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Guo X, Keenan BT, Reiner BC, Lian J, Pack AI. Single-nucleus RNA-seq identifies one galanin neuronal subtype in mouse preoptic hypothalamus activated during recovery from sleep deprivation. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114192. [PMID: 38703367 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) is essential for sleep regulation. However, the cellular makeup of the POA is heterogeneous, and the molecular identities of the sleep-promoting cells remain elusive. To address this question, this study compares mice during recovery sleep following sleep deprivation to mice allowed extended sleep. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing (single-nucleus RNA-seq) identifies one galanin inhibitory neuronal subtype that shows upregulation of rapid and delayed activity-regulated genes during recovery sleep. This cell type expresses higher levels of growth hormone receptor and lower levels of estrogen receptor compared to other galanin subtypes. single-nucleus RNA-seq also reveals cell-type-specific upregulation of purinergic receptor (P2ry14) and serotonin receptor (Htr2a) during recovery sleep in this neuronal subtype, suggesting possible mechanisms for sleep regulation. Studies with RNAscope validate the single-nucleus RNA-seq findings. Thus, the combined use of single-nucleus RNA-seq and activity-regulated genes identifies a neuronal subtype functionally involved in sleep regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Guo
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brendan T Keenan
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jie Lian
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Circadian Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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van Dorp R, Rolleri E, Deboer T. Sleep and the sleep electroencephalogram in C57BL/6 and C3H/HeN mice. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e14062. [PMID: 37803888 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Different mouse strains used in biomedical research show different phenotypes associated with their genotypes. Two mouse strains commonly used in biomedical sleep research are C57Bl/6 and C3H/He, the strains differ in numerous aspects, including their ability to secrete melatonin as well as the expression of several sleep-related genes. However, sleep regulation has only limitedly been compared between C3H/HeN and C57Bl/6 mice. We therefore compared sleep-wake behaviour and EEG-measured spectral brain activity for C57bl/6 and C3H/HeN mice during a 12:12 h light: dark baseline and during and after a 6 h sleep deprivation. The C3H mice spent more time in NREM sleep around the light-dark transition and more time in REM sleep during the dark phase compared with C57bl/6 mice. The C3H mice also showed more EEG activity in the 4.5-7.5 Hz range during all stages and a stronger 24 h modulation of EEG power density in almost all EEG frequencies during NREM sleep. After the sleep deprivation, C3H mice showed a stronger recovery response, which was expressed in both a larger increase in EEG slow wave activity (SWA) and more time spent in NREM sleep. We show large differences regarding sleep architecture and EEG activity between C3H and C57bl/6 mice. These differences include the amount of waking during the late dark phase, the 24 h amplitude in EEG power density, and the amount of REM sleep during the dark phase. We conclude that differences between mouse strains should be considered when selecting a model strain to improve the generalisability of studies investigating biomedical parameters related to sleep and circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick van Dorp
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Rolleri
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Deboer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Furrer M, Meier SA, Jan M, Franken P, Sundset MA, Brown SA, Wagner GC, Huber R. Reindeer in the Arctic reduce sleep need during rumination. Curr Biol 2024; 34:427-433.e5. [PMID: 38141616 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Timing and quantity of sleep depend on a circadian (∼24-h) rhythm and a specific sleep requirement.1 Sleep curtailment results in a homeostatic rebound of more and deeper sleep, the latter reflected in increased electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.2 Circadian rhythms are synchronized by the light-dark cycle but persist under constant conditions.3,4,5 Strikingly, arctic reindeer behavior is arrhythmic during the solstices.6 Moreover, the Arctic's extreme seasonal environmental changes cause large variations in overall activity and food intake.7 We hypothesized that the maintenance of optimal functioning under these extremely fluctuating conditions would require adaptations not only in daily activity patterns but also in the homeostatic regulation of sleep. We studied sleep using non-invasive EEG in four Eurasian tundra reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Tromsø, Norway (69°N) during the fall equinox and both solstices. As expected, sleep-wake rhythms paralleled daily activity distribution, and sleep deprivation resulted in a homeostatic rebound in all seasons. Yet, these sleep rebounds were smaller in summer and fall than in winter. Surprisingly, SWA decreased not only during NREM sleep but also during rumination. Quantitative modeling revealed that sleep pressure decayed at similar rates during the two behavioral states. Finally, reindeer spent less time in NREM sleep the more they ruminated. These results suggest that they can sleep during rumination. The ability to reduce sleep need during rumination-undisturbed phases for both sleep recovery and digestion-might allow for near-constant feeding in the arctic summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Furrer
- Child Development Center and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara A Meier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Jan
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Génopode building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Franken
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Génopode building, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monica A Sundset
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Steven A Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela C Wagner
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Framstredet 39, 9019 Tromsø, Norway; Division of Forest and Forest Resources, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Holtvegen 66, 9016 Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Steinwiesstrasse 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Lenggstrasse 31, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Baur DM, Dornbierer DA, Landolt HP. Concentration-effect relationships of plasma caffeine on EEG delta power and cardiac autonomic activity during human sleep. J Sleep Res 2024:e14140. [PMID: 38221756 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Acute caffeine intake affects brain and cardiovascular physiology, yet the concentration-effect relationships on the electroencephalogram and cardiac autonomic activity during sleep are poorly understood. To tackle this question, we simultaneously quantified the plasma caffeine concentration with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as the electroencephalogram, heart rate and high-frequency (0.15-0.4 Hz) spectral power in heart rate variability, representing parasympathetic activity, with standard polysomnography during undisturbed human sleep. Twenty-one healthy young men in randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion, ingested 160 mg caffeine or placebo in a delayed, pulsatile-release caffeine formula at their habitual bedtime, and initiated a 4-hr sleep opportunity 4.5 hr later. The mean caffeine levels during sleep exhibited high individual variability between 0.2 and 18.4 μmol L-1 . Across the first two non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM)-rapid-eye-movement sleep cycles, electroencephalogram delta (0.75-2.5 Hz) activity and heart rate were reliably modulated by waking and sleep states. Caffeine dose-dependently reduced delta activity and heart rate, and increased high-frequency heart rate variability in NREM sleep when compared with placebo. The average reduction in heart rate equalled 3.24 ± 0.77 beats per minute. Non-linear statistical models suggest that caffeine levels above ~7.4 μmol L-1 decreased electroencephalogram delta activity, whereas concentrations above ~4.3 μmol L-1 and ~ 4.9 μmol L-1 , respectively, reduced heart rate and increased high-frequency heart rate variability. These findings provide quantitative concentration-effect relationships of caffeine, electroencephalogram delta power and cardiac autonomic activity, and suggest increased parasympathetic activity during sleep after intake of caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Baur
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario A Dornbierer
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Banks S, Jones CW, McCauley ME, Dorrian J, Basner M, Maislin G, Van Dongen HPA, Dinges DF. Long-term influence of sleep/wake history on the dynamic neurobehavioural response to sustained sleep restriction. J Sleep Res 2023:e14117. [PMID: 38059385 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic sleep restriction, common in today's 24/7 society, causes cumulative neurobehavioural impairment, but the dynamics of the build-up and dissipation of this impairment have not been fully elucidated. We addressed this knowledge gap in a laboratory study involving two, 5-day periods of sleep restriction to 4 hr per day, separated by a 1-day dose-response intervention sleep opportunity. We measured sleep physiological and waking neurobehavioural responses in 70 healthy adults, each randomized to one of seven dose-response intervention sleep doses ranging from 0 to 12 hr, or a non-sleep-restricted control group. As anticipated, sleep physiological markers showed homeostatic dynamics throughout the study, and waking neurobehavioural impairment accumulated across the two sleep restriction periods. Unexpectedly, there was only a slight and short-lived effect of the 1-day dose-response intervention sleep opportunity. Whether the dose-response intervention sleep opportunity involved extension, further restriction or total deprivation of sleep, neurobehavioural functioning during the subsequent second sleep restriction period was dominated by prior sleep-wake history. Our findings revealed a profound and enduring influence of long-term sleep-wake history as a fundamental aspect of the dynamic regulation of the neurobehavioural response to sleep loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Banks
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Christopher W Jones
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mark E McCauley
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mathias Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Greg Maislin
- Biomedical Statistical Consulting, Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - David F Dinges
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Shah P, Kaneria A, Fleming G, Williams CRO, Sullivan RM, Lemon CH, Smiley J, Saito M, Wilson DA. Homeostatic NREM sleep and salience network function in adult mice exposed to ethanol during development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1267542. [PMID: 38033546 PMCID: PMC10682725 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1267542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposure to ethanol is a leading cause of cognitive, emotional and behavioral problems, with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) affecting more than 1:100 children. Recently, comorbid sleep deficits have been highlighted in these disorders, with sleep repair a potential therapeutic target. Animal models of FASD have shown non-REM (NREM) sleep fragmentation and slow-wave oscillation impairments that predict cognitive performance. Here we use a mouse model of perinatal ethanol exposure to explore whether reduced sleep pressure may contribute to impaired NREM sleep, and compare the function of a brain network reported to be impacted by insomnia-the Salience network-in developmental ethanol-exposed mice with sleep-deprived, saline controls. Mice were exposed to ethanol or saline on postnatal day 7 (P7) and allowed to mature to adulthood for testing. At P90, telemetered cortical recordings were made for assessment of NREM sleep in home cage before and after 4 h of sleep deprivation to assess basal NREM sleep and homeostatic NREM sleep response. To assess Salience network functional connectivity, mice were exposed to the 4 h sleep deprivation period or left alone, then immediately sacrificed for immunohistochemical analysis of c-Fos expression. The results show that developmental ethanol severely impairs both normal rebound NREM sleep and sleep deprivation induced increases in slow-wave activity, consistent with reduced sleep pressure. Furthermore, the Salience network connectome in rested, ethanol-exposed mice was most similar to that of sleep-deprived, saline control mice, suggesting a sleep deprivation-like state of Salience network function after developmental ethanol even without sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Shah
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Aayush Kaneria
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Colin R. O. Williams
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian H. Lemon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - John Smiley
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY,United States
| | - Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY,United States
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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7
