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Li Z, Wenhart C, Reimann A, Cho YL, Adler K, Muench G. Hypertonic saline- and detergent-accelerated EDTA-based decalcification better preserves mRNA of bones. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10888. [PMID: 38740835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), a classically used chelating agent of decalcification, maintains good morphological details, but its slow decalcification limits its wider applications. Many procedures have been reported to accelerate EDTA-based decalcification, involving temperature, concentration, sonication, agitation, vacuum, microwave, or combination. However, these procedures, concentrating on purely tissue-outside physical factors to increase the chemical diffusion, do not enable EDTA to exert its full capacity due to tissue intrinsic chemical resistances around the diffusion passage. The resistances, such as tissue inner lipids and electric charges, impede the penetration of EDTA. We hypothesized that delipidation and shielding electric charges would accelerate EDTA-based penetration and the subsequent decalcification. The hypothesis was verified by the observation of speedy penetration of EDTA with additives of detergents and hypertonic saline, testing on tissue-mimicking gels of collagen and adult mouse bones. Using a 26% EDTA mixture with the additives at 45°C, a conventional 7-day decalcification of adult mouse ankle joints could be completed within 24 h while the tissue morphological structure, antigenicity, enzymes, and DNA were well preserved, and mRNA better retained compared to using 15% EDTA at room temperature. The addition of hypertonic saline and detergents to EDTA decalcification is a simple, rapid, and inexpensive method that doesn't disrupt the current histological workflow. This method is equally or even more effective than the currently most used decalcification methods in preserving the morphological details of tissues. It can be highly beneficial for the related community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Li
- Advancecor GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29 A, 82152, Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Clara Wenhart
- Advancecor GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29 A, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Reimann
- Advancecor GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29 A, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yi-Li Cho
- Advancecor GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29 A, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kristin Adler
- Advancecor GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29 A, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Goetz Muench
- Advancecor GmbH, Lochhamerstr. 29 A, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
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2
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Zimmerman DH, Szekanecz Z, Markovics A, Rosenthal KS, Carambula RE, Mikecz K. Current status of immunological therapies for rheumatoid arthritis with a focus on antigen-specific therapeutic vaccines. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1334281. [PMID: 38510240 PMCID: PMC10951376 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1334281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is recognized as an autoimmune joint disease driven by T cell responses to self (or modified self or microbial mimic) antigens that trigger and aggravate the inflammatory condition. Newer treatments of RA employ monoclonal antibodies or recombinant receptors against cytokines or immune cell receptors as well as small-molecule Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors to systemically ablate the cytokine or cellular responses that fuel inflammation. Unlike these treatments, a therapeutic vaccine, such as CEL-4000, helps balance adaptive immune homeostasis by promoting antigen-specific regulatory rather than inflammatory responses, and hence modulates the immunopathological course of RA. In this review, we discuss the current and proposed therapeutic products for RA, with an emphasis on antigen-specific therapeutic vaccine approaches to the treatment of the disease. As an example, we describe published results of the beneficial effects of CEL-4000 vaccine on animal models of RA. We also make a recommendation for the design of appropriate clinical studies for these newest therapeutic approaches, using the CEL-4000 vaccine as an example. Unlike vaccines that create or boost a new immune response, the clinical success of an immunomodulatory therapeutic vaccine for RA lies in its ability to redirect autoreactive pro-inflammatory memory T cells towards rebalancing the "runaway" immune/inflammatory responses that characterize the disease. Human trials of such a therapy will require alternative approaches in clinical trial design and implementation for determining safety, toxicity, and efficacy. These approaches include adaptive design (such as the Bayesian optimal design (BOIN), currently employed in oncological clinical studies), and the use of disease-related biomarkers as indicators of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zoltan Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Markovics
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kenneth S Rosenthal
- Department of Basic Sciences, Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Katalin Mikecz
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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3
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Batsalova T, Dzhambazov B. Significance of Type II Collagen Posttranslational Modifications: From Autoantigenesis to Improved Diagnosis and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9884. [PMID: 37373030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen type II (COL2), the main structural protein of hyaline cartilage, is considerably affected by autoimmune responses associated with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) play a significant role in the formation of the COL2 molecule and supramolecular fibril organization, and thus, support COL2 function, which is crucial for normal cartilage structure and physiology. Conversely, the specific PTMs of the protein (carbamylation, glycosylation, citrullination, oxidative modifications and others) have been implicated in RA autoimmunity. The discovery of the anti-citrullinated protein response in RA, which includes anti-citrullinated COL2 reactivity, has led to the development of improved diagnostic assays and classification criteria for the disease. The induction of immunological tolerance using modified COL2 peptides has been highlighted as a potentially effective strategy for RA therapy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to summarize the recent knowledge on COL2 posttranslational modifications with relevance to RA pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. The significance of COL2 PTMs as a source of neo-antigens that activate immunity