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Frankenstein D, Luu MS, Luna-Ayala J, Willett DS, Filgueiras CS. Soil moisture conditions alter behavior of entomopathogenic nematodes. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4383-4390. [PMID: 38323469 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A variety of environmental factors can disrupt biotic interactions between plants, insects and soil microorganisms with consequences for agricultural management and production. Many of these belowground interactions are mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which can be used for communication under appropriate environmental conditions. Behavioral responses to these compounds may likewise be dependent on varying soil conditions which are influenced by a changing climate. To determine how changing environmental conditions may affect VOC-mediated biotic interactions, we used a belowground system where entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) - tiny roundworm parasitoids of soil-borne insects - respond to VOCs by moving through the soil pore matrix. Specifically, we used two genera of EPNs - Heterorhabditis and Steinernema - that are known to respond to four specific terpenes - α-pinene, linalool, d-limonene and pregeijerene - released by the roots of plants in the presence of herbivores. We assessed the response of these nematodes to these terpenes under three moisture regimes to determine whether drier conditions or inundated conditions may influence the response behavior of these nematodes. RESULTS Our results illustrate that the recovery rate of EPNs is positively associated with soil moisture concentration. As soil moisture concentration increases from 6% to 18%, substantially more nematodes are recovered from bioassays. In addition, we find that soil moisture influences EPN preference for VOCs, as illustrated in the variable response rates. Certain compounds shifted from acting as a repellent to acting as an attractant and vice versa depending on the soil moisture concentration. CONCLUSION On a broad scale, we demonstrate that soil moisture has a significant effect on EPN host-seeking behavior. EPN efficacy as biological control agents could be affected by climate change projections that predict varying soil moisture concentrations. We recommend that maintaining nematodes as biological control agents is essential for sustainable agriculture development, as they significantly contribute not only to soil health but also to efficient pest management. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Frankenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Macawan S Luu
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Maryland Baltimore County, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Luna-Ayala
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Denis S Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Camila S Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, Asheville, NC, USA
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Shaik HA, Mishra A. Influence of Asafoetida Extract on the Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema carpocapsae and Its Symbiotic Bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophila in the Host Pyrrhocoris apterus. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1678. [PMID: 37512851 PMCID: PMC10385281 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nematode-microbe symbiosis plays a key role in determining pathogenesis against pests. The modulation of symbiotic bacteria may affect the virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and the biological management of pests. We tested the influence of asafoetida (ASF) extract on the virulence of Steinernema carpocapsae and its symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila, in Pyrrhocoris apterus. A total of 100 mg of ASF killed 30% of EPNs in 48 h, while P. apterus remained unaffected. The EPNs pre-treated with 100 mg of ASF influenced P. apterus's mortality by 24-91.4% during a period of 24 to 72 h. The topical application of ASF acted as a deterrent to S. carpocapsae, lowering host invasion to 70% and delaying infectivity with 30% mortality for 168 h. Interestingly, Steinernema's symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus, remained unaffected by ASF. An in vitro turbidity test containing 100 mg of ASF in a medium increased the growth rate of Xenorhabdus compared to a control. A disc diffusion assay confirmed the non-susceptibility of Xenorhabdus to ASF compared to a positive control, streptomycin. Pro-phenol oxidase (PPO) and phenol oxidase (PO) upregulation showed that ASF influences immunity, while EPN/ASF showed a combined immunomodulatory effect in P. apterus. We report that ASF modulated the virulence of S. carpocapsae but not that of its symbiotic bacterium, X. nematophila, against P. apterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Archana Mishra
- South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Na Sádkách 1780, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Filgueiras CC, Kim Y, Wickings KG, El Borai F, Duncan LW, Willett DS. The Smart Soil Organism Detector: An instrument and machine learning pipeline for soil species identification. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 221:114417. [PMID: 35690558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the diversity of soil organisms is complicated by both scale and substrate. Every footprint we leave in the soil covers hundreds to millions of organisms yet we cannot see them without extremely laborious extraction and microsopy endeavors. Studying them is also challenging. Keeping them alive so that we can understand their lifecycles and ecological roles ranges from difficult to impossible. Functional and taxonomic identification of soil organisms, while possible, is also challenging. Here we present the Smart Soil Organism Detector, an instrument and machine learning pipeline that combines high-resolution imaging, multi-spectral sensing, large-bore flow cytometry, and machine learning to extract, isolate, count, identify, and separate soil organisms in a high-throughput, high-resolution, non-destructive, and reproducible manner. This system is not only capable of separating alive nematodes, dead nematodes, and nematode cuticles from soil with 100% out-of-sample accuracy, but also capable of identifying nematode strains (sub-species) with 95.5% out-of-sample accuracy and 99.4% specificity. Soil micro-arthropods were identified to class with 96.1% out-of-sample accuracy. Broadly applicable across soil taxa, the Smart SOD system is a tool for understanding global soil biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila C Filgueiras
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Asheville, One University Heights, Asheville, 28804, NC, USA.
