1
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Ping Z, Shuxia Z, Xinyu D, Kehe H, Xingxiang C, Chunfeng W. Mitophagy-regulated Necroptosis plays a vital role in the nephrotoxicity of Fumonisin B1 in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 189:114714. [PMID: 38705344 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), one of the most widely distributed mycotoxins found in grains and feeds as contaminants, affects many organs including the kidney once ingested. However, the nephrotoxicity of FB1 remains to be further uncovered. The connection between necroptosis and nephrotoxicity of FB1 has been investigated in this study. The results showed that mice exposed to high doses of FB1 (2.25 mg/kg b.w.) developed kidney damage, with significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines (Il-6, Il-1β), kidney injury-related markers (Ngal, Ntn-1), and gene expressions linked to necroptosis (Ripk1, Ripk3, Mlkl). The concentration-dependent damage effects of FB1 on PK-15 cells contain cytotoxicity, cellular inflammatory response, and necroptosis. These FB1-induced effects can be neutralized by pretreatment with the necroptosis inhibitor Nec-1. Additionally, FB1 caused mitochondrial damage and mitophagy in vivo and in vitro, whereas Mdivi-1, a mitophagy inhibitor, prevented these effects on PK-15 cells as well as, more crucially, necroptosis. In conclusion, the RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signal route of necroptosis, which may be controlled by mitophagy, mediated nephrotoxicity of FB1. Our findings clarify the underlying molecular pathways of FB1-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Ping
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhang Shuxia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Du Xinyu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Huang Kehe
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chen Xingxiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Wang Chunfeng
- College of Animal Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, Jilin Province, China.
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2
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Cacciotti A, Beccaccioli M, Reverberi M. The CRZ1 transcription factor in plant fungi: regulation mechanism and impact on pathogenesis. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:647. [PMID: 38727981 PMCID: PMC11087348 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09593-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is a universal signaling molecule that is tightly regulated, and a fleeting elevation in cytosolic concentration triggers a signal cascade within the cell, which is crucial for several processes such as growth, tolerance to stress conditions, and virulence in fungi. The link between calcium and calcium-dependent gene regulation in cells relies on the transcription factor Calcineurin-Responsive Zinc finger 1 (CRZ1). The direct regulation of approximately 300 genes in different stress pathways makes it a hot topic in host-pathogen interactions. Notably, CRZ1 can modulate several pathways and orchestrate cellular responses to different types of environmental insults such as osmotic stress, oxidative stress, and membrane disruptors. It is our belief that CRZ1 provides the means for tightly modulating and synchronizing several pathways allowing pathogenic fungi to install into the apoplast and eventually penetrate plant cells (i.e., ROS, antimicrobials, and quick pH variation). This review discusses the structure, function, regulation of CRZ1 in fungal physiology and its role in plant pathogen virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cacciotti
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Beccaccioli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Reverberi
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Zhuo Q, Shi C, Geng Q, Wang S, Wang B, Zhang N, Yang K, Tian J. Role of mitochondrial farnesyltransferase gene in the prevention of the food spoilage fungi Aspergillus flavus by the antimicrobial natural preservative perillaldehyde. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104422. [PMID: 38049276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus, one of the most widely distributed and abundant genus of Aspergillus worldwide, poses an evident threat as a source of food contamination in grains and cereals. Perillaldehyde (PAE), a volatile essential oil extracted from the stem and leaves of Perilla frutescens L., exhibits potent antifungal activity. In our study, we investigated the role of Cox10, a key enzyme in the heme A synthesis pathway crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function. We found that cox10 is a sensitive gene of A. flavus in response to PAE by gene expression assay and GFP fluorescent localization tagging, and then we found that the deletion of this gene affects the growth and development of A. flavus, but the drug resistance is elevated. Through transcriptome sequencing and its experimental validation, the molecular mechanisms of stress triggered by the deletion of cox10 were further clarified, such as the decrease in intracellular drug content due to the increase in the expression of drug efflux proteins, and the increase in the thickness of cell wall due to the increase in the content of cell wall chitin. Clearly, cox10 plays a critical role in regulating various cellular processes of A. flavus, including growth, reproduction, development, as well as pathogenicity and drug resistance. These significant findings establish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of environmentally friendly, safe, and effective antifungal agents to combat A. flavus contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhan Zhuo
