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Li DJ, Huang JJ, Hsu ST, Hsieh KY, Lin GG, Wu PJ, Liu CL, Wu HC, Chou FHC. Characteristics of Sleep Disturbance and Comparison Across Three Waves of the COVID-19 Pandemic Among Healthcare Workers. Psychiatry Investig 2024; 21:838-849. [PMID: 39111749 PMCID: PMC11321876 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2024.0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Healthcare workers (HCWs) suffered from a heavy mental health burden during the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We aimed to explore the differences in sleep disturbance in three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan among HCWs. Moreover, factors associated with sleep disturbances in the third wave were investigated. METHODS This study, with three waves of cross-sectional surveys, recruited first-line and second-line HCWs. The level of sleep disturbance and related demographic variables were collected through self-report questionnaires. Differences in sleep disturbance across the three waves were compared with analysis of variance. Factors associated with the level of sleep disturbance were identified using univariate linear regression and further used for multivariate stepwise and bootstrap linear regression to identify the independent predictors. RESULTS In total, 711, 560, and 747 HCWs were included in the first, second, and third waves, respectively. For first-line HCWs, sleep disturbance was significantly higher in the third wave than in the first wave. The level of sleep disturbance gradually increased across the three waves for all HCWs. In addition, sleep disturbance was associated with depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anxiety about COVID-19, vaccine mistrust, and poorer physical and mental health among first-line HCWs. Among second-line HCWs, sleep disturbance was associated with younger age, depression, PTSD symptoms, lower preference for natural immunity, and poorer physical health. CONCLUSION The current study identified an increase in sleep disturbance and several predictors among HCWs. Further investigation is warranted to extend the application and generalizability of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jeng Li
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Joh-Jong Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Hsieh
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Ging Lin
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhen Wu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lien Liu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Wu
- Department of Social Work, Taiwan Social Resilience Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Li DJ, Huang JJ, Hsu ST, Wu HC, Hsieh KY, Lin GG, Wu PJ, Liu CL, Chou FHC. The Impact of Psychological Burdens and Vaccine Worries on Confidence and Adherence to Governmental Policies Against COVID-19 Among Patients with Substance Use Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study in Taiwan. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2024; 20:597-606. [PMID: 38496324 PMCID: PMC10944137 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s453238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an impact on patients with substance use disorder (SUD). We aimed to investigate factors associated with confidence and adherence to governmental policies against COVID-19 (social desirability) among patients with SUD. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2020 to 2021. Patients with SUD and healthy controls were recruited. The severity of sleep disturbance, social desirability, drug dependence, vaccine worries, other psychological burdens and demographic variables were collected through self-administrated questionnaires. Differences between the SUD and control groups were estimated. Hierarchical regression analysis was used to identify significant relationships between social desirability and other factors. Results In total, 58 of patients with SUD and 47 healthy controls were recruited. The patients with SUD had a lower level of social desirability and more severe sleep disturbance than the control group. Older age, more severe sleep disturbance, lower level of drug dependence, and lower level of vaccine worries were significantly associated with a higher level of social desirability among the patients with SUD. Conclusion Our results show the importance of timely interventions for drug dependence and to address vaccine worries in patients with SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jeng Li
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Joh-Jong Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Wu
- Department of Social Work, Taiwan Social Resilience Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ying Hsieh
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Ging Lin
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhen Wu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lien Liu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Li DJ, Chudzicka-Czupała A, Paliga M, Hapon N, Karamushka L, Żywiołek-Szeja M, McIntyre RS, Chiang SK, Chen YL, Yen CF, Man RHC. Rumination about the Russo-Ukrainian War and its related factors among individuals in Poland and Ukraine. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2023; 39:943-953. [PMID: 37283450 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the factors associated with the level of rumination about the war among people living in Poland and Ukraine. This cross-sectional study recruited internet users from advertisements on social media. Levels of rumination, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS), Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), time spent on news of the war, and related demographic variables were collected. The reliability and construct validity of rumination were estimated. Potential factors associated with the level of rumination were identified using univariate linear regression analysis, and further entered into a stepwise multivariate linear regression model to identify independent factors. Due to the non-normality of distribution, multivariate linear regression with 5000 bootstrap samples was used to verify the results. A total of 1438 participants were included in the analysis, of whom 1053 lived in Poland and 385 lived in Ukraine. The questionnaires on rumination were verified to have satisfactory reliability and validity. After analysis with stepwise and bootstrap regression, older age, female gender, higher DASS and IES-R scores, and longer time spent on news of the war were significantly associated with higher levels of rumination for both people living in Poland and Ukraine. Lower self-rated health status, history of chronic medical illness and coronavirus disease 2019 infection were also positively associated with rumination for people living in Poland. We identified several factors associated with the level of rumination about the Russo-Ukrainian War. Further investigations are warranted to understand how rumination affects individuals' lives during crises such as war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jeng Li
