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Eto T, Kitamura S, Shikano A, Tanabe K, Higuchi S, Noi S. Estimating dim light melatonin onset time in children using delta changes in melatonin. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2024; 22:239-246. [PMID: 38524157 PMCID: PMC10959870 DOI: 10.1007/s41105-023-00493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to establish a method for estimating dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) using mathematical slopes calculated from melatonin concentrations at three sampling points before and after sleep in children. The saliva of 30 children (mean age ± SD: 10.2 ± 1.3 years old) was collected under dim-light conditions up to six times every hour starting at 17:30 (t17), namely, 18:30 (t18), 19:30 (t19), 20:30 (t20), 21:30 (t21), 22:30 (t22), and 23:30 (t23), in the evening, and at 6:00 (t30) the following morning. We calculated SLOPE on (mathematical slope between melatonin concentrations at t18 and t20, t21 or t22), SLOPE off (the slope between t20, t21 or t22, and t30), and Δ S L O P E , which is generated by subtracting SLOPE on from SLOPE off . DLMO was estimated by multiple regression analysis with the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) method using SLOPE on and SLOPE off , and Δ S L O P E . The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the estimated and measured DLMOs was used as the index of estimation accuracy. DLMOs estimated using multiple regression equations with SLOPE on and SLOPE off yielded significant ICCs for the measured DLMOs, with the largest ICC at t20 (ICC = 0.634). Additionally, the ICC between the estimated and measured DLMOs using the equation with Δ S L O P E was significant, with a larger ICC at t20 (ICC = 0.726) than that of the equation with SLOPE on and SLOPE off . Our results showed that DLMO could be estimated with a certain level of accuracy from salivary melatonin levels at three time points before and after sleep in children. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s41105-023-00493-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Eto
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553 Japan
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
- Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kodaira, Japan
| | - Shingo Kitamura
- Department of Sleep-Wake Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553 Japan
| | - Akiko Shikano
- Research Institute for Children’s Physical Health, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
| | - Kosuke Tanabe
- Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-Ku, Tokyo 164-8530 Japan
| | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Life Design and Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-Ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540 Japan
| | - Shingo Noi
- Research Institute for Children’s Physical Health, Nippon Sport Science University, 7-1-1 Fukasawa, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo 158-8508 Japan
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Xu YX, Huang Y, Ding WQ, Zhou Y, Shen YT, Wan YH, Su PY, Tao FB, Sun Y. Exposure to real-ambient bedroom light at night delayed circadian rhythm in healthy Chinese young adults: A cross-sectional study. Environ Res 2024; 251:118657. [PMID: 38521354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Light at night (LAN) have attracted increased research attention on account of its widespread health hazards. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of real-ambient bedroom LAN exposure on circadian rhythm among young adults and potential sex differences. METHODS Bedroom LAN exposure was measured at 60-s intervals for 2 consecutive days using a portable illuminance meter. Circadian phase was determined by the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) time in 7 time-series saliva samples. RESULTS The mean age of the 142 participants was 20.7 ± 0.8 years, and 59.9% were women. The average DLMO time was 21:00 ± 1:11 h, with men (21:19 ± 1:12 h) later than women (20:48 ± 1:07 h). Higher level of LAN intensity (LANavg ≥ 3lx vs. LANavg < 3lx) was associated with an 81.0-min later in DLMO time (95% CI: 0.99, 1.72), and longer duration of nighttime light intensity ≥ 5lx (LAN5; LAN5 ≥ 45 min vs. LAN5 < 45 min) was associated with a 51.6-min later in DLMO time (95% CI: 0.46, 1.26). In addition, the delayed effect of LAN exposure on circadian phase was more pronounced in men than in women (all P-values <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, bedroom LAN exposure was significantly associated with delayed circadian rhythm. Additionally, the delayed effect is more significant in men. Keeping bedroom dark at night may be a practicable option to prevent circadian disruption and associated health implications. Future studies with more advanced light measurement instrument and consensus methodology for DLMO assessment are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xiang Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wen-Qin Ding
