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Shi T, Shah I, Dang Q, Taylor L, Jagannath A. Sex-specific regulation of the cortical transcriptome in response to sleep deprivation. Front Neurosci 2024; 17:1303727. [PMID: 38504908 PMCID: PMC10948409 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1303727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies have documented sex differences in sleep behaviour, however, the molecular determinants of such differences remain unknown. Furthermore, most studies addressing molecular mechanisms have been performed only in males, leaving the current state of knowledge biased towards the male sex. To address this, we studied the differences in the transcriptome of the cerebral cortex of male and female C57Bl/6 J mice after 6 h of sleep deprivation. We found that several genes, including the neurotrophin growth factor Bdnf, immediate early genes Fosb and Fosl2, and the adenylate cyclase Adcy7 are differentially upregulated in males compared to females. We identified the androgen-receptor activating transcription factor EZH2 as the upstream regulatory element specifying sex differences in the sleep deprivation transcriptome. We propose that the pathways downstream of these transcripts, which impact on cellular re-organisation, synaptic signalling, and learning may underpin the differential response to sleep deprivation in the two sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Shi
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ishani Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Quang Dang
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Borrmann H, Ismed D, Kliszczak AE, Borrow P, Vasudevan S, Jagannath A, Zhuang X, McKeating JA. Inhibition of salt inducible kinases reduces rhythmic HIV-1 replication and reactivation from latency. J Gen Virol 2023; 104:001877. [PMID: 37529926 PMCID: PMC10721046 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes a major burden on global health, and eradication of latent virus infection is one of the biggest challenges in the field. The circadian clock is an endogenous timing system that oscillates with a ~24 h period regulating multiple physiological processes and cellular functions, and we recently reported that the cell intrinsic clock regulates rhythmic HIV-1 replication. Salt inducible kinases (SIK) contribute to circadian regulatory networks, however, there is limited evidence for SIKs regulating HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that pharmacological inhibition of SIKs perturbed the cellular clock and reduced rhythmic HIV-1 replication in circadian synchronised cells. Further, SIK inhibitors or genetic silencing of Sik expression inhibited viral replication in primary cells and in a latency model, respectively. Overall, this study demonstrates a role for salt inducible kinases in regulating HIV-1 replication and latency reactivation, which can provide innovative routes to better understand and target latent HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dini Ismed
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna E. Kliszczak
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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3
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Taylor L, Walsh S, Ashton A, Varga N, Kapoor S, George C, Jagannath A. The Mycoplasma hyorhinis genome displays differential chromatin accessibility. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17362. [PMID: 37389046 PMCID: PMC10300207 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whilst the regulation of chromatin accessibility and its effect on gene expression have been well studied in eukaryotic species, the role of chromatin dynamics and 3D organisation in genome reduced bacteria remains poorly understood [1,2]. In this study we profiled the accessibility of the Mycoplasma hyorhinis genome, these data were collected fortuitously as part of an experiment where ATAC-Seq was conducted on mycoplasma, contaminated mammalian cells. We found a differential and highly reproducible chromatin accessibility landscape, with regions of increased accessibility corresponding to genes important for the bacteria's life cycle and infectivity. Furthermore, accessibility in general correlated with transcriptionally active genes as profiled by RNA-Seq, but peaks of high accessibility were also seen in non-coding and intergenic regions, which could contribute to the topological organisation of the genome. However, changes in transcription induced by starvation or application of the RNA polymerase inhibitor rifampicin did not themselves change the accessibility profile, which confirms that the differential accessibility is inherently a property of the genome, and not a consequence of its function. These results together show that differential chromatin accessibility is a key feature of the regulation of gene expression in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Taylor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Steven Walsh
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anna Ashton
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Norbert Varga
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sejal Kapoor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Charlotte George
- MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, New Biochemistry Building, , South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
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4