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Barlow IL, Mackay E, Wheater E, Goel A, Lim S, Zimmerman S, Woods I, Prober DA, Rihel J. The zebrafish mutant dreammist implicates sodium homeostasis in sleep regulation. eLife 2023; 12:RP87521. [PMID: 37548652 PMCID: PMC10406431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a nearly universal feature of animal behaviour, yet many of the molecular, genetic, and neuronal substrates that orchestrate sleep/wake transitions lie undiscovered. Employing a viral insertion sleep screen in larval zebrafish, we identified a novel gene, dreammist (dmist), whose loss results in behavioural hyperactivity and reduced sleep at night. The neuronally expressed dmist gene is conserved across vertebrates and encodes a small single-pass transmembrane protein that is structurally similar to the Na+,K+-ATPase regulator, FXYD1/Phospholemman. Disruption of either fxyd1 or atp1a3a, a Na+,K+-ATPase alpha-3 subunit associated with several heritable movement disorders in humans, led to decreased night-time sleep. Since atpa1a3a and dmist mutants have elevated intracellular Na+ levels and non-additive effects on sleep amount at night, we propose that Dmist-dependent enhancement of Na+ pump function modulates neuronal excitability to maintain normal sleep behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida L Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Eirinn Mackay
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emily Wheater
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Aimee Goel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Sumi Lim
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Steve Zimmerman
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard UniversityCambridgeUnited States
| | | | - David A Prober
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of TechnologyPasadenaUnited States
| | - Jason Rihel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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Jung J, Kang J, Kim T. Attenuation of homeostatic sleep response and rest-activity circadian rhythm in vitamin D deficient mice. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:1097-1110. [PMID: 37661839 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2253299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The link between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and sleep disturbances has long been suggested. However, the direct causality between VDD, sleep disturbances, and circadian rhythm remains unclear. We aimed to characterize sleep-wake behavior and circadian rhythms in an animal model of VDD. VDD was induced by feeding vitamin D-deficient chow, and we analyzed sleep and circadian rhythm parameters. During light period, VDD mice exhibited reduced wake with more frequent wake bouts and increased NREM sleep time. However, during dark period, the wake EEG power spectrum peaked at theta band frequency, and slow-wave energy was suppressed in mice with VDD. Rest-activity analyses revealed increased circadian period, lower wheel counts, and more frequent and short activity bouts during VDD. Combining sleep and circadian data, we found significantly suppressed activities during the hours with a wake duration shorter than 30 minutes. Moreover, mice in VDD state exhibited a negative correlation between wake theta power and hourly wheel-running counts during dark period. Our data point to a direct link between VDD and disturbances in sleep and rest-activity circadian rhythm, featuring frequent wake bouts during the sleeping phase, reduced sleep pressure build-up in dark period, and reduced activity levels due to increased susceptibility to sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiseung Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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9
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Crodelle J, Vanty C, Booth V. Modeling homeostatic and circadian modulation of human pain sensitivity. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1166203. [PMID: 37360178 PMCID: PMC10285085 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1166203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mathematical modeling has played a significant role in understanding how homeostatic sleep pressure and the circadian rhythm interact to influence sleep-wake behavior. Pain sensitivity is also affected by these processes, and recent experimental results have measured the circadian and homeostatic components of the 24 h rhythm of thermal pain sensitivity in humans. To analyze how rhythms in pain sensitivity are affected by disruptions in sleep behavior and shifts in circadian rhythms, we introduce a dynamic mathematical model for circadian and homeostatic regulation of sleep-wake states and pain intensity. Methods The model consists of a biophysically based, sleep-wake regulation network model coupled to data-driven functions for the circadian and homeostatic modulation of pain sensitivity. This coupled sleep-wake-pain sensitivity model is validated by comparison to thermal pain intensities in adult humans measured across a 34 h sleep deprivation protocol. Results We use the model to predict dysregulation of pain sensitivity rhythms across different scenarios of sleep deprivation and circadian rhythm shifts, including entrainment to new environmental light and activity timing as occurs with jet lag and chronic sleep restriction. Model results show that increases in pain sensitivity occur under conditions of increased homeostatic sleep drive with nonlinear modulation by the circadian rhythm, leading to unexpected decreased pain sensitivity in some scenarios. Discussion This model provides a useful tool for pain management by predicting alterations in pain sensitivity due to varying or disrupted sleep schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Crodelle
- Department of Mathematics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
| | - Carolyn Vanty
- Department of Mathematics, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States
| | - Victoria Booth
- Departments of Mathematics and Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Kostin A, Alam MA, Saevskiy A, Yang C, Golshani P, Alam MN. Calcium Dynamics of the Ventrolateral Preoptic GABAergic Neurons during Spontaneous Sleep-Waking and in Response to Homeostatic Sleep Demands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:8311. [PMID: 37176016 PMCID: PMC10179316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) contains GABAergic sleep-active neurons. However, the extent to which these neurons are involved in expressing spontaneous sleep and homeostatic sleep regulatory demands is not fully understood. We used calcium (Ca2+) imaging to characterize the activity dynamics of VLPO neurons, especially those expressing the vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT) across spontaneous sleep-waking and in response to homeostatic sleep demands. The VLPOs of wild-type and VGAT-Cre mice were transfected with GCaMP6, and the Ca2+ fluorescence of unidentified (UNID) and VGAT cells was recorded during spontaneous sleep-waking and 3 h of sleep deprivation (SD) followed by 1 h of recovery sleep. Although both VGAT and UNID neurons exhibited heterogeneous Ca2+ fluorescence across sleep-waking, the majority of VLPO neurons displayed increased activity during nonREM/REM (VGAT, 120/303; UNID, 39/106) and REM sleep (VGAT, 32/303; UNID, 19/106). Compared to the baseline waking, VLPO sleep-active neurons (n = 91) exhibited higher activity with increasing SD that remained elevated during the recovery period. These neurons also exhibited increased Ca2+ fluorescence during nonREM sleep, marked by increased slow-wave activity and REM sleep during recovery after SD. These findings support the notion that VLPO sleep-active neurons, including GABAergic neurons, are components of neuronal circuitry that mediate spontaneous sleep and homeostatic responses to sustained wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kostin
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (P.G.)
| | - Md. Aftab Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (P.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Anton Saevskiy
- Scientific Research and Technology Center for Neurotechnology, Southern Federal University, 344006 Rostov-on-Don, Russia;
| | - Chenyi Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA;
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (P.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Md. Noor Alam
- Research Service (151A3), Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Sepulveda, Los Angeles, CA 91343, USA; (A.K.); (M.A.A.); (P.G.)
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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van Hasselt SJ, Epifani L, Zantinge D, Vitkute K, Kas MJH, Allocca G, Meerlo P. A Study on REM Sleep Homeostasis in the Day-Active Tree Shrew ( Tupaia belangeri): Cold-Induced Suppression of REM Sleep Is Not Followed by a Rebound. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:biology12040614. [PMID: 37106815 PMCID: PMC10136224 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The function and regulation of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep is a topic of ongoing debate. It is often assumed that REM sleep is a homeostatically regulated process and that a need for REM sleep builds up, either during prior wakefulness or during preceding slow wave sleep. In the current study, we tested this hypothesis in six diurnal tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri), small mammals closely related to primates. All animals were individually housed and kept under a 12:12 light-dark cycle with an ambient temperature of 24 °C. We recorded sleep and temperature in the tree shrews for 3 consecutive 24 h days. During the second night, we exposed the animals to a low ambient temperature of 4 °C, a procedure that is known to suppress REM sleep. Cold exposure caused a significant drop in brain temperature and body temperature and also resulted in a strong and selective suppression of REM sleep by 64.9%. However, contrary to our expectation, the loss of REM sleep was not recovered during the subsequent day and night. These findings in a diurnal mammal confirm that the expression of REM sleep is highly sensitive to environmental temperature but do not support the view that REM sleep is homeostatically regulated in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luisa Epifani
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danique Zantinge
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kornelija Vitkute
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC 3340, Australia
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Goldschmied JR, Kuna ST, Maislin G, Tanayapong P, Pack AI, Younes M. The sleep homeostatic response to sleep deprivation in humans is heritable. Sleep 2023; 46:zsac314. [PMID: 36545811 PMCID: PMC9995770 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsac314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Following sleep deprivation, increases in delta power have historically been used to index increases in sleep pressure. Research in mice has demonstrated that the homeostatic delta power response to sleep deprivation is heritable. Whether this is true in humans is unknown. In the present study, we used delta power and ORP, a novel measure of sleep depth, to investigate the effects of acute sleep deprivation on sleep depth and to assess the heritability of sleep homeostasis in humans. METHODS ORP and delta power were examined during baseline and recovery sleep following 38 h of sleep deprivation in 57 monozygotic and 38 dizygotic same-sex twin pairs. Two complementary methods were used to estimate the trait heritability of sleep homeostasis. RESULTS During recovery sleep, ORP was lower and delta power was higher than at baseline, indicating deeper sleep. However, at the end of the recovery night, delta power reached baseline levels but ORP demonstrated incomplete recovery. Both ORP and delta power showed a broad sense heritability of sleep homeostasis following sleep deprivation. The classical approach demonstrated an h2 estimate of 0.43 for ORP and 0.73 for delta power. Mixed-effect multilevel models showed that the proportion of variance attributable to additive genetic transmission was 0.499 (95% CI = 0.316-0.682; p < .0001) for ORP and 0.565 (95% CI = 0.403-0.726; p < .0001 for delta power. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation is a heritable trait in humans and confirm ORP as a robust measure of sleep depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Goldschmied
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samuel T Kuna
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Greg Maislin
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pongsakorn Tanayapong
- Neurology Center, Vibhavadi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Division of Neurology/Department of Medicine, Phramongkutklao Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Allan I Pack
- Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Magdy Younes
- Department of Medicine, Sleep Disorders Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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13
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Duhart JM, Inami S, Koh K. Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time. FEBS J 2023; 290:931-950. [PMID: 34908236 PMCID: PMC9198110 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two-process model of sleep regulation posits two main processes regulating sleep: the circadian process controlled by the circadian clock and the homeostatic process that depends on the history of sleep and wakefulness. The model has provided a dominant conceptual framework for sleep research since its publication ~ 40 years ago. The time of day and prior wake time are the primary factors affecting the circadian and homeostatic processes, respectively. However, it is critical to consider other factors influencing sleep. Since sleep is incompatible with other behaviors, it is affected by the need for essential behaviors such as eating, foraging, mating, caring for offspring, and avoiding predators. Sleep is also affected by sensory inputs, sickness, increased need for memory consolidation after learning, and other factors. Here, we review multiple factors influencing sleep and discuss recent insights into the mechanisms balancing competing needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sho Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