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Ting Shen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Hui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Pu-Yu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Fang-Biao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health Across the Life Course, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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Aeschbach D, Cohen DA, Lockyer BJ, Chellappa SL, Klerman EB. Spontaneous attentional failures reflect multiplicative interactions of chronic sleep loss with acute sleep loss and circadian misalignment. Sleep Health 2024; 10:S89-S95. [PMID: 37689503 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute and chronic sleep loss and circadian timing interact such that, depending on their combination, small or very large performance decrements are observed in tasks of attention. Here, we tested whether such nonlinear interactions extend to a physiological measure of spontaneous visual attentional failures, indicating a fundamental principle of sleep-wake regulation. METHODS Nine healthy volunteers completed an in-laboratory 3-week forced desynchrony protocol consisting of 12 consecutive 42.85-hour cycles with a sleep-wake ratio of 1:3.3. The protocol induced increasing chronic sleep loss, while extended wake (32.85 hours) and sleep episodes (10 hours) occurred at multiple circadian phases. Attentional failure rate was quantified from continuous electrooculograms (number of 30-second epochs with slow eye movements/h of wakefulness) as a function of time since scheduled wake (acute sleep loss), week of study (chronic sleep loss), and circadian (melatonin) phase. RESULTS During the first ∼8 hours awake, attentional failure rate was low, irrespective of the week. During the following wake hours, attentional failure rate increased steadily but at a faster rate in weeks 2 and 3 compared to week 1. The effects of acute and chronic sleep loss on attentional failure rate were magnified during the biological night compared to the biological day. CONCLUSIONS A single extended sleep episode can only temporarily reverse attentional impairment associated with chronic sleep loss. Multiplicative effects of acute and chronic sleep loss-further amplified during the biological night-substantiate the interaction of 2 homeostatic response mechanisms and caution against underestimating their disproportionate combined impact on performance, health, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aeschbach
- Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Daniel A Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, USA
| | - Brandon J Lockyer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah L Chellappa
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Li Z, Fu B, Wei A, Wu Y, Huang M, Zhang E, Cui B, Wang B, Peng H. d-Glucosamine induces circadian phase delay by promoting BMAL1 degradation through AMPK/mTOR pathway. Life Sci 2023; 325:121765. [PMID: 37169147 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are closely linked to the metabolic network through circadian feedback regulation. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) is a branch of glucose metabolism that affects circadian rhythms through the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine modification (O-GlcNAcylation) of clock proteins. Here, we found out that, among the downstream metabolites regulated by d-glucosamine (GlcN) in HBP salvage pathway, only GlcN is able to induce circadian phase delay both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies indicated that the phase-shift induced by GlcN is independent of O-GlcNAcylation. Instead, GlcN selectively up-regulates p-AMPK activity, leading to the inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway, and thus down-regulation of p-BMAL1 both in human cell line and mouse tissues. Moreover, GlcN promoted BMAL1 degradation via proteasome pathway. These findings reveal a novel molecular mechanism of GlcN in regulating clock phase and suggest the therapeutic potential of GlcN as new use for an old drug in the future treatment of shift work and circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeqi Li
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bo Fu
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Aili Wei
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yanchen Wu
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ming Huang
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Enhao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China; School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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Ruscitto C, Ogden J, Ellis JG. To what extent is circadian phase predictive of subjective jet lag in long-haul cabin crew pre- and post-trip? Appl Ergon 2023; 106:103882. [PMID: 36081186 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Long-haul cabin crew regularly report misalignment between their circadian phase and the external world (i.e. jet lag). The extent to which changes in circadian phase relate to reported levels of jet lag remains unclear. The main aim of the present study was first to evaluate the relationship between objective (circadian