therapeutic indications. In histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi's), five-ring heterocycles perform various functions as a zinc-binding group, a linker or head group, contributing to binding activity and selective recognition. This review focuses on providing an up-to-date overview of the different five-membered heterocycles utilized in HDACi motifs, highlighting their biological properties. It summarizes relevant publications from the past decade, offering insights into the recent advancements in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany; (A.F.); (M.B.)
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14
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Cellupica E, Caprini G, Fossati G, Mirdita D, Cordella P, Marchini M, Rocchio I, Sandrone G, Stevenazzi A, Vergani B, Steinkühler C, Vanoni MA. The Importance of the "Time Factor" for the Evaluation of Inhibition Mechanisms: The Case of Selected HDAC6 Inhibitors. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1049. [PMID: 37626935 PMCID: PMC10452033 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) participate with histone acetyltransferases in the modulation of the biological activity of a broad array of proteins, besides histones. Histone deacetylase 6 is unique among HDAC as it contains two catalytic domains, an N-terminal microtubule binding region and a C-terminal ubiquitin binding domain. Most of its known biological roles are related to its protein lysine deacetylase activity in the cytoplasm. The design of specific inhibitors is the focus of a large number of medicinal chemistry programs in the academy and industry because lowering HDAC6 activity has been demonstrated to be beneficial for the treatment of several diseases, including cancer, and neurological and immunological disorders. Here, we show how re-evaluation of the mechanism of action of selected HDAC6 inhibitors, by monitoring the time-dependence of the onset and relief of the inhibition, revealed instances of slow-binding/slow-release inhibition. The same approach, in conjunction with X-ray crystallography, in silico modeling and mass spectrometry, helped to propose a model of inhibition of HDAC6 by a novel difluoromethyloxadiazole-based compound that was found to be a slow-binding substrate analog of HDAC6, giving rise to a tightly bound, long-lived inhibitory derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cellupica
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Gianluca Caprini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Doris Mirdita
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy;
| | - Paola Cordella
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Mattia Marchini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Ilaria Rocchio
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Giovanni Sandrone
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Andrea Stevenazzi
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Barbara Vergani
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
| | - Christian Steinkühler
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Via dei Lavoratori 54, 20092 Cinisello Balsamo, Italy; (E.C.); (G.C.); (G.F.); (P.C.); (M.M.); (I.R.); (G.S.); (A.S.); (B.V.)
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15
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de la Fuente AG, Pelucchi S, Mertens J, Di Luca M, Mauceri D, Marcello E. Novel therapeutic approaches to target neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1651-1673. [PMID: 36965025 PMCID: PMC10952850 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is the main risk factor common to most primary neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, age-related brain alterations have been long considered to predispose to neurodegeneration. Although protein misfolding and the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates have been considered as causative events in neurodegeneration, several other biological pathways affected by brain ageing also contribute to pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the evidence showing the involvement of the mechanisms controlling neuronal structure, gene expression, autophagy, cell metabolism and neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, we review the therapeutic strategies currently under development or as future approaches designed to normalize these pathways, which may then increase brain resilience to cope with toxic protein species. In addition to therapies targeting the insoluble protein aggregates specifically associated with each neurodegenerative disorder, these novel pharmacological approaches may be part of combined therapies designed to rescue brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alerie G. de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL)AlicanteSpain
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC‐UMHAlicanteSpain
- Wellcome‐Wolfson Institute for Experimental MedicineQueen's University BelfastBelfastUK
| | - Silvia Pelucchi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Jerome Mertens
- Institute of Molecular BiologyLeopold‐Franzens‐Universität InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
- Department of NeurosciencesUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
| | - Daniela Mauceri
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell BiologyDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, University of MarburgMarburgGermany
- Department of NeurobiologyInterdisciplinary Centre for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular SciencesUniversity of MilanMilanItaly
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16
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Tinkov OV, Grigorev VY, Grigoreva LD, Osipov VN, Kolotaev AV, Khachatryan DS. HDAC6 detector: online application for evaluating compounds as potential histone deacetylase 6 inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 34:619-637. [PMID: 37565331 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2023.2244419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6) enzyme plays a key role in many biological processes, including cell division, apoptosis, and immune response. To date, HDAC6 inhibitors are being developed as effective drugs for the treatment of various diseases. In this work, adequate QSAR models of HDAC6 inhibitors are proposed. They are integrated into the developed application HDAC6 Detector, which is freely available at https://ovttiras-hdac6-detector-hdac6-detector-app-yzh8y5.streamlit.app/. The web application HDAC6 Detector can be used to perform virtual screening of HDAC6 inhibitors by dividing the compounds into active and inactive ones relative to the reference vorinostat compound (IC50 = 10.4 nM). The web application implements a structural interpretation of the developed QSAR models. In addition, the application can evaluate the compliance of a compound with Lipinski's rule. The developed models are used for virtual screening of a series of 12 new hydroxamic acids, namely, the derivatives of 3-hydroxyquinazoline-4(3H)-ones and 2-aryl-2,3-dihydroquinazoline-4(1H)-ones. In vitro evaluation of the inhibitory activity of this series of compounds against HDAC6 allowed us to confirm the results of virtual screening and to select promising compounds V-6 and V-11, the IC50 of which is 0.99 and 0.81 nM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O V Tinkov
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical Faculty, Shevchenko Transnistria State University, Tiraspol, Moldova
| | - V Y Grigorev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Federal Research Center for Problems of Chemical Physics and Medical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - L D Grigoreva
- Department of Fundamental Physicochemical Engineering, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V N Osipov
- Department of Chemical Synthesis, Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Kolotaev
- National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Khachatryan
- National Research Centre, Kurchatov Institute, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Abstract
Neurons are markedly compartmentalized, which makes them reliant on axonal transport to maintain their health. Axonal transport is important for anterograde delivery of newly synthesized macromolecules and organelles from the cell body to the synapse and for the retrograde delivery of signaling endosomes and autophagosomes for degradation. Dysregulation of axonal transport occurs early in neurodegenerative diseases and plays a key role in axonal degeneration. Here, we provide an overview of mechanisms for regulation of axonal transport; discuss how these mechanisms are disrupted in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, hereditary spastic paraplegia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease; and discuss therapeutic approaches targeting axonal transport.