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | | | - Mateusz Paliga
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Nadiya Hapon
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, Ivan Franko National University in Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Karamushka
- G. S. Kostiuk Institute of Psychology, National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Marta Żywiołek-Szeja
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Katowice, Poland
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Soon-Kiat Chiang
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Lung Chen
- Department of Psychology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fang Yen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- College of Professional Studies, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Roger Ho Chun Man
- Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Multiple countries have reported increased COVID-19 mortality in patients with schizophrenia. The purpose of this review was to synthetize the consequences of the pandemic on patients with schizophrenia including vaccination data. RECENT FINDINGS We have synthetized data on the increased risk of infection and increased mortality, the impact of the pandemic and lockdowns on psychiatric care, vaccination policies, unwillingness to vaccine in patients and the rates of vaccination. SUMMARY Schizophrenia has been confirmed at increased risk of both COVID-19 infection and developing a severe/lethal form of the infection. Patients with schizophrenia should, therefore, be prioritized for vaccination whenever possible and should be prioritized for psychiatric and somatic care access. Psychotic symptomatology may be a barrier to vaccination in some patients, and heterogenous vaccination rates were identified in national databases. The COVID-19 pandemic has been also a unique opportunity to develop telehealth. A mixed face-to-face and distance model should be encouraged, whenever possible, to improve the experience of patients, relatives and healthcare professionals. No major change of long-acting antipsychotics has been reported in most countries, and there was no consistent evidence for clozapine prescription to increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Fond
- Aix-Marseille University, CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille
- FondaMental Academic Advanced Center of Expertise for Depressive disorders and Schizophrenia (FACE-DR, FACE-SZ), Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Aix-Marseille University, CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Marseille
- FondaMental Academic Advanced Center of Expertise for Depressive disorders and Schizophrenia (FACE-DR, FACE-SZ), Marseille, France
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Li DJ, Wu HC, Chou FHC, Hsu ST, Huang JJ, Hsieh KY, Lin GG, Wu PJ. The social and mental impact on healthcare workers: A comparative and cross-sectional study during two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31316. [PMID: 36281087 PMCID: PMC9592143 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a heavily burden on healthcare workers (HCWs) worldwide. The aim of this study was to compare differences in psychological and social impact between two waves of the pandemic among first- and second-line HCWs in Taiwan. The current study derived data from two cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2020 and 2021. Levels of depression, sleep disturbance, psychological distress, social impact, and demographic variables were collected through self-reported questionnaires. The independent t test was used to compare differences in scores between the first and second wave of the pandemic. Differences between first- and second-line HCWs were also analyzed. A total of 711 HCWs in the first wave and 560 HCWs in the second wave were recruited. For the first- and second-line HCWs, the social impact during the second wave was higher than during the first wave, and they expressed a higher intention to maintain social distancing and were more aware of the pandemic overseas in the second wave. The first-line HCWs had a trend of worse sleep quality during the second wave. In addition, sleep quality was worse in the first-line HCWs than in the second-line HCWs during both waves. The second-line HCWs expressed a greater desire to seek COVID-19-related information than the first-line HCWs during the first wave, and more intended to maintain social distancing during the second wave. Our results show the importance of evaluating the social and mental health burden of HCWs, and especially first-line workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dian-Jeng Li
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Wu
- Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Joh-Jong Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Humanities and Education, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- * Correspondences: Joh-Jong Huang, Department of Health, Kaohsiung City Government, No. 132-1, Kaisyuan 2nd Rd., Lingya District, Kaohsiung 802212, Taiwan (e-mail: )
| | - Kuan-Ying Hsieh
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Ging Lin