phase) and subjective jet lag and second to explore the relative role of both subjective and objective psycho-behavioural factors in predicting the subjective experience of jet lag. Twenty-eight long-haul cabin crew completed questionnaires measuring diurnal preference, trip characteristics and subjective jet lag as a single and as a multidimensional measure. Sleep was monitored using actigraphy and urinary melatonin peak time was measured, at baseline (T1), e.g. before a long-haul trip and post-trip on the crew's first recovery day (T2). Subjective jet lag was also measured at both time points. At T1, later circadian phase related to increased unidimensional jet lag, however, a post-trip discrepancy was found between objective and subjective uni- and multidimensional jet lag measured at T2 and change from T1 to T2. After controlling for direction and size of circadian phase, increased uni- and multidimensional subjective jet lag was predicted by depressed mood states. The regression models including phase, diurnal preference, departure time on the outbound sector and arousal levels accounted for 28% of the variance in unidimensional jet lag and 53% of the variance in multidimensional jet lag. It was concluded that there is a discordance between objective and subjective jet lag post-trip. Further, subjective jet lag in long-haul cabin crew is better explained by mood impairment than circadian phase. The results are discussed with reference to the gap between subjective and objective jet lag and the role of psychology rather than just biology in the jet lag experience. The implications for improving health and safety in the workplace, through a better understanding of the role of human factors in the management of jet lag, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Ogden
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Jason G Ellis
- Northumbria Sleep Research Laboratory, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
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Depner CM, Rice JD, Tussey EJ, Eckel RH, Bergman BC, Higgins JA, Melanson EL, Kohrt WM, Wright KP, Swanson CM. Bone turnover marker responses to sleep restriction and weekend recovery sleep. Bone 2021; 152:116096. [PMID: 34216838 PMCID: PMC8316414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior data demonstrated three weeks of sleep restriction and concurrent circadian disruption uncoupled bone turnover markers (BTMs), indicating decreased bone formation and no change or increased bone resorption. The effect of insufficient sleep with or without ad libitum weekend recovery sleep on BTMs is unknown. METHODS BTMs were measured in stored serum from 20 healthy adults randomized to one of three study groups consisting of a control group (N = 3 men; 9 h/night) or one of two nocturnal sleep restriction groups in an inpatient laboratory environment. One Sleep Restriction group ("SR"; N = 9; 4 women) had 5 h sleep opportunity per night for nine nights. The other sleep restriction group had an opportunity for ad libitum Weekend Recovery sleep ("WR"; N = 8; 4 women) after four nights of 5 h sleep opportunity per night. Food intake was energy balanced at baseline and ad libitum thereafter. Fasted morning BTM levels and hourly 24 h melatonin levels were obtained on study days 3 (baseline), 5 (after 1 night of sleep restriction for WR and SR), and 11 (after a sleep restricted workweek with weekend recovery sleep in WR or 7 nights of sleep restriction in SR). Linear mixed-effects modeling was used to examine the effect of study duration (e.g., change over time), study condition, age, and sex on BTMs. Pearson correlations were used to determine associations between changes in BTMs and changes in weight and morning circadian misalignment (i.e., duration of high melatonin levels after wake time). RESULTS There was no significant difference between the three study groups in change over time (p ≥ 0.4 for interaction between assigned group and time for all BTMs), adjusted for age and sex. There was no significant change in N-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I (P1NP), osteocalcin, or C-telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) from baseline to day 11 (all p ≥ 0.3). In women <25 years old, there was a non-significant decline in P1NP from day 3 to day 5 (= -15.74 ± 7.80 ng/mL; p = 0.06). Change in weight and morning circadian misalignment from baseline to day 11 were correlated with statistically non-significant changes in BTMs (all p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION In this small secondary analysis, we showed that nine nights of prescribed sleep restriction with or without weekend recovery sleep and ad libitum food intake did not alter BTMs. It is possible that age, sex, weight change and morning circadian misalignment modify the effects of sleep restriction on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Depner
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John D Rice
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Emma J Tussey
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Robert H Eckel