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Taylor L, Von Lendenfeld F, Ashton A, Sanghani H, Di Pretoro S, Usselmann L, Veretennikova M, Dallmann R, McKeating JA, Vasudevan S, Jagannath A. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption alters the lung transcriptome to predispose to viral infection. iScience 2023; 26:105877. [PMID: 36590897 PMCID: PMC9788990 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD), as encountered during shift work, increases the risk of respiratory viral infection including SARS-CoV-2. However, the mechanism(s) underpinning higher rates of respiratory viral infection following SCRD remain poorly characterized. To address this, we investigated the effects of acute sleep deprivation on the mouse lung transcriptome. Here we show that sleep deprivation profoundly alters the transcriptional landscape of the lung, causing the suppression of both innate and adaptive immune systems, disrupting the circadian clock, and activating genes implicated in SARS-CoV-2 replication, thereby generating a lung environment that could promote viral infection and associated disease pathogenesis. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation of how SCRD increases the risk of respiratory viral infections including SARS-CoV-2 and highlights possible therapeutic avenues for the prevention and treatment of respiratory viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis Taylor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Felix Von Lendenfeld
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Anna Ashton
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Harshmeena Sanghani
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Simona Di Pretoro
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Laura Usselmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Building, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Maria Veretennikova
- Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, Department of Mathematics, Mathematical Sciences Building, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Interdisciplinary Biomedical Research Building, Gibbet Hill Campus, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sridhar Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, New Biochemistry Building, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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Jagannath A, Taylor L, Ru Y, Wakaf Z, Akpobaro K, Vasudevan S, Foster RG. The multiple roles of salt-inducible kinases in regulating physiology. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2231-2269. [PMID: 36731029 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salt-Inducible kinases, which comprise a family of three homologous serine-threonine kinases were first described for their role in sodium sensing, but have since been shown to regulate multiple aspects of physiology. These kinases are activated or deactivated in response to extracellular signals that are cell surface receptor mediated, and go on to phosphorylate multiple targets including the transcription co-factors CRTC1-3 and the Class IIa histone deacetylases (HDACs). Thus, the SIK family conveys signals about the cellular environment to reprogram transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes in response. In this manner, SIKs have been shown to regulate metabolic responses to feeding/fasting, cell division and oncogenesis, inflammation, and immune responses and most recently, sleep and circadian rhythms. Sleep and circadian rhythms are master regulators of physiology and are exquisitely sensitive to regulation by environmental light, and physiological signals such as need for sleep. Salt-Inducible kinases have been shown to be central the molecular control of both these processes. Here we summarise the molecular mechanisms by which SIKs control these different domains of physiology and highlight where there is mechanistic overlap with sleep/circadian rhythm control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, https://ror.org/052gg0110University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, https://ror.org/052gg0110University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yining Ru
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zeinab Wakaf
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, https://ror.org/052gg0110University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kayomavua Akpobaro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, https://ror.org/052gg0110University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sridhar Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir Jules Thorn Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, https://ror.org/052gg0110University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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6
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms are essential for the survival of all organisms, enabling them to predict daily changes in the environment and time their behaviour appropriately. The molecular basis of such rhythms is the circadian clock, a self-sustaining molecular oscillator comprising a transcriptional–translational feedback loop. This must be continually readjusted to remain in alignment with the external world through a process termed entrainment, in which the phase of the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) is adjusted in response to external time cues. In mammals, the primary time cue, or “zeitgeber”, is light, which inputs directly to the SCN where it is integrated with additional non-photic zeitgebers. The molecular mechanisms underlying photic entrainment are complex, comprising a number of regulatory factors. This review will outline the photoreception pathways mediating photic entrainment, and our current understanding of the molecular pathways that drive it in the SCN.
