1
|
Park J, Kim DY, Oh ES, Han IO. Light-Dependent Circadian Rhythm Governs O-GlcNAc Cycling to Influence Cognitive Function in Adult Zebrafish. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e13001. [PMID: 39092800 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.13001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the 24-h rhythmic cycle of protein O-GlcNAcylation within the brain and highlights its crucial role in regulating the circadian cycle and neuronal function based on zebrafish as an animal model. In our experiments, disruption of the circadian rhythm, achieved through inversion of the light-dark cycle or daytime melatonin treatment, not only impaired the rhythmic changes of O-GlcNAcylation along with altering expression patterns of O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) in zebrafish brain but also significantly impeded learning and memory function. In particular, circadian disruption affected rhythmic expression of protein O-GlcNAcylation and OGT in the nuclear fraction. Notably, the circadian cycle induces rhythmic alterations in O-GlcNAcylation of H2B histone protein that correspond to changes in H3 trimethylation. Disruption of the cycle interfered with these periodic histone code alterations. Pharmacological inhibition of OGT with OSMI-1 disrupted the wake-sleep patterns of zebrafish without affecting expression of circadian rhythm-regulating genes. OSMI-1 inhibited the expression of c-fos, bdnf, and calm1, key genes associated with brain function and synaptic plasticity, and decreased the binding of O-GlcNAcylated H2B and OGT to promoter regions of these genes. The collective findings support the potential involvement of circadian cycling of the O-GlcNAc histone code in regulating synaptic plasticity and brain function. Overall, data from this study provide evidence that protein O-GlcNAcylation serves as a pivotal posttranslational mechanism integrating circadian signals and neuronal function to regulate rhythmic physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Yeol Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Eok-Soo Oh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inn-Oc Han
- Department of Biomedical Science, Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li Y, Lu L, Levy JL, Anthony TG, Androulakis IP. Computational modeling of the synergistic role of GCN2 and the HPA axis in regulating the integrated stress response in the central circadian timing system. Physiol Genomics 2024; 56:531-543. [PMID: 38881429 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00030.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The circadian timing system and integrated stress response (ISR) systems are fundamental regulatory mechanisms that maintain body homeostasis. The central circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) governs daily rhythms through interactions with peripheral oscillators via the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. On the other hand, ISR signaling is pivotal for preserving cellular homeostasis in response to physiological changes. Notably, disrupted circadian rhythms are observed in cases of impaired ISR signaling. In this work, we examine the potential interplay between the central circadian system and the ISR, mainly through the SCN and HPA axis. We introduce a semimechanistic mathematical model to delineate SCN's capacity for indirectly perceiving physiological stress through glucocorticoid-mediated feedback from the HPA axis and orchestrating a cellular response via the ISR mechanism. Key components of our investigation include evaluating general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) expression in the SCN, the effect of physiological stress stimuli on the HPA axis, and the interconnected feedback between the HPA and SCN. Simulation revealed a critical role for GCN2 in linking ISR with circadian rhythms. Experimental findings have demonstrated that a Gcn2 deletion in mice leads to rapid re-entrainment of the circadian clock following jetlag as well as to an elongation of the circadian period. These phenomena are well replicated by our model, which suggests that both the swift re-entrainment and prolonged period can be ascribed to a reduced robustness in neuronal oscillators. Our model also offers insights into phase shifts induced by acute physiological stress and the alignment/misalignment of physiological stress with external light-dark cues. Such understanding aids in strategizing responses to stressful events, such as nutritional status changes and jetlag.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first theoretical work to investigate the complex interaction between integrated stress response (ISR) sensing and central circadian rhythm regulation, encompassing the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The findings carry implications for the development of dietary or pharmacological interventions aimed at facilitating recovery from stressful events, such as jetlag. Moreover, they provide promising prospects for potential therapeutic interventions that target circadian rhythm disruption and various stress-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannuo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Lingjun Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
| | - Jordan L Levy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and the New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States
- Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Androulakis IP. The SCN-HPA-Periphery Circadian Timing System: Mathematical Modeling of Clock Synchronization and the Effects of Photoperiod on Jetlag Adaptation. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:601-616. [PMID: 37529986 PMCID: PMC10615703 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231188541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Synchronizing the circadian timing system (CTS) to external light/dark cycles is crucial for homeostasis maintenance and environmental adaptation. The CTS is organized hierarchically, with the central pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) generating coherent oscillations that are entrained to light/dark cycles. These oscillations regulate the release of glucocorticoids by the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which acts as a systemic entrainer of peripheral clocks throughout the body. The SCN adjusts its network plasticity in response to variations in photoperiod, leading to changes in the rhythmic release of glucocorticoids and ultimately impacting peripheral clocks. However, the effects of photoperiod-induced variations of glucocorticoids on the synchronization of peripheral clocks are not fully understood, and the interaction between jetlag adaption and photoperiod changes is unclear. This study presents a semi-mechanistic mathematical model to investigate how the CTS responds to changes in photoperiod. Specifically, the study focuses on the entrainment properties of a system composed of the SCN, HPA axis, and peripheral clocks. The results show that high-amplitude glucocorticoid rhythms lead to a more coherent phase distribution in the periphery. In addition, our study investigates the effect of photoperiod exposure on jetlag recovery time and phase shift, proposing different interventional strategies for eastward and westward jetlag. The findings suggest that decreasing photic exposure before jetlag during eastward traveling and after jetlag during westward traveling can accelerate jetlag readaptation. The study provides insights into the mechanisms of CTS organization and potential recovery strategies for transitions between time zones and lighting zones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannuo Li