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14
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Guzeev MA, Kurmazov NS, Ekimova IV. [Chronic sleep restriction in rats leads to a weakening of compensatory reactions in response to acute sleep deprivation]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:35-42. [PMID: 37275996 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312305235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify features in the compensatory mechanisms of sleep regulation in response to acute sleep deprivation after chronic sleep restriction in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats 7-8 months old underwent 5-day sleep restriction: 3 h of sleep deprivation and 1 h of sleep opportunity repeating throughout each day. Six-hour acute total sleep deprivation was performed at the beginning of daylight hours on the 3rd day after sleep restriction. Polysomnogramms were recorded throughout the day before chronic sleep restriction, on the 2nd recovery day after chronic sleep restriction and after acute sleep deprivation. The control group was not subjected to chronic sleep restriction. RESULTS The animals after chronic sleep restriction had the compensatory increase in total sleep time in response to acute sleep deprivation weaker than in control animals. Animals after sleep restriction had the compensatory increase in the time of slow-wave sleep (SWS) only in the first 6 hours after acute sleep deprivation, whereas in control animals the period of compensation of SWS lasted 12 hours. A compensatory increase in slow-wave activity (SWA) was observed in both groups of animals, but in animals experiencing chronic sleep restriction the amplitude of SWA after acute sleep deprivation was less than in control animals. A compensatory increase in REM sleep in sleep restricted animals occurred immediately after acute sleep deprivation and coincides with a compensatory increase in SWS and SWA, whereas in control conditions these processes are spaced in time. CONCLUSION Compensatory reactions in response to acute sleep deprivation (sleep homeostasis) are weakened in animals subjected to chronic sleep restriction, as the reaction time and amplitude are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Guzeev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - N S Kurmazov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Ekimova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, St Petersburg, Russia
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15
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Kahn M, Krone LB, Blanco‐Duque C, Guillaumin MCC, Mann EO, Vyazovskiy VV. Neuronal-spiking-based closed-loop stimulation during cortical ON- and OFF-states in freely moving mice. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13603. [PMID: 35665551 PMCID: PMC9786831 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The slow oscillation is a central neuronal dynamic during sleep, and is generated by alternating periods of high and low neuronal activity (ON- and OFF-states). Mounting evidence causally links the slow oscillation to sleep's functions, and it has recently become possible to manipulate the slow oscillation non-invasively and phase-specifically. These developments represent promising clinical avenues, but they also highlight the importance of improving our understanding of how ON/OFF-states affect incoming stimuli and what role they play in neuronal plasticity. Most studies using closed-loop stimulation rely on the electroencephalogram and local field potential signals, which reflect neuronal ON- and OFF-states only indirectly. Here we develop an online detection algorithm based on spiking activity recorded from laminar arrays in mouse motor cortex. We find that online detection of ON- and OFF-states reflects specific phases of spontaneous local field potential slow oscillation. Our neuronal-spiking-based closed-loop procedure offers a novel opportunity for testing the functional role of slow oscillation in sleep-related restorative processes and neural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kahn
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUK,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Lukas B. Krone
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUK,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,University Hospital of Psychiatry and PsychotherapyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland,Centre for Experimental NeurologyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Cristina Blanco‐Duque
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUK,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK,Department of Health Sciences and TechnologyInstitute for NeuroscienceETH, ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Edward O. Mann
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy
- Department of PhysiologyAnatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUK,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
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16
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Ukita Y, Okumura M, Chihara T. Ubiquitin proteasome system in circadian rhythm and sleep homeostasis: Lessons from Drosophila. Genes Cells 2022; 27:381-391. [PMID: 35438236 PMCID: PMC9322287 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by two main processes: the circadian clock and sleep homeostasis. Circadian rhythms have been well studied at the molecular level. In the Drosophila circadian clock neurons, the core clock proteins are precisely regulated by post-translational modifications and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Sleep homeostasis, however, is less understood; nevertheless, recent reports suggest that proteasome-mediated degradation of core clock proteins or synaptic proteins contributes to the regulation of sleep amount. Here, we review the molecular mechanism of the UPS and summarize the role of protein degradation in the regulation of circadian clock and homeostatic sleep in Drosophila. Moreover, we discuss the potential interaction between circadian clock and homeostatic sleep regulation with a prime focus on E3 ubiquitin ligases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ukita
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Misako Okumura
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Chihara
- Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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17
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Reichert CF, Deboer T, Landolt HP. Adenosine, caffeine, and sleep-wake regulation: state of the science and perspectives. J Sleep Res 2022; 31:e13597. [PMID: 35575450 PMCID: PMC9541543 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
For hundreds of years, mankind has been influencing its sleep and waking state through the adenosinergic system. For ~100 years now, systematic research has been performed, first started by testing the effects of different dosages of caffeine on sleep and waking behaviour. About 70 years ago, adenosine itself entered the picture as a possible ligand of the receptors where caffeine hooks on as an antagonist to reduce sleepiness. Since the scientific demonstration that this is indeed the case, progress has been fast. Today, adenosine is widely accepted as an endogenous sleep‐regulatory substance. In this review, we discuss the current state of the science in model organisms and humans on the working mechanisms of adenosine and caffeine on sleep. We critically investigate the evidence for a direct involvement in sleep homeostatic mechanisms and whether the effects of caffeine on sleep differ between acute intake and chronic consumption. In addition, we review the more recent evidence that adenosine levels may also influence the functioning of the circadian clock and address the question of whether sleep homeostasis and the circadian clock may interact through adenosinergic signalling. In the final section, we discuss the perspectives of possible clinical applications of the accumulated knowledge over the last century that may improve sleep‐related disorders. We conclude our review by highlighting some open questions that need to be answered, to better understand how adenosine and caffeine exactly regulate and influence sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Franziska Reichert
- Centre for Chronobiology, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Center for Affective, Stress, and Sleep Disorders, University Psychiatric Clinics Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tom Deboer
- Laboratory for Neurophysiology, Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Shao L, Zhang Y, Hao Y, Ping Y. Upregulation of IP 3 receptor mediates APP-induced defects in synaptic downscaling and sleep homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110594. [PMID: 35354048 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that impaired synaptic and firing homeostasis represents a driving force of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Here, we examine synaptic and sleep homeostasis in a Drosophila model by overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose duplication and mutations cause familial early-onset AD. We find that APP overexpression induces synaptic hyperexcitability. RNA-seq data indicate exaggerated expression of Ca2+-related signaling genes in APP mutants, including genes encoding Dmca1D, calcineurin (CaN) complex, and IP3R. We further demonstrate that increased CaN activity triggers transcriptional activation of Itpr (IP3R) through activating nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Strikingly, APP overexpression causes defects in synaptic downscaling and sleep deprivation-induced sleep rebound, and both defects could be restored by inhibiting IP3R. Our findings uncover IP3R as a shared signaling molecule in synaptic downscaling and sleep homeostasis, and its dysregulation may lead to synaptic hyperexcitability and AD progression at early stage.
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19
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Krugliakova E, Skorucak J, Sousouri G, Leach S, Snipes S, Ferster ML, Da Poian G, Karlen W, Huber R. Boosting Recovery During Sleep by Means of Auditory Stimulation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:755958. [PMID: 35185455 PMCID: PMC8847378 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.755958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sufficient recovery during sleep is the basis of physical and psychological well-being. Understanding the physiological mechanisms underlying this restorative function is essential for developing novel approaches to promote recovery during sleep. Phase-targeted auditory stimulation (PTAS) is an increasingly popular technique for boosting the key electrophysiological marker of recovery during sleep, slow-wave activity (SWA, 1-4 Hz EEG power). However, it is unknown whether PTAS induces physiological sleep. In this study, we demonstrate that, when applied during deep sleep, PTAS accelerates SWA decline across the night which is associated with an overnight improvement in attentional performance. Thus, we provide evidence that PTAS enhances physiological sleep and demonstrate under which conditions this occurs most efficiently. These findings will be important for future translation into clinical populations suffering from insufficient recovery during sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Krugliakova
- Child Development Centre and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jelena Skorucak
- Child Development Centre and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Georgia Sousouri
- Child Development Centre and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sven Leach
- Child Development Centre and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sophia Snipes
- Child Development Centre and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Laura Ferster
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giulia Da Poian
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Walter Karlen
- Mobile Health Systems Lab, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Centre and Children’s Research Centre, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Pedersen TT, Sunde E, Wisor J, Mrdalj J, Pallesen S, Grønli J. Sleep Homeostasis and Night Work: A Polysomnographic Study of Daytime Sleep Following Three Consecutive Simulated Night Shifts. Nat Sci Sleep 2022; 14:243-254. [PMID: 35210891 PMCID: PMC8863345 DOI: 10.2147/nss.s339639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Millions of people work at times that overlap with the habitual time for sleep. Consequently, sleep often occurs during the day. Daytime sleep is, however, characterized by reduced sleep duration. Despite preserved time spent in deep NREM sleep (stage N3), daytime sleep is subjectively rated as less restorative. Knowledge on how night work influences homeostatic sleep pressure is limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of three consecutive simulated night shifts on daytime sleep and markers of sleep homeostasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed continuous EEG, EMG and EOG recordings in the subjects' home setting for one nighttime sleep opportunity, and for the daytime sleep opportunities following three consecutive simulated night shifts. RESULTS For all daytime sleep opportunities, total sleep time was reduced compared to nighttime sleep. While time spent in stage N3 was preserved, sleep pressure at sleep onset, measured by slow wave activity (1-4 Hz), was higher than nighttime sleep and higher on day 3 than on day 1 and 2. Elevated EEG power during daytime sleep was sustained through 6 h of time in bed. Slow wave energy was not significantly different from nighttime sleep after 6 h, reflecting a less efficient relief of sleep pressure. CONCLUSION Adaptation to daytime sleep following three consecutive simulated night shifts is limited. The increased homeostatic response and continuation of sleep pressure relief even after 6 h of sleep, are assumed to reflect a challenge for appropriate homeostatic reduction to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torhild T Pedersen