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chenchen Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qingru Geng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ninghui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
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4
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Zhao N, Zhu M, Liu Q, Shen Y, Duan S, Zhu L, Yang J. AoPrdx2 Regulates Oxidative Stress, Reactive Oxygen Species, Trap Formation, and Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:110. [PMID: 38392782 PMCID: PMC10890406 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Prdx2 is a peroxiredoxin (Prx) family protein that protects cells from attack via reactive oxygen species (ROS), and it has an important role in improving the resistance and scavenging capacity of ROS in fungi. Arthrobotrys oligospora is a widespread nematode-trapping fungus that can produce three-dimensional nets to capture and kill nematodes. In this study, AoPrdx2, a homologous protein of Prx5, was investigated in A. oligospora via gene disruption, phenotypic analysis, and metabolomics. The deletion of Aoprdx2 resulted in an increase in the number of mycelial septa and a reduction in the number of nuclei and spore yield. Meanwhile, the absence of Aoprdx2 increased sensitivity to oxidative stresses, whereas the ∆Aoprdx2 mutant strain resulted in higher ROS levels than that of the wild-type (WT) strain. In particular, the inactivation of Aoprdx2 severely influenced trap formation and pathogenicity; the number of traps produced by the ∆Aoprdx2 mutant strain was remarkably reduced and the number of mycelial rings of traps in the ∆Aoprdx2 mutant strain was less than that of the WT strain. In addition, the abundance of metabolites in the ∆Aoprdx2 mutant strain was significantly downregulated compared with the WT strain. These results indicate that AoPrdx2 plays an indispensable role in the scavenging of ROS, trap morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Meichen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yanmei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shipeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Lirong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jinkui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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5
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Fakhri Y, Omar SS, Mehri F, Hoseinvandtabar S, Mahmudiono T. Global systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence and concentration of aflatoxins in peanuts oil and probabilistic risk assessment. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:697-712. [PMID: 36040365 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins in food is largely unavoidable, and concerns about their health effects are growing. Consumption of vegetable oils such as peanuts oil has increased, hence several studies have been conducted on concentration of aflatoxins (AFs) in peanuts oil. Search was performed in Scopus and PubMed databases on prevalence and concentration of AFs in peanuts oil from 1 January 2005 to 15 April 29, 2022. Prevalence and concentration of AFs in peanuts oil was meta-analyzed based on country and type of AFs subgroups. In addition, health risk was calculated using monte carlo simulation method. Pooled prevalence of AFB1 in peanuts oil was 47.9%; AFB2, 46.45%; AFG1, 46.92% and AFG2, 54.01%. The Overall prevalence of AFTs was 49.30%, 95%CI (35.80-62.84%). Pooled concentration of AFB1 in peanuts oil was 2.30 μg/kg; AFB2, 0.77 μg/kg; AFG1, 0.07 μg/kg; AFG1, 0.28 μg/kg. The sort of country based on mean of MOEs in the adults consumers was Japan (47,059) > China (17,670) > Ethiopia (7,398) > Sudan (6,974) > USA (1,012) and sort of country based on mean of MOEs in the children was Japan (120,994) > China (46,991) > Ethiopia (19,251) > Sudan (18,200) > USA (2,620). Therefore, adults consumers were in considerable health risk in Ethiopia, Sudan and USA and for children in USA (MOE < 10,000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Sharaf S Omar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Processing, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, AL-Balqa Applied University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Fereshteh Mehri
- Nutrition Health Research Center, Health Sciences & Technology Research Institute, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Hoseinvandtabar
- Student Research committee, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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6