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Janine A Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edward L Melanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, and Eastern Colorado VA Geriatric, Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christine M Swanson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Hoyos CM, Gordon C, Terpening Z, Norrie L, Lewis SJG, Hickie IB, Naismith SL. Circadian rhythm and sleep alterations in older people with lifetime depression: a case-control study. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:192. [PMID: 32349697 PMCID: PMC7191686 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is common in older people and is associated with underlying brain change increasing the risk of dementia. Sleep disturbance is frequently reported by those with lifetime depression, however whether circadian misalignment also exists is unclear. We aimed to examine circadian rhythms and sleep associations in older patients with and without lifetime depression. METHODS Thirty-four older people meeting DSM-IV criteria for lifetime major depression (mean age = 63.9 years), and 30 healthy controls (mean age = 65.7 years) were recruited. Participants underwent 2-weeks of actigraphy followed by a 3-night protocol including dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) assessment and overnight polysomnography (PSG) for sleep architecture. DLMO and phase angle of entrainment were computed. RESULTS Compared to controls, participants with depression had a significantly longer phase angle of entrainment (6.82 h ± 1.45 vs. 5.87 h ± 1.60, p = 0.02, Cohens-d = 0.62). A small to moderate yet non-significant difference in DLMO times, with earlier DLMO (34 ± 27 min) observed in depression (20:36 ± 1:48 vs. 21:10 ± 1:48, p = 0.22, Cohens-d = 0.32). Individuals with depression had longer sleep latency and latency to rapid eye movement sleep than controls (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Circadian advancement and alterations to the timing of sleep and REM onset are evident in older people with lifetime major depression, despite having only mild residual symptoms. Further research examining the prognostic significance of these changes is warranted as well as chronotherapeutic treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla M. Hoyos
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.417229.b0000 0000 8945 8472CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher Gordon
- grid.417229.b0000 0000 8945 8472CIRUS, Centre for Sleep and Chronobiology, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Zoe Terpening
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1005.40000 0004 4902 0432Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Louisa Norrie
- grid.437825.f0000 0000 9119 2677St Vincent’s Hospital Older People’s Mental Health Service, Darlinghurst, NSW Australia
| | - Simon J. G. Lewis
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Ian B. Hickie
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Sharon L. Naismith
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, Healthy Brain Ageing Program, Sydney, NSW Australia
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Akacem LD, Wright KP Jr, LeBourgeois MK. Bedtime and evening light exposure influence circadian timing in preschool-age children: A field study. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2016; 1:27-31. [PMID: 28042611 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Light exposure and sleep timing are two factors that influence inter-individual variability in the timing of the human circadian clock. The aim of this study was to quantify the degree to which evening light exposure predicts variance in circadian timing over and above bedtime alone in preschool children. Participants were 21 children ages 4.5–5.0 years (4.7±0.2 years; 9 females). Children followed their typical sleep schedules for 4 days during which time they wore a wrist actigraph to assess sleep timing and a pendant light meter to measure minute-by-minute illuminance levels in lux. On the 5th day, children participated in an in-home dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) assessment. Light exposure in the 2 h before bedtime was averaged and aggregated across the 4 nights preceding the DLMO assessment. Mean DLMO and bedtime were 19:22±01:04 and 20:07±00:46, respectively. Average evening light exposure was 710.1±1418.2 lux. Children with later bedtimes (lights-off time) had more delayed melatonin onset times (r=0.61, p=0.002). Evening light exposure was not independently associated with DLMO (r=0.32, p=0.08); however, a partial correlation between evening light exposure and DLMO when controlling for bedtime yielded a positive correlation (r=0.46, p=0.02). Bedtime explained 37.3% of the variance in the timing of DLMO, and evening light exposure accounted for an additional 13.3% of the variance. These findings represent an important step in understanding factors that influence circadian phase in preschool-age children and have implications for understanding a modifiable pathway that may underlie late sleep timing and the development of evening settling problems in early childhood.