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Erlend Sunde
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jonathan Wisor
- Sleep and Performance Research Center and Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Jelena Mrdalj
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ståle Pallesen
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Norwegian Competence Center for Sleep Disorders, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Optentia Research Focus Area, North-West University, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
| | - Janne Grønli
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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21
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Yamagata T, Kahn MC, Prius-Mengual J, Meijer E, Šabanović M, Guillaumin MCC, van der Vinne V, Huang YG, McKillop LE, Jagannath A, Peirson SN, Mann EO, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV. The hypothalamic link between arousal and sleep homeostasis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101580118. [PMID: 34903646 PMCID: PMC8713782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are not simple, homogenous all-or-none states but represent a spectrum of substates, distinguished by behavior, levels of arousal, and brain activity at the local and global levels. Until now, the role of the hypothalamic circuitry in sleep-wake control was studied primarily with respect to its contribution to rapid state transitions. In contrast, whether the hypothalamus modulates within-state dynamics (state "quality") and the functional significance thereof remains unexplored. Here, we show that photoactivation of inhibitory neurons in the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the hypothalamus of adult male and female laboratory mice does not merely trigger awakening from sleep, but the resulting awake state is also characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, suggesting increased levels of arousal. This was associated with a faster build-up of sleep pressure, as reflected in higher EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) during subsequent sleep. In contrast, photoinhibition of inhibitory LPO neurons did not result in changes in vigilance states but was associated with persistently increased EEG SWA during spontaneous sleep. These findings suggest a role of the LPO in regulating arousal levels, which we propose as a key variable shaping the daily architecture of sleep-wake states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamagata
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Kahn
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - José Prius-Mengual
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Meijer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Merima Šabanović
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde C C Guillaumin
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Ge Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O Mann
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
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22
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Cable J, Schernhammer E, Hanlon EC, Vetter C, Cedernaes J, Makarem N, Dashti HS, Shechter A, Depner C, Ingiosi A, Blume C, Tan X, Gottlieb E, Benedict C, Van Cauter E, St-Onge MP. Sleep and circadian rhythms: pillars of health-a Keystone Symposia report. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1506:18-34. [PMID: 34341993 PMCID: PMC8688158 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The human circadian system consists of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus as well as in peripheral molecular clocks located in organs throughout the body. This system plays a major role in the temporal organization of biological and physiological processes, such as body temperature, blood pressure, hormone secretion, gene expression, and immune functions, which all manifest consistent diurnal patterns. Many facets of modern life, such as work schedules, travel, and social activities, can lead to sleep/wake and eating schedules that are misaligned relative to the biological clock. This misalignment can disrupt and impair physiological and psychological parameters that may ultimately put people at higher risk for chronic diseases like cancer, cardiovascular disease, and other metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate sleep circadian rhythms may ultimately lead to insights on behavioral interventions that can lower the risk of these diseases. On February 25, 2021, experts in sleep, circadian rhythms, and chronobiology met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium "Sleep & Circadian Rhythms: Pillars of Health" to discuss the latest research for understanding the bidirectional relationships between sleep, circadian rhythms, and health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Schernhammer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Erin C Hanlon
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan Cedernaes
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Nour Makarem
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Hassan S Dashti
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ari Shechter
- Department of Medicine and Sleep Center of Excellence, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Christopher Depner
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Ashley Ingiosi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Christine Blume
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, and Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao Tan
- Department of Neuroscience (Sleep Science, BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Elie Gottlieb
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, and University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christian Benedict
- Department of Neuroscience (Sleep Science, BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Sleep Center of Excellence, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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Schwarz JE, King AN, Hsu CT, Barber AF, Sehgal A. Hugin + neurons provide a link between sleep homeostat and circadian clock neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2111183118. [PMID: 34782479 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2111183118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is controlled by homeostatic mechanisms, which drive sleep after wakefulness, and a circadian clock, which confers the 24-h rhythm of sleep. These processes interact with each other to control the timing of sleep in a daily cycle as well as following sleep deprivation. However, the mechanisms by which they interact are poorly understood. We show here that hugin + neurons, previously identified as neurons that function downstream of the clock to regulate rhythms of locomotor activity, are also targets of the sleep homeostat. Sleep deprivation decreases activity of hugin + neurons, likely to suppress circadian-driven activity during recovery sleep, and ablation of hugin + neurons promotes sleep increases generated by activation of the homeostatic sleep locus, the dorsal fan-shaped body (dFB). Also, mutations in peptides produced by the hugin + locus increase recovery sleep following deprivation. Transsynaptic mapping reveals that hugin + neurons feed back onto central clock neurons, which also show decreased activity upon sleep loss, in a Hugin peptide-dependent fashion. We propose that hugin + neurons integrate circadian and sleep signals to modulate circadian circuitry and regulate the timing of sleep.
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Gurubhagavatula I, Barger LK, Barnes CM, Basner M, Boivin DB, Dawson D, Drake CL, Flynn-Evans EE, Mysliwiec V, Patterson PD, Reid KJ, Samuels C, Shattuck NL, Kazmi U, Carandang G, Heald JL, Van Dongen HP. Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. J Clin Sleep Med 2021; 17:2283-2306. [PMID: 34666885 PMCID: PMC8636361 DOI: 10.5664/jcsm.9512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CITATION Risks associated with fatigue that accumulates during work shifts have historically been managed through working time arrangements that specify fixed maximum durations of work shifts and minimum durations of time off. By themselves, such arrangements are not sufficient to curb risks to performance, safety, and health caused by misalignment between work schedules and the biological regulation of waking alertness and sleep. Science-based approaches for determining shift duration and mitigating associated risks, while addressing operational needs, require: (1) a recognition of the factors contributing to fatigue and fatigue-related risks; (2) an understanding of evidence-based countermeasures that may reduce fatigue and/or fatigue-related risks; and (3) an informed approach to selecting workplace-specific strategies for managing work hours. We propose a series of guiding principles to assist stakeholders with designing a shift duration decision-making process that effectively balances the need to meet operational demands with the need to manage fatigue-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Gurubhagavatula
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K. Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M. Barnes
- Department of Management and Organization, Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane B. Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Drew Dawson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | | | - Erin E. Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- STRONG STAR ORU, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P. Daniel Patterson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn J. Reid
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Samuels
- Centre for Sleep and Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nita Lewis Shattuck
- Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Uzma Kazmi
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hans P.A. Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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25
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Maywood ES, Chesham JE, Winsky-Sommerer R, Hastings MH. Restoring the Molecular Clockwork within the Suprachiasmatic Hypothalamus of an Otherwise Clockless Mouse Enables Circadian Phasing and Stabilization of Sleep-Wake Cycles and Reverses Memory Deficits. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8562-76. [PMID: 34446572 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3141-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The timing and quality of sleep-wake cycles are regulated by interacting circadian and homeostatic mechanisms. Although the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal clock, circadian clocks are active across the brain and the respective sleep-regulatory roles of SCN and local clocks are unclear. To determine the specific contribution(s) of the SCN, we used virally mediated genetic complementation, expressing Cryptochrome1 (Cry1) to establish circadian molecular competence in the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus of globally clockless, arrhythmic male Cry1/Cry2-null mice. Under free-running conditions, the rest/activity behavior of Cry1/Cry2-null controls expressing EGFP (SCNCon) was arrhythmic, whereas Cry1-complemented mice (SCNCry1) had coherent circadian behavior, comparable to that of Cry1,2-competent wild types (WTs). In SCNCon mice, sleep-wakefulness, assessed by electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography (EMG), lacked circadian organization. In SCNCry1 mice, however, it matched WTs, with consolidated vigilance states [wake, rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) and non-REMS (NREMS)] and rhythms in NREMS δ power and expression of REMS within total sleep (TS). Wakefulness in SCNCon mice was more fragmented than in WTs, with more wake-NREMS-wake transitions. This disruption was reversed in SCNCry1 mice. Following sleep deprivation (SD), all mice showed a homeostatic increase in NREMS δ power, although the SCNCon mice had reduced NREMS during the inactive (light) phase of recovery. In contrast, the dynamics of homeostatic responses in the SCNCry1 mice were comparable to WTs. Finally, SCNCon mice exhibited poor sleep-dependent memory but this was corrected in SCNCry1mice. In clockless mice, circadian molecular competence focused solely on the SCN rescued the architecture and consolidation of sleep-wake and sleep-dependent memory, highlighting its dominant role in timing sleep. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The circadian timing system regulates sleep-wake cycles. The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the principal circadian clock, but the presence of multiple local brain and peripheral clocks mean the respective roles of SCN and other clocks in regulating sleep are unclear. We therefore used virally mediated genetic complementation to restore molecular circadian functions in the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus, focusing on the SCN, in otherwise genetically clockless, arrhythmic mice. This initiated circadian activity-rest cycles, and circadian sleep-wake cycles, circadian patterning to the intensity of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and circadian control of REMS as a proportion of total sleep (TS). Consolidation of sleep-wake established normal dynamics of sleep homeostasis and enhanced sleep-dependent memory. Thus, the suprachiasmatic hypothalamus, alone, can direct circadian regulation of sleep-wake.