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Meenambal R, Kruk T, Gurgul J, Warszyński P, Jantas D. Neuroprotective effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA) conjugated cerium oxide against hydrogen peroxide- and 6-OHDA-induced SH-SY5Y cell damage. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18534. [PMID: 37898622 PMCID: PMC10613241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles have been widely investigated against neurodegenerative diseases due to their antioxidant properties that aid in quenching reactive oxygen species. In this study, polyacrylic acid conjugated cerium oxide (PAA-CeO) nanoparticles were synthesized in a 50-60 nm size range with a zeta potential of - 35 mV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed a mixed valence state of Ce4+ and Ce3+. PAA-CeO nanoparticles were safe for undifferentiated (UN-) and retinoic acid-differentiated (RA-) human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and reduced the extent of cell damage evoked by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In the H2O2 model of cell damage PAA-CeO did not affect the caspase-3 activity (apoptosis marker) but attenuated the number of propidium iodide-positive cells (necrosis marker). In the 6-OHDA model, nanoparticles profoundly reduced necrotic changes and partially attenuated caspase-3 activity. However, we did not observe any impact of PAA-CeO on intracellular ROS formation induced by H2O2. Further, the flow cytometry analysis of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled PAA-CeO revealed a time- and concentration-dependent cellular uptake of nanoparticles. The results point to the neuroprotective potential of PAA-CeO nanoparticles against neuronal cell damage induced by H2O2 and 6-OHDA, which are in both models associated with the inhibition of necrotic processes and the model-dependent attenuation of activity of executor apoptotic protease, caspase-3 (6-OHDA model) but not with the direct inhibition of ROS (H2O2 model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rugmani Meenambal
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kruk
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jacek Gurgul
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Warszyński
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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7
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Bákány B, Antal R, Szentesi P, Emri T, Leiter É, Csernoch L, Keller NP, Pócsi I, Dienes B. The bZIP-type transcription factors NapA and RsmA modulate the volumetric ratio and the relative superoxide ratio of mitochondria in Aspergillus nidulans. Biol Futur 2023; 74:337-346. [PMID: 37814124 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-023-00184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors are crucial components of differentiation, cellular homeostasis and the environmental stress defense of eukaryotes. In this work, we further studied the consequence of gene deletion and overexpression of two bZIP transcription factors, NapA and RsmA, on superoxide production, mitochondrial morphology and hyphal diameter of Aspergillus nidulans. We have found that reactive oxygen species production was influenced by both gene deletion and overexpression of napA under tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH) elicited oxidative stress. Furthermore, gene expression of napA negatively correlated with mitochondrial volumetric ratio as well as sterigmatocystin production of A. nidulans. High rsmA expression was accompanied with elevated relative superoxide ratio in the second hyphal compartment. A negative correlation between the expression of rsmA and catalase enzyme activity or mitochondrial volumetric ratio was also confirmed by statistical analysis. Hyphal diameter was independent on either rsmA and napA expression as well as 0.2 mM tBOOH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadett Bákány
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Réka Antal
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Szentesi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Cell Physiology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
- ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Csernoch
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Cell Physiology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Dienes
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELRN-UD Cell Physiology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
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8
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Loi M, Logrieco AF, Pusztahelyi T, Leiter É, Hornok L, Pócsi I. Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1085891. [PMID: 36762096 PMCID: PMC9907446 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1085891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. found in staple food and feed commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and pose a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. The global economy and trade are significantly affected as well. Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in maize have been developed and used but have not yet been linked. The prevention of crop loss due to aflatoxin contamination is complex and challenging. Hence, the set-up of advanced decontamination is crucial to cope with the challenge of climate change, growing population, unstable political scenarios, and food security problems also in European countries. After harvest, decontamination methods can be applied during transport, storage, or processing, but their application for aflatoxin reduction is still limited. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors on aflatoxin production because of climate change and to critically discuss the present-day and novel decontamination techniques to unravel gaps and limitations to propose them as a tool to tackle an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Loi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy,*Correspondence: Martina Loi, ✉