| | - Yongwoon Kim
- Union Biometrica, 84 October Hill Rd, Holliston, 01746, MA, USA
| | - Kyle G Wickings
- Department of Entolomogy, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, 15 Castle Creek Drive, Geneva, 14456, NY, USA
| | - Faheim El Borai
- Department of Entolomogy and Nematology, University of Florida, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, 14625 CR 672, Wimauma, 33598, FL, USA
| | - Larry W Duncan
- Department of Entolomogy and Nematology, University of Florida, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Rd, Lake Alfred, 33850, FL, USA
| | - Denis S Willett
- North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies, North Carolina State University, 151 Patton Avenue, Asheville, 28801, NC, USA.
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Vicente-Díez I, Blanco-Pérez R, Chelkha M, Puelles M, Pou A, Campos-Herrera R. Exploring the Use of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and the Natural Products Derived from Their Symbiotic Bacteria to Control the Grapevine Moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111033. [PMID: 34821833 PMCID: PMC8622629 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The European grapevine moth (EGVM) Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) attacks vineyards in Europe, the Middle East, and North and South America. Global movement toward sustainable agriculture urges the development of environmentally friendly tools that can replace traditional pesticides. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are well-known biological control agents against various arthropod pests. The EPNs act together with symbiotic bacteria that produce natural products with insecticidal potential. Novel formulations and application technology allow their application against aerial pests, including those associated with vineyards. This study investigated the viability of four EPN species and their corresponding bacteria derivates (unfiltered ferment, UF, or cell-free supernatant, CFS) against EGVM (larval and pupa instars). The results revealed that all EPN species killed various EGVM larval stages. Killing pupae required a higher number of IJs than controlling larvae. Steinernema carpocapsae registered the most promising results, killing ~50% L1 and >75% L3/L5 in 2 days. The use of the bacterial bioactive compounds achieved similar results, with UF registering higher activity than CFS. Overall, we demonstrated that both EPN and bacterial bioproducts have a great potential to control EGVM in sustainable viticulture. Further research in co-formulation with adjuvants is required to ensure their survival in the aboveground grapevine areas. Abstract The European grapevine moth (EGVM) Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is a relevant pest in the Palearctic region vineyards and is present in the Americas. Their management using biological control agents and environmentally friendly biotechnical tools would reduce intensive pesticide use. The entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae are well-known virulent agents against arthropod pests thanks to symbiotic bacteria in the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus (respectively) that produce natural products with insecticidal potential. Novel technological advances allow field applications of EPNs and those bioactive compounds as powerful bio-tools against aerial insect pests. This study aimed to determine the viability of four EPN species (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. riojaense, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) as biological control agents against EGVM larval instars (L1, L3, and L5) and pupae. Additionally, the bioactive compounds from their four symbiotic bacteria (Xenorhabdus bovienii, X. nematophila, X. kozodoii, and Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii, respectively) were tested as unfiltered ferment (UF) and cell-free supernatant (CFS) against the EGVM larval instars L1 and L3. All of the EPN species showed the capability of killing EGVM during the larval and pupal stages, particularly S. carpocapsae (mortalities of ~50% for L1 and >75% for L3 and L5 in only two days), followed by efficacy by S. feltiae. Similarly, the bacterial bioactive compounds produced higher larval mortality at three days against L1 (>90%) than L3 (~50%), making the application of UF more virulent than the application of CFS. Our findings indicate that both steinernematid species and their symbiotic bacterial bioactive compounds could be considered for a novel agro-technological approach to control L. botrana in vineyards. Further research into co-formulation with adjuvants is required to expand their viability when implemented for aboveground grapevine application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vicente-Díez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Rubén Blanco-Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Maryam Chelkha
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
- Research Team “Lombricidae, Improving Soil Productivity and Environment” (LAPSE), Ecole Normale Supérieure (E.N.S.), Centre Eau, Ressources Naturelles, Environnement et Développement Durable (CERNE2D), Mohammed V University, Avenue Mohamed Bel Hassan El Ouazzani, Takaddoum, Rabat BP 5118, Morocco
| | - Miguel Puelles
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Alicia Pou
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV), Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja, Finca La Grajera Crta. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, 26007 Logroño, Spain; (I.V.-D.); (R.B.-P.); (M.C.); (M.P.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-941-894980 (ext. 410102)
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