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McCauley ME, McCauley P, Kalachev LV, Riedy SM, Banks S, Ecker AJ, Dinges DF, Van Dongen HPA. Biomathematical modeling of fatigue due to sleep inertia. J Theor Biol 2024; 590:111851. [PMID: 38782198 PMCID: PMC11179995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Biomathematical models of fatigue capture the physiology of sleep/wake regulation and circadian rhythmicity to predict changes in neurobehavioral functioning over time. We used a biomathematical model of fatigue linked to the adenosinergic neuromodulator/receptor system in the brain as a framework to predict sleep inertia, that is, the transient neurobehavioral impairment experienced immediately after awakening. Based on evidence of an adenosinergic basis for sleep inertia, we expanded the biomathematical model with novel differential equations to predict the propensity for sleep inertia during sleep and its manifestation after awakening. Using datasets from large laboratory studies of sleep loss and circadian misalignment, we calibrated the model by fitting just two new parameters and then validated the model's predictions against independent data. The expanded model was found to predict the magnitude and time course of sleep inertia with generally high accuracy. Analysis of the model's dynamics revealed a bifurcation in the predicted manifestation of sleep inertia in sustained sleep restriction paradigms, which reflects the observed escalation of the magnitude of sleep inertia in scenarios with sleep restriction to less than ∼ 4 h per day. Another emergent property of the model involves a rapid increase in the predicted propensity for sleep inertia in the early part of sleep followed by a gradual decline in the later part of the sleep period, which matches what would be expected based on the adenosinergic regulation of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and its known influence on sleep inertia. These dynamic behaviors provide confidence in the validity of our approach and underscore the predictive potential of the model. The expanded model provides a useful tool for predicting sleep inertia and managing impairment in 24/7 settings where people may need to perform critical tasks immediately after awakening, such as on-demand operations in safety and security, emergency response, and health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA; Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
| | - Peter McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA
| | - Leonid V Kalachev
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Montana, Mathematics Building, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.
| | - Samantha M Riedy
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA
| | - Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5048, Australia.
| | - Adrian J Ecker
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 1013 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - David F Dinges
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 1013 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202-2131, USA; Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Washington State University Health Sciences Spokane, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
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Baur DM, Dornbierer DA, Landolt HP. Concentration-effect relationships of plasma caffeine on EEG delta power and cardiac autonomic activity during human sleep. J Sleep Res 2024:e14140. [PMID: 38221756 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Acute caffeine intake affects brain and cardiovascular physiology, yet the concentration-effect relationships on the electroencephalogram and cardiac autonomic activity during sleep are poorly understood. To tackle this question, we simultaneously quantified the plasma caffeine concentration with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as the electroencephalogram, heart rate and high-frequency (0.15-0.4 Hz) spectral power in heart rate variability, representing parasympathetic activity, with standard polysomnography during undisturbed human sleep. Twenty-one healthy young men in randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion, ingested 160 mg caffeine or placebo in a delayed, pulsatile-release caffeine formula at their habitual bedtime, and initiated a 4-hr sleep opportunity 4.5 hr later. The mean caffeine levels during sleep exhibited high individual variability between 0.2 and 18.4 μmol L-1 . Across the first two non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM)-rapid-eye-movement sleep cycles, electroencephalogram delta (0.75-2.5 Hz) activity and heart rate were reliably modulated by waking and sleep states. Caffeine dose-dependently reduced delta activity and heart rate, and increased high-frequency heart rate variability in NREM sleep when compared with placebo. The average reduction in heart rate equalled 3.24 ± 0.77 beats per minute. Non-linear statistical models suggest that caffeine levels above ~7.4 μmol L-1 decreased electroencephalogram delta activity, whereas concentrations above ~4.3 μmol L-1 and ~ 4.9 μmol L-1 , respectively, reduced heart rate and increased high-frequency heart rate variability. These findings provide quantitative concentration-effect relationships of caffeine, electroencephalogram delta power and cardiac autonomic activity, and suggest increased parasympathetic activity during sleep after intake of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Baur
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario A Dornbierer
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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LaGoy AD, Kubala AG, Deering S, Germain A, Markwald RR. Dawn of a New Dawn: Advances in Sleep Health to Optimize Performance. Sleep Med Clin 2023; 18:361-371. [PMID: 37532375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Optimal sleep health is a critical component to high-level performance. In populations such as the military, public service (eg, firefighters), and health care, achieving optimal sleep health is difficult and subsequently deficiencies in sleep health may lead to performance decrements. However, advances in sleep monitoring technologies and mitigation strategies for poor sleep health show promise for further ecological scientific investigation within these populations. The current review briefly outlines the relationship between sleep health and performance as well as current advances in behavioral and technological approaches to improving sleep health for performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice D LaGoy
- Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew G Kubala
- Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sean Deering
- Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA 92106, USA; Leidos, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Rachel R Markwald
- Sleep, Tactical Efficiency, and Endurance Laboratory, Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, 140 Sylvester Road, San Diego, CA 92106, USA.