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Surgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rajput P, Kumar D, Krishnamurthy S. Chronic exposure to dim artificial light disrupts the daily rhythm in mitochondrial respiration in mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:938-951. [PMID: 37483020 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2236708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms of physiology, behavior, and metabolism have an endogenous 24 h period that synchronizes with environmental cycles of light/dark and food availability. Alterations in light cycles are stressful and disrupt such diurnal oscillations. Recently, we witnessed a sudden rise in studies describing the mechanisms behind the interaction between the key characteristics of mitochondrial functions, peripheral clocks, and stress responses. To our knowledge, there is no study in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) describing the dysregulated mitochondrial bioenergetics under abnormal lighting conditions, which is common in today's modern world. Thus, we aimed to investigate the existence of daily changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics (respiratory control rate, RCR), mitochondrial abundance (mtDNA/nDNA), plasma corticosterone, and to test whether disturbances in the lighting conditions might influence such rhythms. To confirm this, mice were sacrificed, mitochondria were isolated from the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the brain and blood was collected, every 3 h at various time points zeitgeber time/circadian time, (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 h) under 12:12 h light-dark (LD, 150 lux L: 0 lux D) cycle and chronic artificial dim lighting (LL, 5 lux: 5lux) conditions, of a 24 h period, respectively. Our results demonstrate the existence of robust daily rhythmicity in RCR, mtDNA/nDNA and plasma CORT under a normal LD cycle. However, these rhythms were significantly disrupted and clock genes expressions were dysregulated under chronic dim LL. Furthermore, mitochondrial abundance was significantly reduced during LL compared to their numbers under LD cycle. Our data demonstrate that the circadian clock regulates mitochondrial functions (RCR, number), essential for accomplishing daily energy demands and supply by the SCN neurons. Abnormal light exposure dysregulates mitochondrial functions in the SCN and may alter metabolism, resulting in obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders. Therefore, properly designing lighting conditions in workplaces is essential to mitigate the adverse consequences of light on humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Rajput
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | | | - Sairam Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kosanovic Rajacic B, Sagud M, Pivac N, Begic D. Illuminating the way: the role of bright light therapy in the treatment of depression. Expert Rev Neurother 2023; 23:1157-1171. [PMID: 37882458 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2023.2273396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the growing number of different therapeutic options, treatment of depression is still a challenge. A broader perspective reveals the benefits of bright light therapy (BLT). It stimulates intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells, which induces a complex cascade of events, including alterations in melatonergic, neurotrophic, GABAergic, glutamatergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic systems, and HPA axis, suggesting that BLT effects expand beyond the circadian pacemaker. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors present and discuss recent data of BLT in major depressive disorder, non-seasonal depression, bipolar depression or depressive phase of bipolar disorder, and seasonal affective disorder, as well as in treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The authors further highlight BLT effects in various depressive disorders compared to placebo and report data from several studies suggesting a response to BLT in TRD. Also, the authors report data showing that BLT can be used both as a monotherapy or in combination with other pharmacological treatments. EXPERT OPINION BLT is an easy-to-use and low-budget therapy with good tolerability. Future studies should focus on clinical and biological predictors of response to BLT, on defining specific populations which may benefit from BLT and establishing treatment protocols regarding timing, frequency, and duration of BLT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Kosanovic Rajacic
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marina Sagud
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nela Pivac
- Laboratory for Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruder Boskovic Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
- University of Applied Sciences Hrvatsko Zagorje Krapina, Croatian Zagorje Polytechnic Krapina, Krapina, Croatia
| | - Drazen Begic
- Department for Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- School of Medicine University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li Z, Fu B, Wei A, Wu Y, Huang M, Zhang E, Cui B, Wang B, Peng H. d-Glucosamine induces circadian phase delay by promoting BMAL1 degradation through AMPK/mTOR pathway. Life Sci 2023; 325:121765. [PMID: 37169147 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are closely linked to the metabolic network through circadian feedback regulation. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is a branch of glucose metabolism that affects circadian rhythms through the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of clock proteins. Here, we found out that, among the downstream metabolites regulated by d-glucosamine (GlcN) in HBP salvage pathway, only GlcN is able to induce circadian phase delay both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies indicated that the phase-shift induced by GlcN is independent of O-GlcNAcylation. Instead, GlcN selectively up-regulates p-AMPK activity, leading to the inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway, and thus down-regulation of p-BMAL1 both in human cell line and mouse tissues. Moreover, GlcN promoted BMAL1 degradation via proteasome pathway. These findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism of GlcN in regulating clock phase and suggest the therapeutic potential of GlcN as new use for an old drug in the future treatment of shift work and circadian misalignment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Li