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Lovato N, Micic G, Gradisar M, Ferguson SA, Burgess HJ, Kennaway DJ, Lack L. Can the circadian phase be estimated from self-reported sleep timing in patients with Delayed Sleep Wake Phase Disorder to guide timing of chronobiologic treatment? Chronobiol Int 2016; 33:1376-1390. [PMID: 27611743 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2016.1220386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficacy of bright light and/or melatonin treatment for Delayed Sleep Wake Phase Disorder (DSWPD) is contingent upon an accurate clinical assessment of the circadian phase. However, the process of determining this circadian phase can be costly and is not yet readily available in the clinical setting. The present study investigated whether more cost-effective and convenient estimates of the circadian phase, such as self-reported sleep timing, can be used to predict the circadian phase and guide the timing of light and/or melatonin treatment (i.e. dim-light melatonin onset, core body temperature minimum and melatonin secretion mid-point) in a sample of individuals with DSWPD. METHOD Twenty-four individuals (male = 17; mean age = 21.96, SD = 5.11) with DSWPD were selected on the basis of ICSD-3 criteria from a community-based sample. The first 24-hours of a longer 80-hour constant laboratory ultradian routine were used to determine core body temperature minimum (cBTmin), dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO) and the midpoint of the melatonin secretion period (DLMmid = [DLM°ff-DLMO]/2). Prior to the laboratory session subjective sleep timing was assessed using a 7-day sleep/wake diary, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder Sleep Timing Questionnaire (DSPD-STQ). RESULTS Significant moderate to strong positive correlations were observed between self-reported sleep timing variables and DLMO, cBTmin and DLMmid. Regression equations revealed that the circadian phase (DLMO, cBTmin and DLMmid) was estimated within ±1.5 hours of the measured circadian phase most accurately by the combination of sleep timing measures (88% of the sample) followed by sleep diary reported midsleep (83% of the sample) and sleep onset time (79% of the sample). DISCUSSION These findings suggest that self-reported sleep timing may be useful clinically to predict a therapeutically relevant circadian phase in DSWPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Lovato
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre for Research Excellence , Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Gorica Micic
- b Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Michael Gradisar
- b Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- c Appleton Institute , Central Queensland University , Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Helen J Burgess
- d Biological Rhythms Research Laboratory Rush University Medical Center , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - David J Kennaway
- e Robinson Research Institute, School of Medicine, Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia
| | - Leon Lack
- a Adelaide Institute for Sleep Health: A Flinders Centre for Research Excellence , Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia.,b Flinders University of South Australia , Adelaide , South Australia
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Hummer DL, Lee TM. Daily timing of the adolescent sleep phase: Insights from a cross-species comparison. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:171-181. [PMID: 27450579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of tremendous adjustment and includes changes in cognition, emotion, independence, social environment, and physiology. One of the most consistent changes exhibited by human adolescents is a dramatic delay in the daily timing of the sleep-wake cycle. This delay is strongly correlated with pubertal maturation and is believed to be influenced by gonadal hormone-induced changes in the neural mechanisms regulating sleep and/or circadian timing. Data from both human and non-human animals indicate that developmental changes in the intrinsic period of the circadian mechanism or its sensitivity to light are not adequate to explain adolescent changes in the daily timing of sleep and wakefulness. Rather, current evidence suggests that pubertal changes in the homeostatic drive to sleep and/or behaviorally induced changes in the amount and/or timing of light exposure permit adolescents to stay up later in the evening and cause them to wake up later in the morning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Hummer
- Department of Psychology, Morehouse College, 830 Westview Dr. SW, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, 30302-5090, USA.
| | - Theresa M Lee
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 312 Ayres Hall, 1403 Circle Drive, Knoxville, TN, 37996-1330, USA,.