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Choi J, Kim SJ, Fujiyama T, Miyoshi C, Park M, Suzuki-Abe H, Yanagisawa M, Funato H. The Role of Reproductive Hormones in Sex Differences in Sleep Homeostasis and Arousal Response in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:739236. [PMID: 34621154 PMCID: PMC8491770 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.739236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various sex differences in sleep/wake behaviors in mice. However, it is unclear whether there are sex differences in sleep homeostasis and arousal responses and whether gonadal hormones are involved in these sex differences. Here, we examined sleep/wake behaviors under baseline condition, after sleep deprivation by gentle handling, and arousal responses to repeated cage changes in male and female C57BL/6 mice that are hormonally intact, gonadectomized, or gonadectomized with hormone supplementation. Compared to males, females had longer wake time, shorter non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) time, and longer rapid eye movement sleep (REMS) episodes. After sleep deprivation, males showed an increase in NREMS delta power, NREMS time, and REMS time, but females showed a smaller increase. Females and males showed similar arousal responses. Gonadectomy had only a modest effect on homeostatic sleep regulation in males but enhanced it in females. Gonadectomy weakened arousal response in males and females. With hormone replacement, baseline sleep in gonadectomized females was similar to that of intact females, and baseline sleep in gonadectomized males was close to that of intact males. Gonadal hormone supplementation restored arousal response in males but not in females. These results indicate that male and female mice differ in their baseline sleep-wake behavior, homeostatic sleep regulation, and arousal responses to external stimuli, which are differentially affected by reproductive hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Choi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Staci J Kim
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujiyama
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Chika Miyoshi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Minjeong Park
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Haruka Suzuki-Abe
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States.,Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Funato
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Toho University, Tokyo, Japan
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Tarokh L, Van Reen E, Achermann P, Carskadon MA. Naps not as effective as a night of sleep at dissipating sleep pressure. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13295. [PMID: 33622020 PMCID: PMC10948110 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The two-process model of sleep posits that two processes interact to regulate sleep and wake: a homeostatic (Process S) and a circadian process (Process C). Process S compensates for sleep loss by increasing sleep duration and intensity. Process C gates the timing of sleep/wake favouring sleep during the circadian night in humans. In this study, we examined whether taking six naps throughout a 24-hr period would result in the same amount of dissipation of homeostatic pressure at the end of the day as a night of sleep, when time in bed is equivalent. Data from 46 participants (10-23 years; mean = 14.5 [± 2.9]; 25 females) were analysed. Slow-wave energy, normalized to account for individual differences in slow-wave activity, was used as a measure of sleep homeostasis. In the nap condition, slow-wave energy of six naps distributed equally during a 24-hr period was calculated. In the baseline condition, slow-wave energy was measured after 9-hr time in bed. A paired t-test was used to compare nap and baseline conditions. A linear regression was used to examine whether slow-wave energy varied as a function of age. Slow-wave energy was greater during baseline than the nap condition (p < .001). No association between age and slow-wave energy was found for baseline or nap conditions. Our findings indicate that multiple naps throughout the day are not as effective at dissipating sleep pressure as a night of sleep. This is likely due to the influence of the circadian system, which staves off sleep during certain times of the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Tarokh
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eliza Van Reen
- Sleep for Science Research Lab of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research, EP Bradley Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- The KEY institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mary A. Carskadon
- Sleep for Science Research Lab of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research, EP Bradley Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
- Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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28
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Hsu CY, Chuang YC, Chang FC, Chuang HY, Chiou TTY, Lee CT. Disrupted Sleep Homeostasis and Altered Expressions of Clock Genes in Rats with Chronic Lead Exposure. Toxics 2021; 9:toxics9090217. [PMID: 34564368 PMCID: PMC8473409 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbance is one of the neurobehavioral complications of lead neurotoxicity. The present study evaluated the impacts of chronic lead exposure on alteration of the sleep–wake cycle in association with changes of clock gene expression in the hypothalamus. Sprague–Dawley rats with chronic lead exposure consumed drinking water that contained 250 ppm of lead acetate for five weeks. Electroencephalography and electromyography were recorded for scoring the architecture of the sleep–wake cycle in animals. At six Zeitgeber time (ZT) points (ZT2, ZT6, ZT10, ZT14, ZT18, and ZT22), three clock genes, including rPer1, rPer2, and rBmal1b, were analyzed. The rats with chronic lead exposure showed decreased slow wave sleep and increased wakefulness in the whole light period (ZT1 to ZT12) and the early dark period (ZT13 to ZT15) that was followed with a rebound of rapid-eye-movement sleep at the end of the dark period (ZT22 to ZT24). The disturbance of the sleep–wake cycle was associated with changes in clock gene expression that was characterized by the upregulation of rPer1 and rPer2 and the feedback repression of rBmal1b. We concluded that chronic lead exposure has a negative impact on the sleep–wake cycle in rats that predominantly disrupts sleep homeostasis. The disruption of sleep homeostasis was associated with a toxic effect of lead on the clock gene expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yao Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Yao-Chung Chuang
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Institute for Translation Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chia Chang
- School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan;
| | - Hung-Yi Chuang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan;
| | - Terry Ting-Yu Chiou
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Te Lee
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan;
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Chang-Gang Kidney Research Center, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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29
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Krone LB, Yamagata T, Blanco-Duque C, Guillaumin MCC, Kahn MC, van der Vinne V, McKillop LE, Tam SKE, Peirson SN, Akerman CJ, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z, Vyazovskiy VV. A role for the cortex in sleep-wake regulation. Nat Neurosci 2021; 24:1210-5. [PMID: 34341585 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00894-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cortical and subcortical circuitry are thought to play distinct roles in the generation of sleep oscillations and global state control, respectively. Here we silenced a subset of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal and archicortical dentate gyrus granule cells in male mice by ablating SNAP25. This markedly increased wakefulness and reduced rebound of electroencephalographic slow-wave activity after sleep deprivation, suggesting a role for the cortex in both vigilance state control and sleep homeostasis.
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30
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Tsai CJ, Nagata T, Liu CY, Suganuma T, Kanda T, Miyazaki T, Liu K, Saitoh T, Nagase H, Lazarus M, Vogt KE, Yanagisawa M, Hayashi Y. Cerebral capillary blood flow upsurge during REM sleep is mediated by A2a receptors. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109558. [PMID: 34407410 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is generally viewed as a period of recovery, but how the supply of cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes across sleep/wake states has remained unclear. Here, we directly observe red blood cells (RBCs) within capillaries, where the actual substance exchange between the blood and neurons/glia occurs, by two-photon microscopy. Across multiple cortical areas, average capillary CBF is largely increased during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas it does not differ between periods of active wakefulness and non-REM sleep. Capillary RBC flow during REM sleep is further elevated following REM sleep deprivation, suggesting that capillary CBF reflects REM sleep pressure. At the molecular level, signaling via adenosine A2a receptors is crucial; in A2a-KO mice, capillary CBF upsurge during REM sleep is dampened, and effects of REM sleep pressure are abolished. These results provide evidence regarding the dynamics of capillary CBF across sleep/wake states and insights to the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jung Tsai
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) International Research Fellow, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nagata
- PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Chih-Yao Liu
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takaya Suganuma
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takehiro Miyazaki
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kai Liu
- Center for Mathematical Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Tsuyoshi Saitoh
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagase
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaspar E Vogt
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Yanagisawa
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; R&D Center for Frontiers of Mirai in Policy and Technology (F-MIRAI), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; PhD Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan; Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8363, Japan.
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31
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Taillard J, Gronfier C, Bioulac S, Philip P, Sagaspe P. Sleep in Normal Aging, Homeostatic and Circadian Regulation and Vulnerability to Sleep Deprivation. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1003. [PMID: 34439622 PMCID: PMC8392749 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11081003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of geriatric research, a growing body of evidence links normal age-related changes in sleep with many adverse health outcomes, especially a decline in cognition in older adults. The most important sleep alterations that continue to worsen after 60 years involve sleep timing, (especially early wake time, phase advance), sleep maintenance (continuity of sleep interrupted by numerous awakenings) and reduced amount of sigma activity (during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep) associated with modifications of sleep spindle characteristics (density, amplitude, frequency) and spindle-Slow Wave coupling. After 60 years, there is a very clear gender-dependent deterioration in sleep. Even if there are degradations of sleep after 60 years, daytime wake level and especially daytime sleepiness is not modified with age. On the other hand, under sleep deprivation condition, older adults show smaller cognitive impairments than younger adults, suggesting an age-related lower vulnerability to extended wakefulness. These sleep and cognitive age-related modifications would be due to a reduced homeostatic drive and consequently a reduced sleep need, an attenuation of circadian drive (reduction of sleep forbidden zone in late afternoon and wake forbidden zone in early morning), a modification of the interaction of the circadian and homeostatic processes and/or an alteration of subcortical structures involved in generation of circadian and homeostatic drive, or connections to the cerebral cortex with age. The modifications and interactions of these two processes with age are still uncertain, and still require further investigation. The understanding of the respective contribution of circadian and homeostatic processes in the regulation of neurobehavioral function with aging present a challenge for improving health, management of cognitive decline and potential early chronobiological or sleep-wake interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Taillard
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems (Waking) Team, Inserm UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France;
| | - Stéphanie Bioulac
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Philip
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Sagaspe
- Sommeil, Addiction et Neuropsychiatrie, Université de Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (S.B.); (P.P.); (P.S.)
- CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
- Pôle Neurosciences Cliniques, CHU de Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Gurubhagavatula I, Barger LK, Barnes CM, Basner M, Boivin DB, Dawson D, Drake CL, Flynn-Evans EE, Mysliwiec V, Patterson PD, Reid KJ, Samuels C, Shattuck NL, Kazmi U, Carandang G, Heald JL, Van Dongen HPA. Guiding principles for determining work shift duration and addressing the effects of work shift duration on performance, safety, and health: guidance from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and the Sleep Research Society. Sleep 2021; 44:6312566. [PMID: 34373924 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Risks associated with fatigue that accumulates during work shifts have historically been managed through working time arrangements that specify fixed maximum durations of work shifts and minimum durations of time off. By themselves, such arrangements are not sufficient to curb risks to performance, safety, and health caused by misalignment between work schedules and the biological regulation of waking alertness and sleep. Science-based approaches for determining shift duration and mitigating associated risks, while addressing operational needs, require: (1) a recognition of the factors contributing to fatigue and fatigue-related risks; (2) an understanding of evidence-based countermeasures that may reduce fatigue and/or fatigue-related risks; and (3) an informed approach to selecting workplace-specific strategies for managing work hours. We propose a series of guiding principles to assist stakeholders with designing a shift duration decision-making process that effectively balances the need to meet operational demands with the need to manage fatigue-related risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Gurubhagavatula
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura K Barger
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Barnes
- Department of Management and Organization, Foster School of Business, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathias Basner
- Unit for Experimental Psychiatry, Division of Sleep and Chronobiology, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diane B Boivin
- Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Drew Dawson
- Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University, Wayville, SA, Australia
| | | | - Erin E Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Mysliwiec
- STRONG STAR ORU, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - P Daniel Patterson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kathryn J Reid
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Division of Sleep Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Charles Samuels
- Centre for Sleep and Human Performance, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nita Lewis Shattuck
- Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - Uzma Kazmi
- American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Darien, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA.,Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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Grimaldi D, Reid KJ, Papalambros NA, Braun RI, Malkani RG, Abbott SM, Ong JC, Zee PC. Autonomic dysregulation and sleep homeostasis in insomnia. Sleep 2021; 44:6029088. [PMID: 33295989 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Insomnia is common in older adults, and is associated with poor health, including cognitive impairment and cardio-metabolic disease. Although the mechanisms linking insomnia with these comorbidities remain unclear, age-related changes in sleep and autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation might represent a shared mechanistic pathway. In this study, we assessed the relationship between ANS activity with indices of objective and subjective sleep quality in older adults with insomnia. METHODS Forty-three adults with chronic insomnia and 16 age-matched healthy sleeper controls were studied. Subjective sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), objective sleep quality by electroencephalogram spectral components derived from polysomnography, and ANS activity by measuring 24-h plasma cortisol and norepinephrine (NE). RESULTS Sleep cycle analysis displayed lower slow oscillatory (SO: 0.5-1.25 Hz) activity in the first cycle in insomnia compared to controls. In insomnia, 24-h cortisol levels were higher and 24-h NE levels were lower than controls. In controls, but not in insomnia, there was a significant interaction between NE level during wake and SO activity levels across the sleep cycles, such that in controls but not in insomnia, NE level during wake was positively associated with the amount of SO activity in the first cycle. In insomnia, lower 24-h NE level and SO activity in the first sleep cycle were associated with poorer subjective sleep quality. CONCLUSION Dysregulation of autonomic activity may be an underlying mechanism that links objective and subjective measures of sleep quality in older adults with insomnia, and potentially contribute to adverse health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimaldi
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathryn J Reid
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nelly A Papalambros
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rosemary I Braun
- Biostatistics Division, Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Roneil G Malkani
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sabra M Abbott
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jason C Ong
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Center for Circadian and Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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34
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Guzeev MA, Kurmazov NS, Simonova VV, Pastukhov YF, Ekimova IV. [Modeling of chronic sleep restriction for translational studies]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:6-13. [PMID: 34078853 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20211214026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop of a chronic sleep restriction model in rats by repeated sleep deprivation using an orbital shaker and to determine whether this model leads to disturbances in sleep homeostatic mechanisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats (7-8 months old) underwent sleep restriction for five consecutive days: 3 h of sleep deprivation and 1 h of sleep opportunity repeating throughout each day. Polysomnograms were recorded telemetrically throughout the day before sleep restriction (baseline), on the 1st, 3rd, 5th day of sleep restriction and 2 days after the end of sleep restriction (recovery period). RESULTS During the period of sleep restriction, the total amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep decreased by 61% and 55%, respectively, compared to baseline. On the first day of recovery, amount of SWS increased mainly in the dark (active) phase of the day, while REM sleep increased in both light and dark phases; there was no marked rebound of daily SWS amount, while REM sleep increased by 30% from baseline. On the first day of recovery, an elevation of EEG beta and sigma power in sleep states was observed mainly in the light phase of the day. The loss of deep SWS throughout the sleep restriction period increased from 50% on 1st day to 75% on 5th day. The level of deep SWS remained below the baseline by 15-20% on the two subsequent days of recovery. The findings suggest that homeostatic mechanisms of SWS are persistently impaired after 5-day chronic sleep restriction. Besides, a decline of wakefulness accompanied by an increase of SWS in the active phase of the recovery period indicates a disruption in circadian rhythm. CONCLUSION The proposed model leads to the disruption of sleep homeostatic mechanisms, which, in turn, impede compensation of SWS loss caused by chronic insufficient sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Guzeev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - N S Kurmazov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - V V Simonova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yu F Pastukhov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - I V Ekimova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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35
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Shochat T, Santhi N, Herer P, Dijk DJ, Skeldon AC. Sleepiness is a signal to go to bed: data and model simulations. Sleep 2021; 44:6276242. [PMID: 33991415 PMCID: PMC8503825 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Assess the validity of a subjective measure of sleepiness as an indicator of sleep drive by quantifying associations between intraindividual variation in evening sleepiness and bedtime, sleep duration, and next morning and subsequent evening sleepiness, in young adults. Methods Sleep timing and sleepiness were assessed in 19 students in late autumn and late spring on a total of 771 days. Karolinska Sleepiness Scales (KSS) were completed at half-hourly intervals at fixed clock times starting 4 h prior to participants’ habitual bedtime, and in the morning. Associations between sleepiness and sleep timing were evaluated by mixed model and nonparametric approaches and simulated with a mathematical model for the homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleepiness. Results Intraindividual variation in evening sleepiness was very large, covering four or five points on the 9-point KSS scale, and was significantly associated with subsequent sleep timing. On average, a one point higher KSS value was followed by 20 min earlier bedtime, which led to 11 min longer sleep, which correlated with lower sleepiness next morning and the following evening. Associations between sleepiness and sleep timing were stronger in early compared to late sleepers. Model simulations indicated that the directions of associations between sleepiness and sleep timing are in accordance with their homeostatic and circadian regulation, even though much of the variance in evening sleepiness and details of its time course remain unexplained by the model. Conclusion Subjective sleepiness is a valid indicator of the drive for sleep which, if acted upon, can reduce insufficient sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Shochat
- Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Nayantara Santhi
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Herer
- Cheryl Spencer Department of Nursing, Faculty of Social Welfare and Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, at Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne C Skeldon
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Care Research & Technology Centre, at Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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36
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Skorucak J, Weber N, Carskadon MA, Reynolds C, Coussens S, Achermann P, Short MA. Homeostatic Response to Sleep Restriction in Adolescents. Sleep 2021; 44:6249597. [PMID: 33893807 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of chronic sleep restriction in adolescents underscores the importance of understanding how adolescent sleep is regulated under such conditions. One component of sleep regulation is a homeostatic process: if sleep is restricted, then sleep intensity increases. Our knowledge of this process is primarily informed by total sleep deprivation studies and has been incorporated in mathematical models of human sleep regulation. Several animal studies, however, suggest that adaptation occurs in chronic sleep restriction conditions, showing an attenuated or even decreased homeostatic response. We investigated the homeostatic response of adolescents to different sleep opportunities. Thirty-four participants were allocated to one of three groups with 5, 7.5 or 10 h of sleep opportunity per night for 5 nights. Each group underwent a protocol of 9 nights designed to mimic a school week between 2 weekends: 2 baseline nights (10 h sleep opportunity), 5 condition nights (5, 7.5 or 10 h), and two recovery nights (10 h). Measures of sleep homeostasis (slow-wave activity and slow-wave energy) were calculated from frontal and central EEG derivations and compared to predictions derived from simulations of the homeostatic process of the two-process model of sleep regulation. Only minor differences were found between empirical data and model predictions, indicating that sleep homeostasis is preserved under chronic sleep restriction in adolescents. These findings improve our understanding of effects of repetitive short sleep in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Skorucak
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nathan Weber
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Mary A Carskadon
- E.P. Bradley Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Chelsea Reynolds
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Scott Coussens
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sleep and Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The KEY Institute for Brain Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle A Short
- School of Psychology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia
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van Hasselt SJ, Rusche M, Vyssotski AL, Verhulst S, Rattenborg NC, Meerlo P. The European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) shows signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but has very little REM sleep and no REM sleep homeostasis. Sleep 2021; 43:5682807. [PMID: 31863116 PMCID: PMC7294413 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of our knowledge about the regulation and function of sleep is based on studies in a restricted number of mammalian species, particularly nocturnal rodents. Hence, there is still much to learn from comparative studies in other species. Birds are interesting because they appear to share key aspects of sleep with mammals, including the presence of two different forms of sleep, i.e. non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. We examined sleep architecture and sleep homeostasis in the European starling, using miniature dataloggers for electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Under controlled laboratory conditions with a 12:12 h light-dark cycle, the birds displayed a pronounced daily rhythm in sleep and wakefulness with most sleep occurring during the dark phase. Sleep mainly consisted of NREM sleep. In fact, the amount of REM sleep added up to only 1~2% of total sleep time. Animals were subjected to 4 or 8 h sleep deprivation to assess sleep homeostatic responses. Sleep deprivation induced changes in subsequent NREM sleep EEG spectral qualities for several hours, with increased spectral power from 1.17 Hz up to at least 25 Hz. In contrast, power below 1.17 Hz was decreased after sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation also resulted in a small compensatory increase in NREM sleep time the next day. Changes in EEG spectral power and sleep time were largely similar after 4 and 8 h sleep deprivation. REM sleep was not noticeably compensated after sleep deprivation. In conclusion, starlings display signs of NREM sleep homeostasis but the results do not support the notion of important REM sleep functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Rusche
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simon Verhulst
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels C Rattenborg
