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Fernandes AM, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Pereira GV, Gonçalves AT, Dias J, Johansen J, Silva T, Naya-Català F, Piazzon C, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Costas B, Conceição LEC, Fernandes JMO, Pérez-Sánchez J. Sustainable Fish Meal-Free Diets for Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata): Integrated Biomarker Response to Assess the Effects on Growth Performance, Lipid Metabolism, Antioxidant Defense and Immunological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2166. [PMID: 39123694 PMCID: PMC11311052 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The growth of the aquaculture industry requires more sustainable and circular economy-driven aquafeed formulas. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess in farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) how different combinations of novel and conventional fish feed ingredients supported proper animal performance in terms of growth and physiological biomarkers of blood/liver/head kidney. A 77-day feeding trial was conducted with three experimental diets (PAP, with terrestrial processed animal protein from animal by-products; NOPAP, without processed animal protein from terrestrial animal by-products; MIX, a combination of alternative ingredients of PAP and NOPAP diets) and a commercial-type formulation (CTRL), and their effects on growth performance and markers of endocrine growth regulation, lipid metabolism, antioxidant defense and inflammatory condition were assessed at circulatory and tissue level (liver, head kidney). Growth performance was similar among all dietary treatments. However, fish fed the PAP diet displayed a lower feed conversion and protein efficiency, with intermediate values in MIX-fed fish. Such gradual variation in growth performance was supported by different biomarker signatures that delineated a lower risk of oxidation and inflammatory condition in NOPAP fish, in concurrence with an enhanced hepatic lipogenesis that did not represent a risk of lipoid liver degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Fernandes
- Sparos Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, 8049 Bodø, Norway
| | | | | | - Ana Teresa Gonçalves
- Sparos Lda, 8700-221 Olhão, Portugal
- GreenCoLab-Associação Oceano Verde, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - Johan Johansen
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), 1431 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Fernando Naya-Català
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Carla Piazzon
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - Benjamin Costas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Biomedicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
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Toxqui-Rodríguez S, Holhorea PG, Naya-Català F, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Piazzon C, Pérez-Sánchez J. Differential Reshaping of Skin and Intestinal Microbiota by Stocking Density and Oxygen Availability in Farmed Gilthead Sea Bream ( Sparus aurata): A Behavioral and Network-Based Integrative Approach. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1360. [PMID: 39065128 PMCID: PMC11278760 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fish were kept for six weeks at three different initial stocking densities and water O2 concentrations (low-LD, 8.5 kg/m3 and 95-70% O2 saturation; medium-MD, 17 kg/m3 and 55-75% O2 saturation; high-HD, 25 kg/m3 and 60-45% O2 saturation), with water temperature increasing from 19 °C to 26-27 °C. The improvement in growth performance with the decrease in stocking density was related to changes in skin and intestinal mucosal microbiomes. Changes in microbiome composition were higher in skin, with an increased abundance of Alteromonas and Massilia in HD fish. However, these bacteria genera were mutually exclusive, and Alteromonas abundance was related to a reactive behavior and systemic growth regulation via the liver Gh/Igf system, while Massilia was correlated to a proactive behavior and a growth regulatory transition towards muscle rather than liver. At the intestinal level, microbial abundance showed an opposite trend for two bacteria taxa, rendering in a low abundance of Reyranella and a high abundance of Prauserella in HD fish. This trend was correlated with up-regulated host gene expression, affecting the immune response, epithelial cell turnover, and abiotic stress response. Most of the observed responses are adaptive in nature, and they would serve to infer new welfare indicators for increased stress resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Paul George Holhorea
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
| | - Fernando Naya-Català
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
| | - Josep Àlvar Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
| | - Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Piazzon
- Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (A.S.-B.); (C.P.)
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), 12595 Castellón, Spain; (S.T.-R.); (P.G.H.); (F.N.-C.); (J.À.C.-G.)