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Aili Wei
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Huang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Enhao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Walker JJ, Romanò N. Fast dynamics in the HPA axis: Insight from mathematical and experimental studies. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2022; 27:100403. [PMID: 36632146 PMCID: PMC9823091 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2022.100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is characterised by complex dynamics spanning several timescales. This ranges from slow circadian rhythms in blood hormone concentration to faster ultradian pulses of hormone secretion and even more rapid oscillations in electrical and calcium activity in neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Here, we focus on the system's oscillations on the short timescale. We highlight some of the mathematical modelling and experimental work that has been carried out to characterise the mechanisms regulating this highly dynamic mode of neuroendocrine signalling and discuss some future directions that may be explored to enhance understanding of HPA function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie J. Walker
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, UK,Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, UK,Corresponding author: Walker, Jamie J
| | - Nicola Romanò
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK,Corresponding author: Romanò, Nicola twitter icon
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Duan W, Ye P, Leng YQ, Liu DH, Sun JC, Tan X, Wang WZ. Oxidative stress in the RVLM mediates sympathetic hyperactivity induced by circadian disruption. Neurosci Lett 2022; 791:136917. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
9
|
Hoermann R, Pekker MJ, Midgley JEM, Larisch R, Dietrich JW. Principles of Endocrine Regulation: Reconciling Tensions Between Robustness in Performance and Adaptation to Change. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:825107. [PMID: 35757421 PMCID: PMC9219553 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.825107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine regulation in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis is orchestrated by physiological circuits which integrate multiple internal and external influences. Essentially, it provides either of the two responses to overt biological challenges: to defend the homeostatic range of a target hormone or adapt it to changing environmental conditions. Under certain conditions, such flexibility may exceed the capability of a simple feedback control loop, rather requiring more intricate networks of communication between the system's components. A new minimal mathematical model, in the form of a parametrized nonlinear dynamical system, is here formulated as a proof-of-concept to elucidate the principles of the HPT axis regulation. In particular, it allows uncovering mechanisms for the homeostasis of the key biologically active hormone free triiodothyronine (FT3). One mechanism supports the preservation of FT3 homeostasis, whilst the other is responsible for the adaptation of the homeostatic state to a new level. Together these allow optimum resilience in stressful situations. Preservation of FT3 homeostasis, despite changes in FT4 and TSH levels, is found to be an achievable system goal by joining elements of top-down and bottom-up regulation in a cascade of targeted feedforward and feedback loops. Simultaneously, the model accounts for the combination of properties regarded as essential to endocrine regulation, namely sensitivity, the anticipation of an adverse event, robustness, and adaptation. The model therefore offers fundamental theoretical insights into the effective system control of the HPT axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Hoermann
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Mark J. Pekker
- Mathematical Sciences Department, University of Alabama, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | | | - Rolf Larisch
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Lüdenscheid, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Johannes W. Dietrich
- Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, Department of Medicine I, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Diabetes Centre Bochum/Hattingen, Ruhr University of Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Y, Androulakis IP. Light-induced synchronization of the SCN coupled oscillators and implications for entraining the HPA axis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:960351. [PMID: 36387856 PMCID: PMC9648564 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.960351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) synchronizes the physiological rhythms to the external light-dark cycle and tunes the dynamics of circadian rhythms to photoperiod fluctuations. Changes in the neuronal network topologies are suggested to cause adaptation of the SCN in different photoperiods, resulting in the broader phase distribution of neuron activities in long photoperiods (LP) compared to short photoperiods (SP). Regulated by the SCN output, the level of glucocorticoids is elevated in short photoperiod, which is associated with peak disease incidence. The underlying coupling mechanisms of the SCN and the interplay between the SCN and the HPA axis have yet to be fully elucidated. In this work, we propose a mathematical model including a multiple-cellular SCN compartment and the HPA axis to investigate the properties of the circadian timing system under photoperiod changes. Our model predicts that the probability-dependent network is more energy-efficient than the distance-dependent network. Coupling the SCN network by intra-subpopulation and inter-subpopulation forces, we identified the negative correlation between robustness and plasticity of the oscillatory network. The HPA rhythms were predicted to be strongly entrained to the SCN rhythms with a pro-inflammatory high-amplitude glucocorticoid profile under SP. The fast temporal topology switch of the SCN network was predicted to enhance synchronization when the synchronization is not complete. These synchronization and circadian dynamics alterations might govern the seasonal variation of disease incidence and its symptom severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannuo Li
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Ioannis P. Androulakis
- Chemical & Biochemical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Ioannis P. Androulakis,
| |
Collapse
|