leading to or sustaining RA autoimmunity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Faculty of Biology, Paisii Hilendarski University of Plovdiv, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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Pathade V, Nene S, Ratnam S, Khatri DK, Raghuvanshi RS, Singh SB, Srivastava S. Emerging insights of peptide-based nanotherapeutics for effective management of rheumatoid arthritis. Life Sci 2022; 312:121257. [PMID: 36462722 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, prevalent, immune-mediated, inflammatory, joint disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Despite current treatment options, many patients remain unable to achieve remission and suffer from comorbidities. Because of several comorbidities as well as its chronic nature, it diminishes the quality of patients' life and intensifies socioeconomic cargo. Consolidating peptides with immensely effective drug delivery systems has the ability to alleviate adverse effects associated with conventional treatments. Peptides are widely used as targeting moieties for the delivery of nanotherapeutics. The use of novel peptide-based nanotherapeutics may open up new avenues for improving efficacy by promoting drug accumulation in inflamed joints and reducing off-target cytotoxicity. Peptide therapeutics have grabbed significant attention due to their advantages over small drug molecules as well as complex targeting moieties. In light of this, the market for peptide-based medications is growing exponentially. Peptides can provide the versatility required for the successful delivery of drugs due to their structural diversity and their capability to lead drugs at the site of inflammation while maintaining optimum therapeutic efficacy. This comprehensive review aims to provide an enhanced understanding of recent advancements in the arena of peptide-based nanotherapeutics to strengthen targeted delivery for the effective management of rheumatoid arthritis. Additionally, various peptides having therapeutic roles in rheumatoid arthritis are summarized along with regulatory considerations for peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali Pathade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Nene
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shreya Ratnam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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5
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Shuai Z, Zheng S, Wang K, Wang J, Leung PSC, Xu B. Reestablish immune tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012868. [PMID: 36248797 PMCID: PMC9561630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease. Despite the wide use of conventional synthetic, targeted and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to control its radiological progress, nearly all DMARDs are immunologically non-selective and do not address the underlying immunological mechanisms of RA. Patients with RA often need to take various DMARDs long-term or even lifelong and thus, face increased risks of infection, tumor and other adverse reactions. It is logical to modulate the immune disorders and restore immune balance in patients with RA by restoring immune tolerance. Indeed, approaches based on stem cell transplantation, tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs), and antigen-based tolerogenic vaccination are under active investigation, and some have already transformed from wet bench research to clinical investigation during the last decade. Among them, clinical trials on stem cell therapy, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation are most investigated and followed by tolDCs in RA patients. On the other hand, despite active laboratory investigations on the use of RA-specific peptide-/protein-based tolerogenic vaccines for T cell, clinical studies on RA patients are much limited. Overall, the preliminary results of these clinical studies are promising and encouraging, demonstrating their safety and effectiveness in the rebalancing of T cell subsets; particular, the recovery of RA-specific Treg with increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. Future studies should focus on the optimization of transplanted stem cells, the preparation of tolDCs, and tolerogenic vaccines with RA-specific protein or peptide, including their dosage, course, and route of administration with well-coordinated multi-center randomized clinical control researches. With the progress of experimental and clinical studies, generating and restoring RA-specific immune tolerance may bring revolutionary changes to the clinical management of RA in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Shuai
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Xu, ; Patrick S. C. Leung, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bin Xu, ; Patrick S. C. Leung, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Xu, ; Patrick S. C. Leung, ; Jian Wang,
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From vaccines to nanovaccines: A promising strategy to revolutionize rheumatoid arthritis treatment. J Control Release 2022; 350:107-121. [PMID: 35977582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a joint-related autoimmune disease that is difficult to cure. Most therapeutics act to alleviate the symptoms but not correct the causes of RA. Novel strategies that specifically target the causes are highly needed for RA management. Currently, early interruption of RA is increasingly suggested but the corresponding therapeutics are not available. Vaccines that have shown great success to combat infection, cancer, degenerative diseases, autoimmune diseases, etc. are ideal candidates for a new generation of anti-RA therapeutics to correct the causes and prevent RA or interrupt RA in early phases. Anti-RA vaccines can be divided into two major categories. One is to induce neutralizing antibodies and the other is to induce antigen-specific immune tolerance. The vaccines are inherently linked to nanotechnology because they usually need a biomacromolecule or carrier to provoke sufficient immune responses. In the past decade, designed nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsion, etc., have been applied to optimize the vaccines for autoimmune disease treatment. Nanotechnology endows vaccines with a higher biostability, tunable in vivo behavior, better targeting, co-delivery with stimulatory agents, regulatory effects on immune responses, etc. In this review, unmet medical needs for RA treatment and anti-RA vaccinology are first introduced. The development of anti-RA therapies from vaccines to nanovaccines are then reviewed and perspectives on how nanotechnology promotes vaccine development and advancement are finally provided. In addition, challenges for anti-RA vaccine development are summarized and advantages of nanovaccines are analyzed. In conclusion, nanovaccines will be a promising strategy to revolutionize the treatment of RA by correcting the causes in an early phase of RA.
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