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Yin J, Xu J, Ren TL. Recent Progress in Long-Term Sleep Monitoring Technology. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:395. [PMID: 36979607 PMCID: PMC10046225 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is an essential physiological activity, accounting for about one-third of our lives, which significantly impacts our memory, mood, health, and children's growth. Especially after the COVID-19 epidemic, sleep health issues have attracted more attention. In recent years, with the development of wearable electronic devices, there have been more and more studies, products, or solutions related to sleep monitoring. Many mature technologies, such as polysomnography, have been applied to clinical practice. However, it is urgent to develop wearable or non-contacting electronic devices suitable for household continuous sleep monitoring. This paper first introduces the basic knowledge of sleep and the significance of sleep monitoring. Then, according to the types of physiological signals monitored, this paper describes the research progress of bioelectrical signals, biomechanical signals, and biochemical signals used for sleep monitoring. However, it is not ideal to monitor the sleep quality for the whole night based on only one signal. Therefore, this paper reviews the research on multi-signal monitoring and introduces systematic sleep monitoring schemes. Finally, a conclusion and discussion of sleep monitoring are presented to propose potential future directions and prospects for sleep monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaju Yin
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiandong Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Reichert CF, Deboer T, Landolt HP. Adenosine, caffeine, and sleep-wake regulation: state of the science and perspectives. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13597. [PMID: 35575450 PMCID: PMC9541543 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, mankind has been influencing its sleep and waking state through the adenosinergic system. For ~100 years now, systematic research has been performed, first started by testing the effects of different dosages of caffeine on sleep and waking behaviour. About 70 years ago, adenosine itself entered the picture as a possible ligand of the receptors where caffeine hooks on as an antagonist to reduce sleepiness. Since the scientific demonstration that this is indeed the case, progress has been fast. Today, adenosine is widely accepted as an endogenous sleep‐regulatory substance. In this review, we discuss the current state of the science in model organisms and humans on the working mechanisms of adenosine and caffeine on sleep. We critically investigate the evidence for a direct involvement in sleep homeostatic mechanisms and whether the effects of caffeine on sleep differ between acute intake and chronic consumption. In addition, we review the more recent evidence that adenosine levels may also influence the functioning of the circadian clock and address the question of whether sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock may interact through adenosinergic signalling. In the final section, we discuss the perspectives of possible clinical applications of the accumulated knowledge over the last century that may improve sleep‐related disorders. We conclude our review by highlighting some open questions that need to be answered, to better understand how adenosine and caffeine exactly regulate and influence sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Franziska Reichert
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Affective, Stress, and Sleep Disorders, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Deboer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Time Course of Motor Sleep Inertia Dissipation According to Age. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040424. [PMID: 35447956 PMCID: PMC9028565 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep inertia (SI) refers to a complex psychophysiological phenomenon observed after morning awakening that can be described as the gradual recovery of waking-like status after a night of sleep. The time course of SI dissipation in an everyday life condition is little studied. The present study aims to investigate the SI dissipation in motor activity, as a function of age, upon spontaneous morning awakening after a usual night-time sleep. To this end, we performed a retrospective study in a naturalistic setting in a wide life span sample: 382 healthy participants (219 females) from middle childhood (9 years old) to late adulthood (70 years old). Participants were required to wear the actigraph on the non-dominant wrist for at least seven consecutive nights. Results show that SI of motor activity is dissipated in 70 min. Mean motor activity in such a time window was significantly modulated by age: lower age corresponded to higher motor activity.
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Kovac K, Vincent GE, Paterson JL, Ferguson SA. "I Want to Be Safe and Not Still Half Asleep": Exploring Practical Countermeasures to Manage the Risk of Sleep Inertia for Emergency Service Personnel Using a Mixed Methods Approach. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:1493-1510. [PMID: 36052102 PMCID: PMC9427208 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s370488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this exploratory cross-sectional mixed methods study was to determine 1) whether sleep inertia, the temporary state of impaired vigilance performance upon waking, is perceived to be a concern by emergency service personnel, 2) what strategies are currently used by emergency service workplaces to manage sleep inertia, 3) the barriers to implementing reactive sleep inertia countermeasures, and 4) what strategies personnel suggest to manage sleep inertia. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS A sample (n = 92) of employed and volunteer Australian emergency service personnel (fire and rescue, ambulance, police, state-based rescue and recovery personnel) completed an online survey. Data collected included demographic variables and work context, experiences of sleep inertia in the emergency role, barriers to sleep inertia countermeasures, and existing workplace sleep inertia countermeasures and recommendations. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative data were thematically analysed. RESULTS Approximately 67% of participants expressed concern about sleep inertia when responding in their emergency role. Despite this, there were few strategies to manage sleep inertia in the workplace. One major barrier identified was a lack of time in being able to implement sleep inertia countermeasures. Fatigue management strategies, such as reducing on-call periods, and operational changes, such as screening calls to reduce false alarms, were suggested by participants as potential strategies to manage sleep inertia. CONCLUSION Sleep inertia is a concern for emergency service personnel and thus more research is required to determine effective sleep inertia management strategies to reduce the risks associated with sleep inertia and improve personnel safety and those in their care. In addition, future studies could investigate strategies to integrate reactive sleep inertia countermeasures into the emergency response procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya Kovac
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | - Grace E Vincent
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | - Jessica L Paterson
- Flinders Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing, College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sally A Ferguson
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
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