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jhen Wu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Heron PN, Henderson LM, Crosland S, Gilbody SM, Johnston GA, Moriarty AS, Newbronner E, Paterson A, Spanakis P, Wadman R, Walker L, Peckham E. Sleep health among people with severe mental ill health during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from a linked UK population cohort study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:975593. [PMID: 36299533 PMCID: PMC9589097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.975593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Sleep problems are a transdiagnostic feature of nearly all psychiatric conditions, and a strong risk factor for initial and recurrent episodes. However, people with severe mental ill health (SMI) are often excluded from general population surveys, and as such the extent and associates of poor sleep in this population are less well understood. This study explores sleep health in an SMI sample during the COVID-19 pandemic, using multiple regression to identify risk factors, including daily routine, wellbeing and demographics. Methods An existing cohort of people with an SMI diagnosis were sampled. Participants were invited to complete a self-report survey about their health and the impacts of COVID-19 and associated public health measures. Sleep duration, efficiency, and quality were measured using items from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results Two hundred forty-nine adults (aged 21-84 years) completed the survey. Mean sleep duration and efficiency were similar to general population estimates, at 7 h 19 min and 78%, respectively. However, 43% reported "bad" sleep quality that was associated with being younger in age as well as disturbed routine and declined wellbeing. Indeed, 37% reported a disturbed routine during the pandemic. Conclusions High estimates of perceived poor sleep quality in the SMI population align with previous findings. Supporting people with SMI to maintain routine regularity may work to protect sleep quality and wellbeing. Future research should more closely examine sleep health in people with SMI, using accessible and scalable measures of objective and subjective sleep, examining longitudinal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N. Heron
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Suzanne Crosland
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M. Gilbody
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew S. Moriarty
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Hull York Medical School, York, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Newbronner
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Alastair Paterson
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Spanakis
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymmon, Greece
- School of Psychology, Mediterranean College, Athens, Greece
| | - Ruth Wadman
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Walker
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Peckham
- Mental Health and Addictions Research Group, Department of Health Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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Hsieh KY, Li DJ, Chou FHC, Hsu ST, Wu HC, Chou LS, Wu PJ, Lin GG, Chen WJ, Liu CL, Huang JJ. Relationship of Societal Adaptation with Vaccine Worries among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159498. [PMID: 35954849 PMCID: PMC9368662 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine hesitancy has become a major public health problem among healthcare workers (HCWs) in this coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between societal adaptation and vaccine worries and the mediating effects of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) indicators in HCWs. A total of 435 HCWs (327 women and 108 men) were recruited. Their levels of societal adaptation were evaluated using the Societal Influences Survey Questionnaire (SISQ). Their severity and frequency of PTSD symptoms were examined using the Disaster-Related Psychological Screening Test (DRPST). The severity of vaccine worries was assessed using the Vaccination Attitudes Examination (VAX) Scale. The relationships among societal adaptation, PTSD, and vaccine worries were examined using structural equation modeling. The severity of societal adaptation was positively associated with both the severity of PTSD and the severity of vaccine worries. In addition, the severity of PTSD indicators was positively associated with the severity of vaccine worries. These results demonstrated that the severity of societal adaptation was related to the severity of vaccine worries, either directly or indirectly. The indirect relationship was mediated by the severity of PTSD. Societal adaptation and PTSD should be taken into consideration by the community of professionals working on vaccine hesitancy. Early detection and intervention of PTSD should be the objectives for programs aiming to lower vaccine hesitancy among HCWs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Hsieh
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Dian-Jeng Li
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91200, Taiwan
| | - Frank Huang-Chih Chou
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
- Correspondence: (F.H.-C.C.); (J.-J.H.)
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Counseling Psychology and Rehabilitation Counseling, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Wu
- Department of Social Work, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Li-Shiu Chou
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Pei-Jhen Wu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Guei-Ging Lin
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Wei-Jen Chen
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
- Graduate Institute of Counseling Psychology and Rehabilitation Counseling, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung 80201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Lien Liu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung 80276, Taiwan; (K.-Y.H.); (D.-J.L.); (S.-T.H.); (L.-S.C.); (P.-J.W.); (G.-G.L.); (W.-J.C.); (C.-L.L.)
| | - Joh-Jong Huang
- Department of Medical Humanities and Education, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80756, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (F.H.-C.C.); (J.-J.H.)
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