- Avian Sleep Group, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cucchiara F, Frumento P, Banfi T, Sesso G, Di Galante M, D'Ascanio P, Valvo G, Sicca F, Faraguna U. Electrophysiological features of sleep in children with Kir4.1 channel mutations and Autism-Epilepsy phenotype: a preliminary study. Sleep 2021; 43:5625283. [PMID: 31722434 PMCID: PMC7157183 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Objectives Recently, a role for gain-of-function (GoF) mutations of the astrocytic potassium channel Kir4.1 (KCNJ10 gene) has been proposed in subjects with Autism–Epilepsy phenotype (AEP). Epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are common and complexly related to sleep disorders. We tested whether well characterized mutations in KCNJ10 could result in specific sleep electrophysiological features, paving the way to the discovery of a potentially relevant biomarker for Kir4.1-related disorders. Methods For this case–control study, we recruited seven children with ASD either comorbid or not with epilepsy and/or EEG paroxysmal abnormalities (AEP) carrying GoF mutations of KCNJ10 and seven children with similar phenotypes but wild-type for the same gene, comparing period-amplitude features of slow waves detected by fronto-central bipolar EEG derivations (F3-C3, F4-C4, and Fz-Cz) during daytime naps. Results Children with Kir4.1 mutations displayed longer slow waves periods than controls, in Fz-Cz (mean period = 112,617 ms ± SE = 0.465 in mutated versus mean period = 105,249 ms ± SE = 0.375 in controls, p < 0.001). An analog result was found in F3-C3 (mean period = 125,706 ms ± SE = 0.397 in mutated versus mean period = 120,872 ms ± SE = 0.472 in controls, p < 0.001) and F4-C4 (mean period = 127,914 ms ± SE = 0.557 in mutated versus mean period = 118,174 ms ± SE = 0.442 in controls, p < 0.001). Conclusion This preliminary finding suggests that period-amplitude slow wave features are modified in subjects carrying Kir4.1 GoF mutations. Potential clinical applications of this finding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cucchiara
- SONNOLab, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetic Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Frumento
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tommaso Banfi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Gianluca Sesso
- Neuropsychiatry Complex Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Di Galante
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola D'Ascanio
- SONNOLab, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Valvo
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatric Unit, Azienda USL Toscana Sudest, Grosseto, Italy
| | - Federico Sicca
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- SONNOLab, Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
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van Hasselt SJ, Mekenkamp GJ, Komdeur J, Allocca G, Vyssotski AL, Piersma T, Rattenborg NC, Meerlo P. Seasonal variation in sleep homeostasis in migratory geese: a rebound of NREM sleep following sleep deprivation in summer but not in winter. Sleep 2021; 44:zsaa244. [PMID: 33220057 PMCID: PMC8033462 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is a behavioral and physiological state that is thought to serve important functions. Many animals go through phases in the annual cycle where sleep time might be limited, for example, during the migration and breeding phases. This leads to the question whether there are seasonal changes in sleep homeostasis. Using electroencephalogram (EEG) data loggers, we measured sleep in summer and winter in 13 barnacle geese (Branta leucopsis) under semi-natural conditions. During both seasons, we examined the homeostatic regulation of sleep by depriving the birds of sleep for 4 and 8 h after sunset. In winter, barnacle geese showed a clear diurnal rhythm in sleep and wakefulness. In summer, this rhythm was less pronounced, with sleep being spread out over the 24-h cycle. On average, the geese slept 1.5 h less per day in summer compared with winter. In both seasons, the amount of NREM sleep was additionally affected by the lunar cycle, with 2 h NREM sleep less during full moon compared to new moon. During summer, the geese responded to 4 and 8 h of sleep deprivation with a compensatory increase in NREM sleep time. In winter, this homeostatic response was absent. Overall, sleep deprivation only resulted in minor changes in the spectral composition of the sleep EEG. In conclusion, barnacle geese display season-dependent homeostatic regulation of sleep. These results demonstrate that sleep homeostasis is not a rigid phenomenon and suggest that some species may tolerate sleep loss under certain conditions or during certain periods of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd J van Hasselt
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gert-Jan Mekenkamp
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Komdeur
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Allocca
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Somnivore Pty. Ltd., Bacchus Marsh, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Theunis Piersma
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter Meerlo
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Mamelak M. Sleep, Narcolepsy, and Sodium Oxybate. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:272-291. [PMID: 33827411 PMCID: PMC9413790 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210407151227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium oxybate (SO) has been in use for many decades to treat narcolepsy with cataplexy. It functions as a weak GABAB agonist but also as an energy source for the brain as a result of its metabolism to succinate and as a powerful antioxidant because of its capacity to induce the formation of NADPH. Its actions at thalamic GABAB receptors can induce slow-wave activity, while its actions at GABAB receptors on monoaminergic neurons can induce or delay REM sleep. By altering the balance between monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronal activity, SO uniquely can induce and prevent cataplexy. The formation of NADPH may enhance sleep’s restorative process by accelerating the removal of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), which accumulate during wakefulness. SO improves alertness in normal subjects and in patients with narcolepsy. SO may allay severe psychological stress - an inflammatory state triggered by increased levels of ROS and characterized by cholinergic supersensitivity and monoaminergic deficiency. SO may be able to eliminate the inflammatory state and correct the cholinergic/ monoaminergic imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mortimer Mamelak
- Department of Psychiatry, Baycrest Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Canada
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41
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Zhao Z, Zhao X, He T, Wu X, Lv P, Zhu AJ, Du J. Epigenetic regulator Stuxnet modulates octopamine effect on sleep through a Stuxnet-Polycomb-Octβ2R cascade. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e47910. [PMID: 33410264 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis is crucial for sleep regulation. The role of epigenetic regulation in sleep homeostasis is unestablished. Previous studies showed that octopamine is important for sleep homeostasis. However, the regulatory mechanism of octopamine reception in sleep is unknown. In this study, we identify an epigenetic regulatory cascade (Stuxnet-Polycomb-Octβ2R) that modulates the octopamine receptor in Drosophila. We demonstrate that stuxnet positively regulates Octβ2R through repression of Polycomb in the ellipsoid body of the adult fly brain and that Octβ2R is one of the major receptors mediating octopamine function in sleep homeostasis. In response to octopamine, Octβ2R transcription is inhibited as a result of stuxnet downregulation. This feedback through the Stuxnet-Polycomb-Octβ2R cascade is crucial for sleep homeostasis regulation. This study demonstrates a Stuxnet-Polycomb-Octβ2R-mediated epigenetic regulatory mechanism for octopamine reception, thus providing an example of epigenetic regulation of sleep homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangwu Zhao
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianguo Zhao
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Lv
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Alan J Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Entomology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The well-known Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation describes the integration of the circadian rhythm of arousal and sleep - Process C, and the homeostatic pressure to sleep - Process S. Presently, the known biological markers for Process C are melatonin and core body temperature; whereas, for Process S, there is no biological marker except that of aspects of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Endozepines are a class of endogenous compounds that act like benzodiazepines (BZ), i.e., serving as ligands for the BZ binding sites on GABAA receptors. Not much is known about the role of endozepines, in particular non-peptide endozepines, in the sleep field except very few reports about high concentrations observed in endozepine stupor, a rare phenomenon of idiopathic recurring stupor. We focused on hypoxanthine and thromboxane A2, which are considered to have endozepine function. This study aimed to examine the effect of 24 h of acute sleep deprivation on blood levels of hypoxanthine and thromboxane A2 of healthy subjects without sleep problems or disorders. The results showed a significant decrease of both compounds in the morning after sleep deprivation in comparison to the unrestricted normal sleep condition, thereby suggesting that these endozepines are secreted regularly while asleep, and, thus, are necessary for the sleep process. This study is the first to suggest a connection between specific biological markers - endozepines and Process S - in the Two-Process Model of Sleep Regulation and, furthermore, it sheds light on the possible role of endozepines in sleepiness and fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Sher
- The Research Institute of Applied Chronobiology, Tel-Hai Academic College , Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Amit Green
- The Research Institute of Applied Chronobiology, Tel-Hai Academic College , Upper Galilee, Israel.,The Sleep and Fatigue Institute, Assuta Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Soliman Khatib
- Laboratory of Natural Compounds and Analytical Chemistry, MIGAL-Galilee Research Institute , Kiryat Shmona, Israel.,Analytical Laboratory, Tel-Hai Academic College , Upper Galilee, Israel
| | - Yaron Dagan
- The Research Institute of Applied Chronobiology, Tel-Hai Academic College , Upper Galilee, Israel.,The Sleep and Fatigue Institute, Assuta Medical Center , Tel Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Human Biology, University of Haifa , Haifa, Israel
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43
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Madaeva IM, Berdina ON, Semenova NV, Kolesnikova LI. [Evaluation of the structural organization of sleep in obstructive apnea syndrome from the perspective of modern pathophysiology]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:80-84. [PMID: 33076650 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012009280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the features of structural organization of sleep in men 35-55 years of age with varying degrees of severity and duration of clinical manifestations of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) from the perspective of modern pathophysiology. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included 49 male patients, aged 35-55 years (average age was 43.4±9.2 years), with a body mass index (BMI) of 33.64±1.2 kg/m2 with complaints of snoring of varying degrees of intensity, daytime sleepiness, arrest of breathing during sleep (according to others). The control group consisted of 15 healthy men who did not have complaints of sleep disorders and clinical manifestations of OSAS. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI) questionnaire and polysomnographic monitoring study (PSG) were used. According to the results of the polysomnographic study, all patients were divided into 2 subgroups: 12 men of group 1with moderate OSAS (duration of clinical manifestations 4.5±1.0 years) and 37 men of group 2 with severe OSAS (duration 1.5±1.5 years). RESULTS A decrease in the sleep quality was detected in 61.9% of patients in the group 1 and 89.2% of patients in the group 2. Significantly higher scores for the components of «sleep disturbance» and «daytime dysfunction» in patients with a longer duration of clinical manifestations were detected. Changes in the structure of sleep were identified in patients compared with controls. A statistically significant increase in WASO led to the reduction of sleep efficiency. In patients of group 2, a deficiency of the deep stages and REM-sleep was determined. There was a significant increase in the number of arousals in patients of both groups relative to the controls. Moreover, significant between-group differences were found. CONCLUSION The short duration of OSAS symptoms causes a restructuring of the physiological system of sleep homeostasis to a different level of functioning with compensatory hyperfunction of the structures responsible for REM sleep and a decrease (economization) in the activity of anabolic processes during sleep due to a decrease in SWS, which is a characteristic feature of long-term adaptation. Severe course of OSAS leads to the appearance of specific phenomena of gross structural disorganization of sleep - «alpha-delta sleep» and disruption of its segmental organization, which shows the depletion and disruption of compensatory-adaptive mechanisms in the system of sleep homeostasis, disintegration and transformation of functional physiological system in the pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Madaeva
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - O N Berdina
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - N V Semenova
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - L I Kolesnikova
- Scientific Centre for Family Health and Human Reproduction Problems, Irkutsk, Russia
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44
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Panjeh S, Pompeia S, Archer SN, Pedrazzoli M, von Schantz M, Cogo-Moreira H. What are we measuring with the morningness-eveningness questionnaire? Exploratory factor analysis across four samples from two countries. Chronobiol Int 2020; 38:234-247. [PMID: 32993374 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2020.1815758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Individual variability in diurnal preference or chronotype is commonly assessed with self-report scales such as the widely used morningness-eveningness questionnaire (MEQ). We sought to investigate the MEQ's internal consistency by applying exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to determine the number of underlying latent factors in four different adult samples, two each from the United Kingdom and Brazil (total N = 3,457). We focused on factors that were apparent in all samples, irrespective of particular sociocultural diversity and geographical characteristics, so as to show a common core reproducible structure across samples. Results showed a three-factor solution with acceptable to good model fit indexes in all studied populations. Twelve of the 19 MEQ items in the three-correlated factor solution loaded onto the same factors across the four samples. This shows that the scale measures three distinguishable, yet correlated constructs: (1) items related to how people feel in the morning, which we termed efficiency of dissipation of sleep pressure (recovery process) (items 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, and 19); (2) items related to how people feel before sleep, which we called sensitivity to buildup of sleep pressure (items 2, 10, and 12); and (3) peak time of cognitive arousal (item 11). Although the third factor was not regarded as consistent since only one item was common among all samples, it might represent subjective amplitude. These results suggested that the latent constructs of the MEQ reflect dissociable homeostatic processes in addition to a less consistent propensity for cognitive arousal at different times of the day. By analyzing answers to MEQ items that compose these latent factors, it may be possible to extract further knowledge of factors that affect morningness-eveningness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Panjeh