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Tünde Pusztahelyi
- Central Laboratory of Agricultural and Food Products, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Éva Leiter
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Hornok
- Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary,ELRN-UD Fungal Stress Biology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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9
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Castano-Duque L, Lebar MD, Carter-Wientjes C, Ambrogio D, Rajasekaran K. Flavonoids Modulate Aspergillus flavus Proliferation and Aflatoxin Production. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1211. [PMID: 36422032 PMCID: PMC9693025 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus flavus. They contaminate major food crops, particularly corn, and pose a worldwide health concern. Flavonoid production has been correlated to resistance to aflatoxin accumulation in corn. The effects of flavonoids on fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production are not well understood. In this study, we performed bioassays, fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy, and total antioxidant analysis to determine the effects of three flavonoids (apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin) on proliferation and aflatoxin production in A. flavus NRRL 3357. Results showed that concentrations of apigenin and luteolin modulated fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production in a dose-dependent manner, leading to inhibition or promotion of proliferation and toxin production. Microscopy studies of fungi exposed to flavonoids showed mycelial cell wall disruption, abnormal cell wall invaginations, and tears. Fluorescent enhancement of apigenin and luteolin using Naturstoff reagent A showed that these chemicals localized in sphere-like structures on the mycelia surface. Fungi exposed to low concentrations of apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin lowered the total antioxidant capacity in the environment compared to controls. Our results indicate that flavonoids disrupt cell wall integrity and may localize in vesicle-like structures. We hypothesize that flavonoids could act as potential signaling molecules at low concentrations and change the oxidative state of the microenvironment, either or both of which may lead to reduction of fungal proliferation and aflatoxin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Castano-Duque
- United States Department of Agriculture—Agriculture Research Services, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
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10
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Sweany RR, Breunig M, Opoku J, Clay K, Spatafora JW, Drott MT, Baldwin TT, Fountain JC. Why Do Plant-Pathogenic Fungi Produce Mycotoxins? Potential Roles for Mycotoxins in the Plant Ecosystem. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:2044-2051. [PMID: 35502928 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-02-22-0053-sym] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
For many plant-pathogenic or endophytic fungi, production of mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans, may present a fitness gain. However, associations between mycotoxin production and plant pathogenicity or virulence is inconsistent and difficult due to the complexity of these host-pathogen interactions and the influences of environmental and insect factors. Aflatoxin receives a lot of attention due to its potent toxicity and carcinogenicity but the connection between aflatoxin production and pathogenicity is complicated by the pathogenic ability and prevalence of nonaflatoxigenic isolates in crops. Other toxins directly aid fungi in planta, trichothecenes are important virulence factors, and ergot alkaloids limit herbivory and fungal consumption due to insect toxicity. We review a panel discussion at the American Phytopathological Society's Plant Health 2021 conference, which gathered diverse experts representing different research sectors, career stages, ethnicities, and genders to discuss the diverse roles of mycotoxins in the lifestyles of filamentous fungi of the families Clavicipitaceae, Trichocomaceae (Eurotiales), and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Sweany
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Regional Research Center, New Orleans, LA 70124
| | - Mikaela Breunig
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 78824
| | - Joseph Opoku
- USDA-ARS Pest Management and Biological Control Research Unit, U.S. Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85701
| | - Keith Clay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118