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Jagannath A, Pretoro SD, Ebrahimjee F, Ftouni S, Taylor L, Foster RG, Vasudevan S. The regulation of circadian entrainment in mice by the adenosine the A 2A /A 1 receptor antagonist CT1500. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1085217. [PMID: 36605898 PMCID: PMC9808084 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1085217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian entrainment in mice relies primarily on photic cues that trigger the transcription of the core clock genes Period1/2 in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), thus aligning the phase of the clock with the dawn/dusk cycle. It has been shown previously that this pathway is directly regulated by adenosine signalling and that adenosine A2A/A1 receptor antagonists can both enhance photic entrainment and phase shift circadian rhythms of wheel-running behaviour in mice. In this study, we tested the ability of CT1500, a clinically safe adenosine A2A/A1 receptor antagonist to effect circadian entrainment. We show that CT1500 lengthens circadian period in SCN ex vivo preparations. Furthermore, we show in vivo that a single dose of CT1500 enhances re-entrainment to a shifted light dark cycle in a dose-dependent manner in mice and also phase shifts the circadian clock under constant dark with a clear time-of-day related pattern. The phase response curve shows CT1500 causes phase advances during the day and phase delays at dusk. Finally, we show that daily timed administration of CT1500 can entrain the circadian clock to a 24 h rhythm in free-running mice. Collectively, these data support the use of CT1500 in the treatment of disorders of circadian entrainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Sir Jules Thorne Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi) and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Di Pretoro
- Sir Jules Thorne Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi) and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Farid Ebrahimjee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne Ftouni
- Sir Jules Thorne Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi) and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sir Jules Thorne Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi) and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sir Jules Thorne Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi) and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sridhar Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Yamagata T, Kahn MC, Prius-Mengual J, Meijer E, Šabanović M, Guillaumin MCC, van der Vinne V, Huang YG, McKillop LE, Jagannath A, Peirson SN, Mann EO, Foster RG, Vyazovskiy VV. The hypothalamic link between arousal and sleep homeostasis in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2101580118. [PMID: 34903646 PMCID: PMC8713782 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101580118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and wakefulness are not simple, homogenous all-or-none states but represent a spectrum of substates, distinguished by behavior, levels of arousal, and brain activity at the local and global levels. Until now, the role of the hypothalamic circuitry in sleep-wake control was studied primarily with respect to its contribution to rapid state transitions. In contrast, whether the hypothalamus modulates within-state dynamics (state "quality") and the functional significance thereof remains unexplored. Here, we show that photoactivation of inhibitory neurons in the lateral preoptic area (LPO) of the hypothalamus of adult male and female laboratory mice does not merely trigger awakening from sleep, but the resulting awake state is also characterized by an activated electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern, suggesting increased levels of arousal. This was associated with a faster build-up of sleep pressure, as reflected in higher EEG slow-wave activity (SWA) during subsequent sleep. In contrast, photoinhibition of inhibitory LPO neurons did not result in changes in vigilance states but was associated with persistently increased EEG SWA during spontaneous sleep. These findings suggest a role of the LPO in regulating arousal levels, which we propose as a key variable shaping the daily architecture of sleep-wake states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Yamagata
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Martin C Kahn
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - José Prius-Mengual
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Meijer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Merima Šabanović
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, United Kingdom
| | - Mathilde C C Guillaumin
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent van der Vinne
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Yi-Ge Huang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Laura E McKillop
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
| | - Edward O Mann
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom;
| | - Vladyslav V Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
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Zhuang X, Tsukuda S, Wrensch F, Wing PA, Schilling M, Harris JM, Borrmann H, Morgan SB, Cane JL, Mailly L, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Sanghani H, Heydmann L, Bach C, Ashton A, Walsh S, Tan TK, Schimanski L, Huang KYA, Schuster C, Watashi K, Hinks TS, Jagannath A, Vausdevan SR, Bailey D, Baumert TF, McKeating JA. The circadian clock component BMAL1 regulates SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in lung epithelial cells. iScience 2021; 24:103144. [PMID: 34545347 PMCID: PMC8443536 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) coronavirus, is a global health issue with unprecedented challenges for public health. SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract via spike glycoprotein binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). Circadian rhythms coordinate an organism's response to its environment and can regulate host susceptibility to virus infection. We demonstrate that silencing the circadian regulator Bmal1 or treating lung epithelial cells with the REV-ERB agonist SR9009 reduces ACE2 expression and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. Importantly, treating infected cells with SR9009 limits SARS-CoV-2 replication and secretion of infectious particles, showing that post-entry steps in the viral life cycle are influenced by the circadian system. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Bmal1 silencing induced interferon-stimulated gene transcripts in Calu-3 lung epithelial cells, providing a mechanism for the circadian pathway to limit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study highlights alternative approaches to understand and improve therapeutic targeting of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhuang
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Senko Tsukuda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Florian Wrensch
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Peter A.C. Wing