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11
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Abstract
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder (DSWPD) is commonly defined as an inability to fall asleep and wake at societal times resulting in excessive daytime sleepiness. Although the cause is multifaceted, delays in sleep time are largely driven by misalignment between the circadian pacemaker and the desired sleep-wake timing schedule. Current treatment approaches focus on correcting the circadian delay; however, there is a lack of data investigating combined therapies for treatment of DSWPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Magee
- Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Ground Level 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Emily M Marbas
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- Cooperative Research Centre for Alertness, Safety and Productivity, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, BASE Facility, Ground Level 264 Ferntree Gully Road, Notting Hill, Victoria 3168, Australia; Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, 18 Innovation Walk, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Josiane L Broussard
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, 1725 Pleasant Street, Clare Small 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, USA
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Manni R, Cremascoli R, De Icco R, Terzaghi M. Chronotype in patients with epilepsy: A controlled study in 60 subjects with late-onset focal epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015; 50:1-6. [PMID: 26079115 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Studies based on self-administered questionnaires indicate that most patients with epilepsy are morning-oriented. We aimed to investigate chronotype in patients with epilepsy with late-onset focal epilepsy by combining subjective data with dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) as an objective marker of the circadian phase. Sixty adult patients (mean age 46.5±13.8; 27 males) with late-onset focal epilepsy under pharmacological treatment were prospectively studied. Subjective chronotype was determined using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and circadian phase through analysis of salivary melatonin secretion, considering 3pg/ml as the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) threshold. The mean MEQ score was significantly higher in the patients with epilepsy than in the controls, and significantly, more patients had a MEQ score indicative of the morning type (50.0% vs 30.0%, p=0.02). However, no significant differences were found in mean time of DLMO (21:38±01:21 vs 21:26±01:03; p=ns), and DLMO time was in the range indicative of an intermediate chronotype in both patients and controls. Sleep onset and sleep offset phase angles were significantly shorter in the patients. Patients whose global MEQ score identified them as morning types were significantly older than those with an intermediate or evening chronotype, and they had less social jet lag. No difference in epilepsy features and treatments was found between morning-oriented and nonmorning-oriented patients. Our analyses showed that the patients with epilepsy tended to be morning-oriented and to perceive themselves as morning types, even though this was not reflected in their DLMO values which did not differ significantly from those of controls and mostly fell within the intermediate chronotype range. Several factors may considerably influence subjective chronotype. We speculate that, in patients with epilepsy, the disease itself, prompting certain lifestyle choices, including a regular sleep schedule and early bedtime, may induce morning orientation and a morning-type self-perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Manni
- Unit of Sleep Medicine and Epilepsy, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Cremascoli
- Unit of Sleep Medicine and Epilepsy, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto De Icco
- Unit of Sleep Medicine and Epilepsy, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Michele Terzaghi
- Unit of Sleep Medicine and Epilepsy, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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Aidman E, Chadunow C, Johnson K, Reece J. Real-time driver drowsiness feedback improves driver alertness and self-reported driving performance. Accid Anal Prev 2015; 81:8-13. [PMID: 25932964 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Driver drowsiness has been implicated as a major causal factor in road accidents. Tools that allow remote monitoring and management of driver fatigue are used in the mining and road transport industries. Increasing drivers' own awareness of their drowsiness levels using such tools may also reduce risk of accidents. The study examined the effects of real-time blink-velocity-derived drowsiness feedback on driver performance and levels of alertness in a military setting. A sample of 15 Army Reserve personnel (1 female) aged 21-59 (M=41.3, SD=11.1) volunteered to being monitored by an infra-red oculography-based Optalert Alertness Monitoring System (OAMS) while they performed their regular driving tasks, including on-duty tasks and commuting to and from duty, for a continuous period of 4-8 weeks. For approximately half that period, blink-velocity-derived Johns Drowsiness Scale (JDS) scores were fed