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English KJ. Anal carcinoma - exploring the epidemiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:98525. [PMID: 39312693 PMCID: PMC11372733 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i3.98525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Anal carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor that accounts for approximately 2% of gastrointestinal malignancies and less than 7% of anorectal cancers. Most anal tumors originate between the anorectal junction and the anal verge. Risk factors for the disease include human papillomavirus infection, human immunodeficiency virus, tobacco use, immunosuppression, female sex, and older age. The pathogenesis of anal carcinoma is believed to be linked to human papillomavirus-related inflammation, leading to dysplasia and progression to cancer. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of anal tumor, with an annual incidence of approximately 1 to 2 per 100000 persons. Treatment regarding anal cancer has emerged over time. However, chemoradiation therapy remains the mainstay approach for early localized disease. Patients with metastatic disease are treated with systemic therapy, and salvage surgery is reserved for disease recurrence following chemoradiation. This article aims to provide background information on the epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and current trends in the management of anal cancer. Future directions are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan J English
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Saint George’s University School of Medicine, Saint George 33334, Saint George, Grenada
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Liu S, Mei B, Ouyang Y, Li C. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infection among women in Jingzhou, China: a population-based study of 51,720 women. Virol J 2023; 20:297. [PMID: 38102627 PMCID: PMC10722767 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02262-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among women worldwide with a serious threat to women's health. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) has been identified as the main cause of cervical cancer. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV among women in Jingzhou, Hubei province, China, which is critical for the government to formulate the precision strategies of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccine innoculation. METHODS To obtain the baseline data on the population-based prevalence and genotype distribution of HR-HPV infection among age groups and different years, a total of 51,720 women from 2018 to 2022 who went to Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University for physical examination or gynacological treatment and received HR-HPV DNA genotyping were included in this retrospective study. The possible cervicovaginal infection of 15 high-risk HPV genotypes were analyzed by multiplex fluorescent real-time PCR, including HPV 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, 68 and 82. RESULTS The overall high-risk HPV prevalence among 51,720 women was 18.75% (9,698/51,720), and the HPV-positive rate of physical examination group (PEG) was 13.22% (541/4,091), which was lower than the HPV-positive rate of gynacological checkup group (GCG) 19.23% (9,157/47,629), with statistical difference (χ2 = 89.069, P < 0.01). The five most common prevalent genotypes were HPV52 (6.55%), HPV58 (3.41%), HPV16 (2.58%), HPV68 (1.82%) and HPV51 (1.57%). Single HPV infection was the predominant (14.36%), which compared to double (3.34%) and multiple (1.05%) infections. The HPV-positive rate was the highest in the > 60 age group (31.73%), and the lowest in the 31-40 age group (15.46%). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of high-risk HPV infection among women in Jingzhou area was 18.75%. HPV52, HPV58 and HPV16 genotypes were the most common. The higher prevalence was in the > 60 and ≤ 20 age group, which showed a "U" shape curve, suggesting the necessity of screening among older women to decrease the mortality of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Mei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaoling Ouyang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengbin Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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Yi J, Li X, Zhang R, Kong L, Wang Z, Yu Q, Zhang H, Chen B, Li S, Xu Y, Chen Y. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV infection in Beijing, China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29155. [PMID: 37815056 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections nationwide. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly influenced on the HPV prevention project. The objective of this study was to examine the influence of the pandemic on HPV prevalence and genotype distribution in Beijing, China. A total of 44 401 genital swabs were obtained from outpatients at Peking Union Medical College Hospital during two distinct periods: the prepandemic stage from January 2017 to December 2019 and the pandemic stage from January 2020 to December 2022. During the prepandemic and pandemic stages, a total of 33 531 and 10 870 swabs were respectively collected. Fifteen high-risk HPV (HR-HPV) DNA type and a combination of two low-risk (LR-HPV) types (6/11) of genital swabs were detected to compare the HPV infection rates and genotype distributions in two stages. The results showed that the pandemic period witnessed a decrease in the overall HPV infection rate from 33.43% (11 245/33 531) to 29.43% (5527/18 780) compared to the prepandemic. There were statistically significant differences in infection rates between females and males (p < 0.05). Single infection was the predominant type while multiple infection was more prevalent in males than females in both prepandemic and pandemic periods. HR-HPV infection constituted the majority of infections and cannot be disregarded. The distribution of HR-HPV genotypes exhibited little variation before and after the outbreak, but there were some differences between females and males. HPV 16, 52, 58, 56, and 66 were the most commonly detected genotypes in females, whereas HPV 16, 52, 51, 58, and 18 were frequently detected in males. Additionally, HPV 6/11 exhibited a higher prevalence in males than in females. Notably, the age group of 31-40 years old exhibited the highest prevalence of HPV and the lowest infection rate was detected among individuals aged ≤20 years (p < 0.05), which remained relatively consistent before and during the pandemic. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring the trend of HPV epidemic and offer valuable insights for the prevention, treatment, and scientific investigation of HPV in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Li