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mirjam Schilling
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James M. Harris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helene Borrmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sophie B. Morgan
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer L. Cane
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Laurent Mailly
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Carina Conceicao
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Harshmeena Sanghani
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Heydmann
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Charlotte Bach
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Ashton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Walsh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tiong Kit Tan
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 17 OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Lisa Schimanski
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford 17 OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Kuan-Ying A. Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University and Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Catherine Schuster
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
| | - Koichi Watashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan
| | - Timothy S.C. Hinks
- Respiratory Medicine Unit and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
| | - Thomas F. Baumert
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France and INSERM, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Strasbourg, France
- Pole Hépato-digestif, IHU, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jane A. McKeating
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Betts CA, Jagannath A, van Westering TLE, Bowerman M, Banerjee S, Meng J, Falzarano MS, Cravo L, McClorey G, Meijboom KE, Bhomra A, Lim WF, Rinaldi C, Counsell JR, Chwalenia K, O'Donovan E, Saleh AF, Gait MJ, Morgan JE, Ferlini A, Foster RG, Wood MJ. Dystrophin involvement in peripheral circadian SRF signalling. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/10/e202101014. [PMID: 34389686 PMCID: PMC8363758 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Absence of dystrophin, an essential sarcolemmal protein required for muscle contraction, leads to the devastating muscle-wasting disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Dystrophin has an actin-binding domain, which binds and stabilises filamentous-(F)-actin, an integral component of the RhoA-actin-serum-response-factor-(SRF) pathway. This pathway plays a crucial role in circadian signalling, whereby the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) transmits cues to peripheral tissues, activating SRF and transcription of clock-target genes. Given dystrophin binds F-actin and disturbed SRF-signalling disrupts clock entrainment, we hypothesised dystrophin loss causes circadian deficits. We show for the first time alterations in the RhoA-actin-SRF-signalling pathway, in dystrophin-deficient myotubes and dystrophic mouse models. Specifically, we demonstrate reduced F/G-actin ratios, altered MRTF levels, dysregulated core-clock and downstream target-genes, and down-regulation of key circadian genes in muscle biopsies from Duchenne patients harbouring an array of mutations. Furthermore, we show dystrophin is absent in the SCN of dystrophic mice which display disrupted circadian locomotor behaviour, indicative of disrupted SCN signalling. Therefore, dystrophin is an important component of the RhoA-actin-SRF pathway and novel mediator of circadian signalling in peripheral tissues, loss of which leads to circadian dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne A Betts
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Melissa Bowerman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, Wolfson Centre for Inherited Neuromuscular Disease, The Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Oswestry, UK
| | - Subhashis Banerjee
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Jinhong Meng
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Maria Sofia Falzarano
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lara Cravo
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham McClorey
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Amarjit Bhomra
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Wooi Fang Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Carlo Rinaldi
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,Muscular Dystrophy UK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John R Counsell
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Katarzyna Chwalenia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Elizabeth O'Donovan
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amer F Saleh
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK.,Functional and Mechanistic Safety, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michael J Gait
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jennifer E Morgan
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, Molecular Neurosciences Section, Developmental Neuroscience Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Ja Wood
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.,Muscular Dystrophy UK Oxford Neuromuscular Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Zhuang X, Tsukuda S, Wrensch F, Wing PA, Schilling M, Harris JM, Borrmann H, Morgan SB, Cane JL, Mailly L, Thakur N, Conceicao C, Sanghani H, Heydmann L, Bach C, Ashton A, Walsh S, Tan TK, Schimanski L, Huang KYA, Schuster C, Watashi K, Hinks TS, Jagannath A, Vausdevan SR, Bailey D, Baumert TF, McKeating JA. The circadian clock component BMAL1 regulates SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication in lung epithelial cells. bioRxiv 2021:2021.03.20.436163. [PMID: 33758862 PMCID: PMC7987021 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.20.436163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, is a global health issue with unprecedented challenges for public health. SARS-CoV-2 primarily infects cells of the respiratory tract, via Spike glycoprotein binding angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE2). Circadian rhythms coordinate an organism’s response to its environment and can regulate host susceptibility to virus infection. We demonstrate a circadian regulation of ACE2 in lung epithelial cells and show that silencing BMAL1 or treatment with a synthetic REV-ERB agonist SR9009 reduces ACE2 expression and inhibits SARS-CoV-2 entry. Treating infected cells with SR9009 limits viral replication and secretion of infectious particles, showing that post-entry steps in the viral life cycle are influenced by the circadian system. Transcriptome analysis revealed that Bmal1 silencing induced a wide spectrum of interferon stimulated genes in Calu-3 lung epithelial cells, providing a mechanism for the circadian pathway to dampen SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study suggests new approaches to understand and improve therapeutic targeting of SARS-CoV-2.