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18
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Naren P, Samim KS, Tryphena KP, Vora LK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Microtubule acetylation dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37150812 PMCID: PMC10165769 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter-neuronal communication occurring in extensively branched neuronal cells is achieved primarily through the microtubule (MT)-mediated axonal transport system. This mechanistically regulated system delivers cargos (proteins, mRNAs and organelles such as mitochondria) back and forth from the soma to the synapse. Motor proteins like kinesins and dynein mechanistically regulate polarized anterograde (from the soma to the synapse) and retrograde (from the synapse to the soma) commute of the cargos, respectively. Proficient axonal transport of such cargos is achieved by altering the microtubule stability via post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, core components constructing the MTs. Occurring within the lumen of MTs, K40 acetylation of α-tubulin via α-tubulin acetyl transferase and its subsequent deacetylation by HDAC6 and SIRT2 are widely scrutinized PTMs that make the MTs highly flexible, which in turn promotes their lifespan. The movement of various motor proteins, including kinesin-1 (responsible for axonal mitochondrial commute), is enhanced by this PTM, and dyshomeostasis of neuronal MT acetylation has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and is closely associated with impaired MT dynamics and deregulated tubulin acetylation levels. Although the relationship between status of MT acetylation and progression of PD pathogenesis has become a chicken-and-egg question, our review aims to provide insights into the MT-mediated axonal commute of mitochondria and dyshomeostasis of MT acetylation in PD. The enzymatic regulators of MT acetylation along with their synthetic modulators have also been briefly explored. Moving towards a tubulin-based therapy that enhances MT acetylation could serve as a disease-modifying treatment in neurological conditions that lack it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Khan Sabiya Samim
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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19
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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20
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Medicinal chemistry insights into non-hydroxamate HDAC6 selective inhibitors. Med Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Actin-microtubule cytoskeletal interplay mediated by MRTF-A/SRF signaling promotes dilated cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7886. [PMID: 36550158 PMCID: PMC9780334 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the lamin A/C gene (LMNA) cause dilated cardiomyopathy associated with increased activity of ERK1/2 in the heart. We recently showed that ERK1/2 phosphorylates cofilin-1 on threonine 25 (phospho(T25)-cofilin-1) that in turn disassembles the actin cytoskeleton. Here, we show that in muscle cells carrying a cardiomyopathy-causing LMNA mutation, phospho(T25)-cofilin-1 binds to myocardin-related transcription factor A (MRTF-A) in the cytoplasm, thus preventing the stimulation of serum response factor (SRF) in the nucleus. Inhibiting the MRTF-A/SRF axis leads to decreased α-tubulin acetylation by reducing the expression of ATAT1 gene encoding α-tubulin acetyltransferase 1. Hence, tubulin acetylation is decreased in cardiomyocytes derived from male patients with LMNA mutations and in heart and isolated cardiomyocytes from Lmnap.H222P/H222P male mice. In Atat1 knockout mice, deficient for acetylated α-tubulin, we observe left ventricular dilation and mislocalization of Connexin 43 (Cx43) in heart. Increasing α-tubulin acetylation levels in Lmnap.H222P/H222P mice with tubastatin A treatment restores the proper localization of Cx43 and improves cardiac function. In summary, we show for the first time an actin-microtubule cytoskeletal interplay mediated by cofilin-1 and MRTF-A/SRF, promoting the dilated cardiomyopathy caused by LMNA mutations. Our findings suggest that modulating α-tubulin acetylation levels is a feasible strategy for improving cardiac function.