| | - Joseph W Spatafora
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333
| | - Milton T Drott
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Thomas T Baldwin
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108
| | - Jake C Fountain
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, MS State, MS 39762
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11
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Occurrence of Patulin and Polyphenol Profile of Croatian Traditional and Conventional Apple Cultivars during Storage. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131912. [PMID: 35804728 PMCID: PMC9266231 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apples and apple-based products are among the most consumed fruits around the world. However, they are susceptible to infection with the fungi Penicilium expansum. In addition to the reduction of apple quality, secondary metabolism of this fungus produces a mycotoxin patulin that has a negative effect on human health. Currently, there is no available research in the literature on the resistance of Croatian traditional apple cultivars to contamination with P. expansum, and consequently, on the patulin content in apples and apple juice produced from those apples. Although the mechanism of apple resistance to fungal diseases has not yet been sufficiently investigated, some studies have shown that polyphenolic compounds have some impact on fungi growth. In order to contribute with new knowledge, this research deals with monitoring the growth of P. expansum on apples, patulin detection by LC/MS-MS, determination of polyphenol profile by validated HPLC method, and determining the effect of polyphenolic compounds on fungi growth and patulin production during apple storage. The results of this study have shown that Croatian traditional apple cultivars harvested from family farm Horvatić contain higher concentration of polyphenolic compounds and higher antioxidant activity. At the same time, they showed more resistance to infection by P. expansum than conventional ones. The higher content of dihydrochalcones and flavanols encouraged the biosynthesis of patulin in examined cultivars. However, the higher content of non-flavonoids such as 2-6 dimethoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid leads to decrease in content of patulin. In conclusion, it seems that content of polyphenols and patulin production are correlated.
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12
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Yaakoub H, Mina S, Calenda A, Bouchara JP, Papon N. Oxidative stress response pathways in fungi. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:333. [PMID: 35648225 PMCID: PMC11071803 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04353-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Fungal response to any stress is intricate, specific, and multilayered, though it employs only a few evolutionarily conserved regulators. This comes with the assumption that one regulator operates more than one stress-specific response. Although the assumption holds true, the current understanding of molecular mechanisms that drive response specificity and adequacy remains rudimentary. Deciphering the response of fungi to oxidative stress may help fill those knowledge gaps since it is one of the most encountered stress types in any kind of fungal niche. Data have been accumulating on the roles of the HOG pathway and Yap1- and Skn7-related pathways in mounting distinct and robust responses in fungi upon exposure to oxidative stress. Herein, we review recent and most relevant studies reporting the contribution of each of these pathways in response to oxidative stress in pathogenic and opportunistic fungi after giving a paralleled overview in two divergent models, the budding and fission yeasts. With the concept of stress-specific response and the importance of reactive oxygen species in fungal development, we first present a preface on the expanding domain of redox biology and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Yaakoub
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Sara Mina
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Nicolas Papon
- Univ Angers, Univ Brest, IRF, SFR ICAT, 49000, Angers, France.
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Buitimea-Cantúa GV, Leija Gutiérrez HM, Buitimea-Cantúa NE, Del Refugio Rocha-Pizaña M, García-Triana A, Hernández-Morales A, Magaña-Barajas E, Molina-Torres J. The aflatoxin inhibitors capsaicin and piperine from Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum fruits modulate the antioxidant system in Aspergillus parasiticus. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2022; 57:358-368. [PMID: 35392762 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2060029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Several aflatoxin inhibitors can modulate the antioxidant system in fungi. In this work, the effect of the ethanolic extract of Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum fruits, capsaicin, and piperine on the expression of the aflE, aflG, aflH, aflI, aflK, aflL, aflO, aflP, and aflQ genes involved in the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway in Aspergillus parasiticus were studied by qRT-PCR analysis. As well as, the effect on the expression of fungal antioxidant genes (sod1, catA, and cat2) and enzymatic activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results reveal that the highest (p < 0.05) radial growth inhibition (68 and 86%) and aflatoxins production inhibition (73 and 80%) was observed with capsaicin and piperine respectively, at 300 µg/mL, instead of the ethanolic extract at the same concentration. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that compounds and extracts at 300 µg/mL induced a down-regulation of aflatoxin genes and an up-regulation on the fungal antioxidant genes. CAT activity increased by 23.15, 36.65, 51.40, and 65.50%, in the presence of C. chinense and P. nigrum extract, capsaicin, and piperine exposure, respectively. While SOD activity was not significantly impacted (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the capsaicin and piperine, two antifungal and anti-aflatoxigenic compounds produce an up-regulation of antioxidant defense genes accompanied by an enhancement of catalase enzymatic activity in A. parasiticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Génesis V Buitimea-Cantúa
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, NL, México
- CINVESTAV, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| | - Héctor Manuel Leija Gutiérrez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Centro de Investigación Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Nydia E Buitimea-Cantúa
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, NL, México
| | | | | | - Alejandro Hernández-Morales
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí, México
| | - Elisa Magaña-Barajas
- Programa de Ingeniería en Tecnologías de Alimentos, Universidad Estatal de Sonora, Perimetral y Ley, Hermosillo, SO, México
| | - Jorge Molina-Torres
- CINVESTAV, Departamento de Biotecnología y Bioquímica, Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
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Yang K, Geng Q, Luo Y, Xie R, Sun T, Wang Z, Qin L, Zhao W, Liu M, Li Y, Tian J. Dysfunction of FadA-cAMP signalling decreases Aspergillus flavus resistance to antimicrobial natural preservative Perillaldehyde and AFB1 biosynthesis. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1590-1607. [PMID: 35194912 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that colonizes agriculture crops with aflatoxin contamination. We found that Perillaldehyde (PAE) effectively inhibited A. flavus viability and aflatoxin production by inducing excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Transcriptome analysis indicated that the Gα protein FadA was significantly induced by PAE. Functional characterization of FadA showed it is important for asexual development and aflatoxin biosynthesis by regulation of cAMP-PKA signalling. The ΔfadA mutant was more sensitive to PAE, while ΔpdeL and ΔpdeH mutants can tolerate excess PAE compared to wild-type A. flavus. Further RNA-sequence analysis showed that fadA was important for expression of genes involved in oxidation-reduction and cellular metabolism. The flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy demonstrated that ΔfadA accumulated more concentration of ROS in cells, and the transcriptome data indicated that genes involved in ROS scavenging were downregulated in ΔfadA mutant. We further found that FadA participated in regulating response to extracellular environmental stresses by increasing phosphorylation levels of MAPK Kinase Slt2 and Hog1. Overall, our results indicated that FadA signalling engages in mycotoxin production and A. flavus resistance to antimicrobial PAE, which provide valuable information for controlling this fungus and AF biosynthesis in pre- and postharvest of agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Qingru Geng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yue Luo
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Rui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Tongzheng Sun
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Man Liu
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Yongxin Li
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, China
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Chen X, Wu L, Lan H, Sun R, Wen M, Ruan D, Zhang M, Wang S. Histone acetyltransferases MystA and MystB contribute to morphogenesis and aflatoxin biosynthesis by regulating acetylation in fungus Aspergillus flavus. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:1340-1361. [PMID: 34863014 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myst family is highly conserved histone acetyltransferases in eukaryotic cells and is known to play crucial roles in various cellular processes; however, acetylation catalysed by acetyltransferases is unclear in filamentous fungi. Here, we identified two classical nonessential Myst enzymes and analysed their functions in Aspergillus flavus, which generates aflatoxin B1, one of the most carcinogenic secondary metabolites. MystA and MystB located in nuclei and cytoplasm, and mystA could acetylate H4K16ac, while mystB acetylates H3K14ac, H3K18ac and H3K23ac. Deletion mystA resulted in decreased conidiation, increased sclerotia formation and aflatoxin production. Deletion of mystB leads to