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12
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Jagannath A, Varga N, Dallmann R, Rando G, Gosselin P, Ebrahimjee F, Taylor L, Mosneagu D, Stefaniak J, Walsh S, Palumaa T, Di Pretoro S, Sanghani H, Wakaf Z, Churchill GC, Galione A, Peirson SN, Boison D, Brown SA, Foster RG, Vasudevan SR. Adenosine integrates light and sleep signalling for the regulation of circadian timing in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2113. [PMID: 33837202 PMCID: PMC8035342 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22179-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of adenosine is strongly correlated with the need for sleep and the detection of sleep pressure is antagonised by caffeine. Caffeine also affects the circadian timing system directly and independently of sleep physiology, but how caffeine mediates these effects upon the circadian clock is unclear. Here we identify an adenosine-based regulatory mechanism that allows sleep and circadian processes to interact for the optimisation of sleep/wake timing in mice. Adenosine encodes sleep history and this signal modulates circadian entrainment by light. Pharmacological and genetic approaches demonstrate that adenosine acts upon the circadian clockwork via adenosine A1/A2A receptor signalling through the activation of the Ca2+ -ERK-AP-1 and CREB/CRTC1-CRE pathways to regulate the clock genes Per1 and Per2. We show that these signalling pathways converge upon and inhibit the same pathways activated by light. Thus, circadian entrainment by light is systematically modulated on a daily basis by sleep history. These findings contribute to our understanding of how adenosine integrates signalling from both light and sleep to regulate circadian timing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK.
| | - Norbert Varga
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert Dallmann
- Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Gianpaolo Rando
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Gosselin
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Farid Ebrahimjee
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK
| | - Dragos Mosneagu
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jakub Stefaniak
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Walsh
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK
| | - Teele Palumaa
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK
| | - Simona Di Pretoro
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK
| | - Harshmeena Sanghani
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zeinab Wakaf
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Grant C Churchill
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Antony Galione
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Steven A Brown
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OMPI-G, Oxford, UK.
| | - Sridhar R Vasudevan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Fischl H, McManus D, Oldenkamp R, Schermelleh L, Mellor J, Jagannath A, Furger A. Cold-induced chromatin compaction and nuclear retention of clock mRNAs resets the circadian rhythm. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105604. [PMID: 33034091 PMCID: PMC7667876 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooling patients to sub‐physiological temperatures is an integral part of modern medicine. We show that cold exposure induces temperature‐specific changes to the higher‐order chromatin and gene expression profiles of human cells. These changes are particularly dramatic at 18°C, a temperature synonymous with that experienced by patients undergoing controlled deep hypothermia during surgery. Cells exposed to 18°C exhibit largely nuclear‐restricted transcriptome changes. These include the nuclear accumulation of mRNAs encoding components of the negative limbs of the core circadian clock, most notably REV‐ERBα. This response is accompanied by compaction of higher‐order chromatin and hindrance of mRNPs from engaging nuclear pores. Rewarming reverses chromatin compaction and releases the transcripts into the cytoplasm, triggering a pulse of negative limb gene proteins that reset the circadian clock. We show that cold‐induced upregulation of REV‐ERBα is sufficient to trigger this reset. Our findings uncover principles of the cellular cold response that must be considered for current and future applications involving therapeutic deep hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Fischl
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David McManus
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roel Oldenkamp
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jane Mellor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - André Furger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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14