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Holhorea PG, Naya-Català F, Belenguer Á, Calduch-Giner JA, Pérez-Sánchez J. Understanding how high stocking densities and concurrent limited oxygen availability drive social cohesion and adaptive features in regulatory growth, antioxidant defense and lipid metabolism in farmed gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1272267. [PMID: 37869714 PMCID: PMC10586056 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1272267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The study combined the use of biometric, behavioral, physiological and external tissue damage scoring systems to better understand how high stocking densities drive schooling behavior and other adaptive features during the finishing growing phase of farmed gilthead sea bream in the Western Mediterranean. Fish were grown at three different final stocking densities (LD, 8.5 kg/m3; MD, 17 kg/m3; HD, 25 kg/m3). Water oxygen concentration varied between 5 and 6 ppm in LD fish to 3-4 ppm in HD fish with the summer rise of water temperature from 19°C to 26°C (May-July). HD fish showed a reduction of feed intake and growth rates, but they also showed a reinforced social cohesion with a well-defined endogenous swimming activity rhythm with feeding time as a main synchronization factor. The monitored decrease of the breathing/swimming activity ratio by means of the AEFishBIT data-logger also indicated a decreased energy partitioning for growth in the HD environment with a limited oxygen availability. Plasma glucose and cortisol levels increased with the rise of stocking density, and the close association of glycaemia with the expression level of antioxidant enzymes (mn-sod, gpx4, prdx5) in liver and molecular chaperones (grp170, grp75) in skeletal muscle highlighted the involvement of glucose in redox processes via rerouting in the pentose-phosphate-pathway. Other adaptive features included the depletion of oxidative metabolism that favored lipid storage rather than fatty acid oxidation to decrease the oxygen demand as last electron acceptor in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. This was coincident with the metabolic readjustment of the Gh/Igf endocrine-growth cascade that promoted the regulation of muscle growth at the local level rather than a systemic action via the liver Gh/Igf axis. Moreover, correlation analyses within HD fish displayed negative correlations of hepatic transcripts of igf1 and igf2 with the data-logger measurements of activity and respiration, whereas the opposite was found for muscle igf2, ghr1 and ghr2. This was indicative of a growth-regulatory transition that supported a proactive instead of a reactive behavior in HD fish, which was considered adaptive to preserve an active and synchronized feeding behavior with a minimized risk of oxidative stress and epidermal skin damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)), Castellón, Spain
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Holhorea PG, Felip A, Calduch-Giner JÀ, Afonso JM, Pérez-Sánchez J. Use of male-to-female sex reversal as a welfare scoring system in the protandrous farmed gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata). Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1083255. [PMID: 36699328 PMCID: PMC9868933 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1083255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Gilthead sea bream is a highly cultured marine fish throughout the Mediterranean area, but new and strict criteria of welfare are needed to assure that the intensification of production has no negative effects on animal farming. Most welfare indicators are specific to a given phase of the production cycle, but others such as the timing of puberty and/or sex reversal are of retrospective value. This is of particular relevance in the protandrous gilthead sea bream, in which the sex ratio is highly regulated at the nutritional level. Social and environmental factors (e.g., contaminant loads) also alter the sex ratio, but the contribution of the genetic component remains unclear. To assess this complex issue, five gilthead sea bream families representative of slow/intermediate/fast growth were grown out with control or a plant-based diet in a common garden system from early life to the completion of their sexual maturity in 3-year-old fish. The plant-based diet highly enhanced the male-to-female sex reversal. This occurred in parallel with the progressive impairment of growth performance, which was indicative of changes in nutrient requirements as the result of the different energy demands for growth and reproduction through development. The effect of a different nutritional and genetic background on the reproductive performance was also assessed by measurements of circulating levels of sex steroids during the two consecutive spawning seasons, varying plasma levels of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT) with age, gender, diet, and genetic background. Principal component analysis (PCA) of 3-year-old fish displayed a gradual increase of the E2/11-KT ratio from males to females with the improvement of nutritional/genetic background. Altogether, these results support the use of a reproductive tract scoring system for leading farmed fish toward their optimum welfare condition, contributing to improving the productivity of the current gilthead sea bream livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Holhorea
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Alicia Felip
- Group of Fish Reproductive Physiology, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Josep À Calduch-Giner
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan Manuel Afonso
- Aquaculture Research Group, Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (IU-ECOAQUA), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal, CSIC, Castellón, Spain
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