significant defects in conidiation, sclerotia formation and aflatoxin production. Additionally, double-knockout mutant (ΔmystA/mystB) display a stronger and similar defect to ΔmystB mutant, indicating that mystB plays a major role in regulating development and aflatoxin production. Both mystA and mystB play important role in crop colonization. Moreover, catalytic domain MOZ and the catalytic site E199/E243 were important for the acetyltransferase function of Myst. Notably, chromatin immunoprecipitation results indicated that mystB participated in oxidative detoxification by regulating the acetylation level of H3K14, and further regulated nsdD to affect sclerotia formation and aflatoxin production. This study provides new evidences to discover the biological functions of histone acetyltransferase in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Lianghuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Huahui Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Ruilin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Meifang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Danrui Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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Bioactive Molecules of Mandarin Seed Oils Diminish Mycotoxin and the Existence of Fungi. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237130. [PMID: 34885712 PMCID: PMC8659201 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandarin is a favorite fruit of the citrus family. Mandarin seeds are considered a source of nontraditional oil obtained from byproduct materials. This investigation aimed to assess the biomolecules of mandarin seeds and evaluated their antimycotic and antimycotoxigenic impact on fungi. Moreover, it evaluated the protective role of mandarin oil against aflatoxin toxicity in cell lines. The two types of extracted oil (fixed and volatile) were ecofriendly. The fatty acid composition, tocopherol, sterols, and carotenoids were determined in the fixed oil, whereas volatiles and phenolics were estimated in the essential oil. A mixture of the two oils was prepared and evaluated for its antimicrobial impact. The reduction effect of this mixture was also investigated to reduce mycotoxin secretion using a simulated experiment. The protective effect of the oil was evaluated using healthy strains of cell lines. Fixed oil was distinguished by the omega fatty acid content (76.24%), lutein was the major carotenoid (504.3 mg/100 g) and it had a high β-sitosterol content (294.6 mg/100 g). Essential oil contained limonene (66.05%), α-pinene (6.82%), β-pinene (4.32%), and γ-terpinene (12.31%) in significant amounts, while gallic acid and catechol were recorded as the dominant phenolics. Evaluation of the oil mix for antimicrobial potency reflected a considerable impact against pathogenic bacteria and toxigenic fungi. By its application to the fungal media, this oil mix possessed a capacity for reducing mycotoxin secretion. The oil mix was also shown to have a low cytotoxic effect against healthy strains of cell lines and had potency in reducing the mortality impact of aflatoxin B1 applied to cell lines. These results recommend further study to involve this oil in food safety applications.
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Penicillium expansum Impact and Patulin Accumulation on Conventional and Traditional Apple Cultivars. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13100703. [PMID: 34678996 PMCID: PMC8541162 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Penicillium expansum is a necrotrophic plant pathogen among the most ubiquitous fungi disseminated worldwide. It causes blue mould rot in apples during storage, transport and sale, threatening human health by secreting patulin, a toxic secondary metabolite that contaminates apples and apple-derived products. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of sufficient data regarding the resistance of different apple cultivars to P. expansum, especially ancient ones, which showed to possess certain resistance to plant diseases. In this work, we investigated the polyphenol profile of 12 traditional and 8 conventional apple cultivar and their resistance to P. expansum CBS 325.48. Eight polyphenolic compounds were detected; the most prominent were catechin, epicatechin and gallic acid. The highest content of catechin was detected in ‘Apistar’—91.26 mg/100 g of fresh weight (FW), epicatechin in ‘Bobovac’—67.00 mg/100 g of FW, and gallic acid in ‘Bobovac’ and ‘Kraljevčica’—8.35 and 7.40 mg/100 g of FW, respectively. The highest content of patulin was detected in ‘Kraljevčica’ followed by ‘Apistar’—1687 and 1435 µg/kg, respectively. In apple cultivars ‘Brčko’, ‘Adamčica’ and ‘Idared’, patulin was not detected. Furthermore, the patulin content was positively correlated with gallic acid (r = 0.4226; p = 0.002), catechin (r = 0.3717; p = 0.008) and epicatechin (r = 0.3305; p = 0.019). This fact indicates that higher contents of gallic acid, catechin and epicatechin negatively affected and boost patulin concentration in examined apple cultivars. This can be related to the prooxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds and sensitivity of P. expansum to the disturbance of oxidative status.
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