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Ashton A, Jagannath A. Disrupted Sleep and Circadian Rhythms in Schizophrenia and Their Interaction With Dopamine Signaling. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:636. [PMID: 32655359 PMCID: PMC7324687 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is a common feature of schizophrenia, and is associated with symptom severity and patient quality of life. It is commonly manifested as disturbances to the sleep/wake cycle, with sleep abnormalities occurring in up to 80% of patients, making it one of the most common symptoms of this disorder. Severe circadian misalignment has also been reported, including non-24 h periods and phase advances and delays. In parallel, there are alterations to physiological circadian parameters such as body temperature and rhythmic hormone production. At the molecular level, alterations in the rhythmic expression of core clock genes indicate a dysfunctional circadian clock. Furthermore, genetic association studies have demonstrated that mutations in several clock genes are associated with a higher risk of schizophrenia. Collectively, the evidence strongly suggests that sleep and circadian disruption is not only a symptom of schizophrenia but also plays an important causal role in this disorder. The alterations in dopamine signaling that occur in schizophrenia are likely to be central to this role. Dopamine is well-documented to be involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle, in which it acts to promote wakefulness, such that elevated dopamine levels can disturb sleep. There is also evidence for the influence of dopamine on the circadian clock, such as through entrainment of the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and dopamine signaling itself is under circadian control. Therefore dopamine is closely linked with sleep and the circadian system; it appears that they have a complex, bidirectional relationship in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, such that disturbances to one exacerbate abnormalities in the other. This review will provide an overview of the evidence for a role of SCRD in schizophrenia, and examine the interplay of this with altered dopamine signaling. We will assess the evidence to suggest common underlying mechanisms in the regulation of sleep/circadian rhythms and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Improvements in sleep are associated with improvements in symptoms, along with quality of life measures such as cognitive ability and employability. Therefore the circadian system holds valuable potential as a new therapeutic target for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ashton
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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15
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Palumaa T, Gilhooley MJ, Jagannath A, Hankins MW, Hughes S, Peirson SN. Melanopsin: photoreceptors, physiology and potential. Current Opinion in Physiology 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Wong JCY, Smyllie NJ, Banks GT, Pothecary CA, Barnard AR, Maywood ES, Jagannath A, Hughes S, van der Horst GTJ, MacLaren RE, Hankins MW, Hastings MH, Nolan PM, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Differential roles for cryptochromes in the mammalian retinal clock. FASEB J 2018; 32:4302-4314. [PMID: 29561690 PMCID: PMC6071063 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701165rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cryptochromes 1 and 2 (CRY1/2) are key components of the negative limb of the mammalian circadian clock. Like many peripheral tissues, Cry1 and -2 are expressed in the retina, where they are thought to play a role in regulating rhythmic physiology. However, studies differ in consensus as to their localization and function, and CRY1 immunostaining has not been convincingly demonstrated in the retina. Here we describe the expression and function of CRY1 and -2 in the mouse retina in both sexes. Unexpectedly, we show that CRY1 is expressed throughout all retinal layers, whereas CRY2 is restricted to the photoreceptor layer. Retinal period 2::luciferase recordings from CRY1-deficient mice show reduced clock robustness and stability, while those from CRY2-deficient mice show normal, albeit long-period, rhythms. In functional studies, we then investigated well-defined rhythms in retinal physiology. Rhythms in the photopic electroretinogram, contrast sensitivity, and pupillary light response were all severely attenuated or abolished in CRY1-deficient mice. In contrast, these physiological rhythms are largely unaffected in mice lacking CRY2, and only photopic electroretinogram rhythms are affected. Together, our data suggest that CRY1 is an essential component of the mammalian retinal clock, whereas CRY2 has a more limited role.—Wong, J. C. Y., Smyllie, N. J., Banks, G. T., Pothecary, C. A., Barnard, A. R., Maywood, E. S., Jagannath, A., Hughes, S., van der Horst, G. T. J., MacLaren, R. E., Hankins, M. W., Hastings, M. H., Nolan, P. M., Foster, R. G., Peirson, S. N. Differential roles for cryptochromes in the mammalian retinal clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovi C Y Wong
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J Smyllie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth T Banks
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Carina A Pothecary
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alun R Barnard
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth S Maywood
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Hughes
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Hastings
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M Nolan
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Harwell, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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17