back to the driver in a counterbalanced repeated-measures design, resulting in a total of 419 driving periods under "feedback" and 385 periods under "no-feedback" condition. Overall, the provision of real-time feedback resulted in reduced drowsiness (lower JDS scores) and improved alertness and driving performance ratings. The effect was small and varied across the 24-h circadian cycle but it remained robust after controlling for time of day and driving task duration. Both the number of JDS peaks counted for each trip and their duration declined in the presence of drowsiness feedback, indicating a dynamic pattern that is consistent with a genuine, entropy-reducing feedback mechanism (as distinct from random re-alerting) behind the observed effect. Its mechanisms and practical utility have yet to be fully explored. Direct examination of the alternative, random re-alerting explanation of this feedback effect is an important step for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Aidman
- Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Land Division, Edinburgh, South Australia 5111, Australia; University of Sydney, School of Psychology, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Carolyn Chadunow
- Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Land Division, Edinburgh, South Australia 5111, Australia
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Land Division, Edinburgh, South Australia 5111, Australia
| | - John Reece
- RMIT University, School of Health Sciences, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia; Australian College of Applied Psychology, Melbourne 3000, Australia
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Light is most effective at changing the timing of the circadian clock when applied close to the core body temperature minimum. The present study investigated, in a home setting, if individually tailored light treatment using flashing blue light delivered through closed eyelids during the early part of the sleep period delayed circadian phase and sleep in a population of healthy older adults and in those suffering from early awakening insomnia. METHODS Twenty-eight participants (9 early awakening insomniacs) completed an 8-week, within-subjects study. Twice, participants collected data during two baseline weeks and one intervention week. During the intervention week, participants wore a flashing blue (active) or a flashing red (control) light mask during sleep. Light was expected to delay circadian phase. Saliva samples for dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) were collected at the end of each baseline and intervention week. Wrist actigraphy and Daysimeter, a calibrated light and activity meter, data were collected during the entire study. RESULTS Compared to baseline, flashing blue light, but not flashing red light, significantly (p<0.05) delayed DLMO. The mean ± standard deviation phase shift (minutes) was 0:06 ± 0:30 for the flashing red light and 0:34 ± 0:30 for the flashing blue light. Compared to Day 1, sleep start times were significantly delayed (by approximately 46 minutes) at Day 7 after the flashing blue light. The light intervention did not affect sleep efficiency. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated the feasibility of using light through closed eyelids during sleep for promoting circadian alignment and sleep health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York
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15
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Figueiro MG, Plitnick B, Rea MS. The effects of chronotype, sleep schedule and light/dark pattern exposures on circadian phase. Sleep Med 2014; 15:1554-64. [PMID: 25441745 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronotype characterizes individual differences in sleep/wake rhythm timing, which can also impact light exposure patterns. The present study investigated whether early and late chronotypes respond differently to controlled advancing and delaying light exposure patterns while on a fixed, advanced sleep/wake schedule. METHODS In a mixed design, 23 participants (11 late chronotypes and 12 early chronotypes) completed a 2-week, advanced sleep/wake protocol twice, once with an advancing light exposure pattern and once with a delaying light exposure pattern. In the advancing light exposure pattern, the participants received short-wavelength light in the morning and short-wavelength-restricting orange-tinted glasses in the evening. In the delaying light exposure pattern, participants received short-wavelength-restricting orange-tinted glasses in the morning and short-wavelength light in the evening. Light/dark exposures were measured with the Daysimeter. Salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) was also measured. RESULTS Compared to the baseline week, DLMO was significantly delayed after the delaying light intervention and significantly advanced after the advancing light intervention in both groups. There was no significant difference in how the two chronotype groups responded to the light intervention. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrate that circadian phase changes resulting from light interventions are consistent with those predicted by previously published phase response curves (PRCs) for both early and late chronotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana G Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Barbara Plitnick