- Coyote Bioscience Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjun Kong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Sabrina Li
- Coyote Bioscience Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Zhang W, Guo N, Li B, Shang E, Wang J, Zhang M, Yang X. Prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus infections in Beijing, China between 2016 and 2020. Virol J 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 36653807 PMCID: PMC9847084 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01959-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) induce long-lasting infections that cause cervical cancer. This study evaluated the prevalence of HPV infections and the distribution of their genotypes among clinic patients and healthy women in Beijing, China. METHODS Cervical specimens were collected from 12,100 patients and 1176 subjects who underwent physical examinations at Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, between March 2016 and September 2020. HPV genotyping was performed using commercial kits designed to detect 15 high-risk and 2 low-risk HPV genotypes. RESULTS There was a higher overall prevalence of HPV among the clinic patients (21.0%) than among the healthy women (11.9%). The most common HPV genotypes among the patients were: HPV-52 (5.4%), HPV-16 (3.4%), HPV-58 (3.2%), HPV-51 (2.6%), HPV-39 (2.0%), HPV-56 (2.0%), and HPV-66 (2.0%). Among the healthy women: HPV-52 (3.0%), HPV-51 (1.8%), HPV-58 (1.6%), HPV-66 (1.5%), HPV-16 (1.2%), HPV-56 (1.2%), and HPV-18 (1.1%). Multiple HPVs were detected in 29.1% of the gynecological outpatients and in 23.6% of the women receiving physical examinations. The most common pairs of HPV types detected were HPV-52 and HPV-16 in the clinic patients, and HPV-52 and HPV-56 in the healthy women. Age-specific HPV positivity and peak prevalence were observed among the individuals in both groups for women aged less than 25 years and those between 61 and 65 years of age. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide current estimates of HPV prevalence and genotypes in the Beijing region. The epidemiological characteristics observed also provide a reference for the development of cervical cancer screening strategies and selection of HPV vaccine antigen targets for this region. A comparison of these HPV prevalence data with those from other regions suggests that regional vaccines may be an important direction for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Nan Guo
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Baoping Li
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - E Shang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Jinxia Wang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- grid.24695.3c0000 0001 1431 9176Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Ximing Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 5, Haiyuncang, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Yang Z, He ZH, Zhang Y, Di XH, Zheng DF, Xu HH. Genetic variability in the E6 and E7 oncogenes of HPV52 and its prevalence in the Taizhou area, China. Virol J 2022; 19:194. [PMID: 36415002 PMCID: PMC9682741 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human papillomavirus (HPV) 52 is one of the prevalent oncogenic HPV genotypes in East Asia. Chinese women have the highest susceptibility to the HPV52 type, but research data on HPV52 genetic variability and its carcinogenicity in China is lacking. Methods The present study aimed to investigate the genetic variability of HPV52 currently circulating among Chinese women by PCR sequencing the entire E6 and E7 oncogenes. HPV52 sequence alignment, genetic heterogeneity analyses and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree construction were performed by BioEdit software and MEGA X software. Results Between 2016 and 2018, the overall HPV infection rate was 21.3%, of which HPV52 was the most prevalent high-risk type (17.2%) in the Taizhou area, China. A total of 339 single HPV52-positive samples were included in this study. We obtained 27 distinct variation patterns of HPV52 with the accession GenBank numbers ON529577-ON529603. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 96.6% of HPV52 variants belonged to lineage B, which seemed to be uniquely defined by G350T, A379G (K93R) in the E6 gene and C751T, A801G in the E7 gene. Due to the dominance of lineage B in our study population, the results could not be used to assess the association of the HPV52 (sub)lineage with the risk of cervical lesions. In addition, no significant trends were observed between the nucleotide substitutions of HPV52 variants and the risk of cervical carcinogenesis. Conclusion Our data showed that HPV52 variants were strongly biased towards lineage B. These results confirmed that cervical lesions in the Taizhou area are highly attributable to HPV52, which may be due to the high infection rate of lineage B in the population. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12985-022-01929-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Zhe-Hang He
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Yang Zhang
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Xing-Hong Di
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Die-Fei Zheng
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China
| | - Hui-Hui Xu
- grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Medical Research Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990Scientific Research Department, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000 Zhejiang China
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