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabine Pompeia
- Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon N Archer
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
| | - Mario Pedrazzoli
- Escola de Arte, Ciências E Humanidades, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Malcolm von Schantz
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey , Guildford, UK
| | - Hugo Cogo-Moreira
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo, Brazil
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45
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Wen Y, Lv Y, Niu J, Xin C, Cui L, Vetrivelan R, Lu J. Roles of motor and cortical activity in sleep rebound in rat. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:4100-4114. [PMID: 32588491 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sleep pressure that builds up gradually during the extended wakefulness results in sleep rebound. Several lines of evidence, however, suggest that wake per se may not be sufficient to drive sleep rebound and that rapid eye movement (REM) and non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep rebound may be differentially regulated. In this study, we investigated the relative contribution of brain versus physical activities in REM and NREM sleep rebound by four sets of experiments. First, we forced locomotion in rats in a rotating wheel for 4 hr and examined subsequent sleep rebound. Second, we exposed the rats lacking homeostatic sleep response after prolonged quiet wakefulness and arousal brain activity induced by chemoactivation of parabrachial nucleus to the same rotating wheel paradigm and tested if physical activity could rescue the sleep homeostasis. Third, we varied motor activity levels while concurrently inhibiting the cortical activity by administering ketamine or xylazine (motor inhibitor), or ketamine + xylazine mixture and investigated if motor activity in the absence of activated cortex can cause NREM sleep rebound. Fourth and finally, we manipulated cortical activity by administering ketamine (that induced active wakefulness and waking brain) alone or in combination with atropine (that selectively inhibits the cortex) and studied if cortical inhibition irrespective of motor activity levels can block REM sleep rebound. Our results demonstrate that motor activity but not cortical activity determines NREM sleep rebound whereas cortical activity but not motor activity determines REM sleep rebound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wen
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yudan Lv
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianguo Niu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Christopher Xin
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Li Cui
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jun Lu
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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46
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Aulsebrook AE, Connelly F, Johnsson RD, Jones TM, Mulder RA, Hall ML, Vyssotski AL, Lesku JA. White and Amber Light at Night Disrupt Sleep Physiology in Birds. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3657-3663.e5. [PMID: 32707063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Artificial light at night can disrupt sleep in humans [1-4] and other animals [5-10]. A key mechanism for light to affect sleep is via non-visual photoreceptors that are most sensitive to short-wavelength (blue) light [11]. To minimize effects of artificial light on sleep, many electronic devices shift from white (blue-rich) to amber (blue-reduced) light in the evening. Switching outdoor lighting from white to amber might also benefit wildlife [12]. However, whether these two colors of light affect sleep similarly in different animals remains poorly understood. Here we show, by measuring brain activity, that both white and amber lighting disrupt sleep in birds but that the magnitude of these effects differs between species. When experimentally exposed to light at night at intensities typical of urban areas, domestic pigeons (Columba livia) and wild-caught Australian magpies (Cracticus tibicen tyrannica) slept less, favored non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep over REM sleep, slept less intensely, and had more fragmented sleep compared to when lights were switched off. In pigeons, these disruptive effects on sleep were similar for white and amber lighting. For magpies, however, amber light had less impact on sleep. Our results demonstrate that amber lighting can minimize sleep disruption in some birds but that this benefit may not be universal. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Aulsebrook
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Farley Connelly
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
| | - Robin D Johnsson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Therésa M Jones
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Raoul A Mulder
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Hall
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Bush Heritage Australia, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Alexei L Vyssotski
- Institute of Neuroinformatics, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - John A Lesku
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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47
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Thomas CW, Guillaumin MC, McKillop LE, Achermann P, Vyazovskiy VV. Global sleep homeostasis reflects temporally and spatially integrated local cortical neuronal activity. eLife 2020; 9:54148. [PMID: 32614324 PMCID: PMC7332296 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep homeostasis manifests as a relative constancy of its daily amount and intensity. Theoretical descriptions define ‘Process S’, a variable with dynamics dependent on global sleep-wake history, and reflected in electroencephalogram (EEG) slow wave activity (SWA, 0.5–4 Hz) during sleep. The notion of sleep as a local, activity-dependent process suggests that activity history must be integrated to determine the dynamics of global Process S. Here, we developed novel mathematical models of Process S based on cortical activity recorded in freely behaving mice, describing local Process S as a function of the deviation of neuronal firing rates from a locally defined set-point, independent of global sleep-wake state. Averaging locally derived Processes S and their rate parameters yielded values resembling those obtained from EEG SWA and global vigilance states. We conclude that local Process S dynamics reflects neuronal activity integrated over time, and global Process S reflects local processes integrated over space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Thomas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde Cc Guillaumin
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Achermann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,The KEY Institute for Brain-Mind Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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48
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Weigend S, Holst SC, Treyer V, O'Gorman Tuura RL, Meier J, Ametamey SM, Buck A, Landolt HP. Dynamic changes in cerebral and peripheral markers of glutamatergic signaling across the human sleep-wake cycle. Sleep 2020; 42:5532239. [PMID: 31304973 PMCID: PMC6802568 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and brain glutamatergic signaling are homeostatically regulated. Recovery sleep following prolonged wakefulness restores efficient functioning of the brain, possibly by keeping glutamatergic signaling in a homeostatic range. Evidence in humans and mice suggested that metabotropic glutamate receptors of subtype-5 (mGluR5) contribute to the brain's coping mechanisms with sleep deprivation. Here, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 31 healthy men was used to quantify the levels of glutamate (Glu), glutamate-to-glutamine ratio (GLX), and γ-amino-butyric-acid (GABA) in basal ganglia (BG) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on 3 consecutive days, after ~8 (baseline), ~32 (sleep deprivation), and ~8 hours (recovery sleep) of wakefulness. Simultaneously, mGluR5 availability was quantified with the novel radioligand for positron emission tomography, [18F]PSS232, and the blood levels of the mGluR5-regulated proteins, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined. The data revealed that GLX (p = 0.03) in BG (for Glu: p < 0.06) and the serum concentration of FMRP (p < 0.04) were increased after sleep loss. Other brain metabolites (GABA, N-acetyl-aspartate, choline, glutathione) and serum BDNF levels were not altered by sleep deprivation (pall > 0.6). By contrast, the night without sleep enhanced whole-brain, BG, and parietal cortex mGluR5 availability, which was normalized by recovery sleep (pall < 0.05). The findings provide convergent multimodal evidence that glutamatergic signaling is affected by sleep deprivation and recovery sleep. They support a role for mGluR5 and FMRP in sleep-wake regulation and warrant further studies to investigate their causality and relevance for regulating human sleep in health and disease. Clinical Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov (study identifier: NCT03813082).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Weigend
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
| | - Sebastian C Holst
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
| | - Valérie Treyer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Josefine Meier
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
| | - Simon M Ametamey
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alfred Buck
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Landolt
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Sleep & Health Zürich, University Center of Competence, University of Zürich, Zürich Switzerland
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49
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Northeast RC, Huang Y, McKillop LE, Bechtold DA, Peirson SN, Piggins HD, Vyazovskiy VV. Sleep homeostasis during daytime food entrainment in mice. Sleep 2020; 42:5536856. [PMID: 31329251 PMCID: PMC6802571 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsz157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four hour rhythms of physiology and behavior are driven by the environment and an internal endogenous timing system. Daily restricted feeding (RF) in nocturnal rodents during their inactive phase initiates food anticipatory activity (FAA) and a reorganization of the typical 24-hour sleep-wake structure. Here, we investigate the effects of daytime feeding, where food access was restricted to 4 hours during the light period ZT4-8 (Zeitgeber time; ZT0 is lights on), on sleep-wake architecture and sleep homeostasis in mice. Following 10 days of RF, mice were returned to ad libitum feeding. To mimic the spontaneous wakefulness associated with FAA and daytime feeding, mice were then sleep deprived between ZT3-6. Although the amount of wake increased during FAA and subsequent feeding, total wake time over 24 hours remained stable as the loss of sleep in the light phase was compensated for by an increase in sleep in the dark phase. Interestingly, sleep that followed spontaneous wake episodes during the dark period and the extended period of wake associated with FAA, exhibited lower levels of slow-wave activity (SWA) when compared to baseline or after sleep deprivation, despite a similar duration of waking. This suggests an evolutionary mechanism of reducing sleep drive during negative energy balance to enable greater arousal for food-seeking behaviors. However, the total amount of sleep and SWA accumulated during the 24 hours was similar between baseline and RF. In summary, our study suggests that despite substantial changes in the daily distribution and quality of wake induced by RF, sleep homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Northeast
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Yige Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford
| | - David A Bechtold
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh D Piggins
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford.,Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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50
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McGaugh SE, Passow CN, Jaggard JB, Stahl BA, Keene AC. Unique transcriptional signatures of sleep loss across independently evolved cavefish populations. J Exp Zool B Mol Dev Evol 2020; 334:497-510. [PMID: 32351033 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Animals respond to sleep loss with compensatory rebound sleep, and this is thought to be critical for the maintenance of physiological homeostasis. Sleep duration varies dramatically across animal species, but it is not known whether evolutionary differences in sleep duration are associated with differences in sleep homeostasis. The Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, has emerged as a powerful model for studying the evolution of sleep. While eyed surface populations of A. mexicanus sleep approximately 8 hr each day, multiple blind cavefish populations have converged on sleep patterns that total as little as 2 hr each day, providing the opportunity to examine whether the evolution of sleep loss is accompanied by changes in sleep homeostasis. Here, we examine the behavioral and molecular response to sleep deprivation across four independent populations of A. mexicanus. Our behavioral analysis indicates that surface fish and all three cavefish populations display robust recovery sleep during the day following nighttime sleep deprivation, suggesting sleep homeostasis remains intact in cavefish. We profiled transcriptome-wide changes associated with sleep deprivation in surface fish and cavefish. While the total number of differentially expressed genes was not greater for the surface population, the surface population exhibited the highest number of uniquely differentially expressed genes than any other population. Strikingly, a majority of the differentially expressed genes are unique to individual cave populations, suggesting unique expression responses are exhibited across independently evolved cavefish populations. Together, these findings suggest sleep homeostasis is intact in cavefish despite a dramatic reduction in overall sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E McGaugh
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Courtney N Passow
- Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - James Brian Jaggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Bethany A Stahl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida
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