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Mark S Rea
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 21 Union Street, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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Maire M, Reichert CF, Gabel V, Viola AU, Strobel W, Krebs J, Landolt HP, Bachmann V, Cajochen C, Schmidt C. Sleep ability mediates individual differences in the vulnerability to sleep loss: evidence from a PER3 polymorphism. Cortex 2014; 52:47-59. [PMID: 24439663 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is highly prevalent in our 24/7 society with harmful consequences on daytime functioning on the individual level. Genetically determined, trait-like vulnerability contributes to prominent inter-individual variability in the behavioral responses to sleep loss and adverse circadian phase. We aimed at investigating the effects of differential sleep pressure levels (high vs low) on the circadian modulation of neurobehavioral performance, sleepiness correlates, and nap sleep in individuals genotyped for a polymorphism in the clock gene PERIOD3. Fourteen homozygous long (PER3(5/5)) and 15 homozygous short (PER3(4/4)) allele carriers underwent both a 40-h sleep deprivation and multiple nap protocol under controlled laboratory conditions. We compared genotypes regarding subjective and ocular correlates of sleepiness, unintentional sleep episodes as well as psychomotor vigilance during both protocols. Nap sleep was monitored by polysomnography and visually scored according to standard criteria. The detrimental effects of high sleep pressure on sleepiness correlates and psychomotor vigilance were more pronounced in PER3(5/5) than PER3(4/4) carriers. Under low sleep pressure, both groups showed similar circadian time courses. Concomitantly, nap sleep efficiency and subjective sleep quality across all naps tended to be higher in the more vulnerable PER3(5/5) carriers. In addition, PER3-dependent sleep-loss-related attentional lapses were mediated by sleep efficiency across the circadian cycle. Our data corroborate a greater detrimental impact of sleep deprivation in PER3(5/5) compared to PER3(4/4) carriers. They further suggest that the group with greater attentional performance impairment due to sleep deprivation (PER3(5/5) carriers) is superior at initiating sleep over the 24-h cycle. This higher sleep ability may mirror a faster sleep pressure build-up between the multiple sleep opportunities and thus a greater flexibility in sleep initiation. Finally, our data show that this higher nap sleep efficiency is positively related to attentional failures under sleep loss conditions and might thus be used as a marker for inter-individual vulnerability to elevated sleep pressure.
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Youngstedt SD, Leung A, Kripke DF, Langer RD. Association of morning illumination and window covering with mood and sleep among post-menopausal women. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2004; 2:174-183. [PMID: 25374475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-8425.2004.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The antidepressant and sleep-promoting effects of light exposure might be useful for treating age-related mood and sleep disorders. In view of recent evidence suggesting beneficial effects of morning light, this study examined the associations of mood and sleep with morning light exposure, 24 h environmental illumination, and the degree to which the volunteers' bedroom windows were covered in the morning. We examined 459 postmenopausal women participating an ancillary study of the Women's Health Initiative conducted at the University of California, San Diego Clinical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. At baseline, volunteers completed a 4-week sleep-recall questionnaire. Volunteers were then assessed for 5-7 days in their home environments with actigraphic wrist monitors. During home recording, self-reported mood was assessed. Morning illumination during the first 4 h after arising, 24-h illumination mesor (cosine-fitted mean), and illumination acrophase (cosine-fitted peak time) were calculated. Sleep was scored each night using validated wrist actigraphic methods. A sleep diary was completed each morning. During two 24-h periods, urine was collected approximately every 2 h during wakefulness and following any voidings during the sleep period. Cosine-fitting established the acrophase of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) excretion. Morning illumination and 24-h illumination were modestly associated with better mood and sleep. Associations of light with mood and sleep were consistently greater for subjects whose body clocks were delayed relative to the group median. Less morning window covering in the subjects' bedrooms was associated with more morning light and less depressed mood. The results suggest that both morning and 24-h light exposure may be beneficial for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Youngstedt
- Department of Exercise Science, Norman J. Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC ; Department of Psychiatry and Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amy Leung
- Department of Psychiatry and Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Daniel F Kripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert D Langer
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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