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22
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Cellupica E, Caprini G, Cordella P, Cukier C, Fossati G, Marchini M, Rocchio I, Sandrone G, Vanoni MA, Vergani B, Źrubek K, Stevenazzi A, Steinkühler C. Difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazoles are slow-binding substrate analog inhibitors of histone deacetylase 6 with unprecedented isotype selectivity. J Biol Chem 2022; 299:102800. [PMID: 36528061 PMCID: PMC9860109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is an attractive drug development target because of its role in the immune response, neuropathy, and cancer. Knockout mice develop normally and have no apparent phenotype, suggesting that selective inhibitors should have an excellent therapeutic window. Unfortunately, current HDAC6 inhibitors have only moderate selectivity and may inhibit other HDAC subtypes at high concentrations, potentially leading to side effects. Recently, substituted oxadiazoles have attracted attention as a promising novel HDAC inhibitor chemotype, but their mechanism of action is unknown. Here, we show that compounds containing a difluoromethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (DFMO) moiety are potent and single-digit nanomolar inhibitors with an unprecedented greater than 104-fold selectivity for HDAC6 over all other HDAC subtypes. By combining kinetics, X-ray crystallography, and mass spectrometry, we found that DFMO derivatives are slow-binding substrate analogs of HDAC6 that undergo an enzyme-catalyzed ring opening reaction, forming a tight and long-lived enzyme-inhibitor complex. The elucidation of the mechanism of action of DFMO derivatives paves the way for the rational design of highly selective inhibitors of HDAC6 and possibly of other HDAC subtypes as well with potentially important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Cellupica
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Gianluca Caprini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Paola Cordella
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Cyprian Cukier
- Department of Biochemistry, Selvita S.A., Kraków, Poland
| | - Gianluca Fossati
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Mattia Marchini
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Rocchio
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sandrone
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Vergani
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Karol Źrubek
- Department of Biochemistry, Selvita S.A., Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrea Stevenazzi
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy
| | - Christian Steinkühler
- Research and Development, Italfarmaco Group, Cinisello Balsamo, Italy,For correspondence: Christian Steinkühler
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23
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Lu Y, Wang G. Targeting epigenetics as a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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24
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Rabaneda-Bueno R, Mena-Montes B, Torres-Castro S, Torres-Carrillo N, Torres-Carrillo NM. Advances in Genetics and Epigenetic Alterations in Alzheimer's Disease: A Notion for Therapeutic Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1959. [PMID: 34946908 PMCID: PMC8700838 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disorder that leads to long-term functional and cognitive impairment and greatly reduces life expectancy. Early genetic studies focused on tracking variations in genome-wide DNA sequences discovered several polymorphisms and novel susceptibility genes associated with AD. However, despite the numerous risk factors already identified, there is still no fully satisfactory explanation for the mechanisms underlying the onset of the disease. Also, as with other complex human diseases, the causes of low heritability are unclear. Epigenetic mechanisms, in which changes in gene expression do not depend on changes in genotype, have attracted considerable attention in recent years and are key to understanding the processes that influence age-related changes and various neurological diseases. With the recent use of massive sequencing techniques, methods for studying epigenome variations in AD have also evolved tremendously, allowing the discovery of differentially expressed disease traits under different conditions and experimental settings. This is important for understanding disease development and for unlocking new potential AD therapies. In this work, we outline the genomic and epigenomic components involved in the initiation and development of AD and identify potentially effective therapeutic targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Rabaneda-Bueno
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- School of Biological Sciences, James Clerk Maxwell Building, The King’s Buildings Campus, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Beatriz Mena-Montes
- Laboratorio de Biología del Envejecimiento, Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City 10200, Mexico;
| | - Sara Torres-Castro
- Departamento de Epidemiología Demográfica y Determinantes Sociales, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City 10200, Mexico;
| | - Norma Torres-Carrillo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (N.T.-C.); (N.M.T.-C.)
| | - Nora Magdalena Torres-Carrillo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (N.T.-C.); (N.M.T.-C.)
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25
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Sinsky J, Pichlerova K, Hanes J. Tau Protein Interaction Partners and Their Roles in Alzheimer's Disease and Other Tauopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9207. [PMID: 34502116 PMCID: PMC8431036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tau protein plays a critical role in the assembly, stabilization, and modulation of microtubules, which are important for the normal function of neurons and the brain. In diseased conditions, several pathological modifications of tau protein manifest. These changes lead to tau protein aggregation and the formation of paired helical filaments (PHF) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), which are common hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies. The accumulation of PHFs and NFTs results in impairment of physiological functions, apoptosis, and neuronal loss, which is reflected as cognitive impairment, and in the late stages of the disease, leads to death. The causes of this pathological transformation of tau protein haven't been fully understood yet. In both physiological and pathological conditions, tau interacts with several proteins which maintain their proper function or can participate in their pathological modifications. Interaction partners of tau protein and associated molecular pathways can either initiate and drive the tau pathology or can act neuroprotective, by reducing pathological tau proteins or inflammation. In this review, we focus on the tau as a multifunctional protein and its known interacting partners active in regulations of different processes and the roles of these proteins in Alzheimer's disease and tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jozef Hanes
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10 Bratislava, Slovakia; (J.S.); (K.P.)
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