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Jagannath A, Taylor L, Wakaf Z, Vasudevan SR, Foster RG. The genetics of circadian rhythms, sleep and health. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:R128-R138. [PMID: 28977444 PMCID: PMC5886477 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are 24-h rhythms in physiology and behaviour generated by molecular clocks, which serve to coordinate internal time with the external world. The circadian system is a master regulator of nearly all physiology and its disruption has major consequences on health. Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is a ubiquitous feature in today's 24/7 society, and studies on shift-workers have shown that SCRD can lead not only to cognitive impairment, but also metabolic syndrome and psychiatric illness including depression (1,2). Mouse models of clock mutants recapitulate these deficits, implicating mechanistic and causal links between SCRD and disease pathophysiology (3-5). Importantly, treating clock disruption reverses and attenuates these adverse health states in animal models (6,7), thus establishing the circadian system as a novel therapeutic target. Significantly, circadian and clock-controlled gene mutations have recently been identified by Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) in the aetiology of sleep, mental health and metabolic disorders. This review will focus upon the genetics of circadian rhythms in sleep and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI-G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI-G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Zeinab Wakaf
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Sridhar R Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI-G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
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18
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Pilorz V, Tam SKE, Hughes S, Pothecary CA, Jagannath A, Hankins MW, Bannerman DM, Lightman SL, Vyazovskiy VV, Nolan PM, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Melanopsin Regulates Both Sleep-Promoting and Arousal-Promoting Responses to Light. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002482. [PMID: 27276063 PMCID: PMC4898879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Light plays a critical role in the regulation of numerous aspects of physiology and behaviour, including the entrainment of circadian rhythms and the regulation of sleep. These responses involve melanopsin (OPN4)-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) in addition to rods and cones. Nocturnal light exposure in rodents has been shown to result in rapid sleep induction, in which melanopsin plays a key role. However, studies have also shown that light exposure can result in elevated corticosterone, a response that is not compatible with sleep. To investigate these contradictory findings and to dissect the relative contribution of pRGCs and rods/cones, we assessed the effects of light of different wavelengths on behaviourally defined sleep. Here, we show that blue light (470 nm) causes behavioural arousal, elevating corticosterone and delaying sleep onset. By contrast, green light (530 nm) produces rapid sleep induction. Compared to wildtype mice, these responses are altered in melanopsin-deficient mice (Opn4-/-), resulting in enhanced sleep in response to blue light but delayed sleep induction in response to green or white light. We go on to show that blue light evokes higher Fos induction in the SCN compared to the sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO), whereas green light produced greater responses in the VLPO. Collectively, our data demonstrates that nocturnal light exposure can have either an arousal- or sleep-promoting effect, and that these responses are melanopsin-mediated via different neural pathways with different spectral sensitivities. These findings raise important questions relating to how artificial light may alter behaviour in both the work and domestic setting. Light can produce either sleep or arousal in mice. This study reveals that these opposing effects depend upon the wavelength of light and appear to involve separate pathways, both modulated by the photopigment melanopsin. Light exerts profound effects on our physiology and behaviour, setting our biological clocks to the correct time and regulating when we are asleep and we are awake. The photoreceptors mediating these responses include the rods and cones involved in vision, as well as a subset of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) expressing the blue light-sensitive photopigment melanopsin. Previous studies have shown that mice lacking melanopsin show impaired sleep in response to light. However, other studies have shown that light increases glucocorticoid release—a response typically associated with stress. To address these contradictory findings, we studied the responses of mice to light of different colours. We found that blue light was aversive, delaying sleep onset and increasing glucocorticoid levels. By contrast, green light led to rapid sleep onset. These different behavioural effects appear to be driven by different neural pathways. Surprisingly, both responses were impaired in mice lacking melanopsin. These data show that light can promote either sleep or arousal. Moreover, they provide the first evidence that melanopsin directly mediates the effects of light on glucocorticoids. This work shows the extent to which light affects our physiology and has important implications for the design and use of artificial light sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Pilorz
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shu K. E. Tam
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Hughes
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carina A. Pothecary
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W. Hankins
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stafford L. Lightman
- Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G. Foster
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SNP); (RGF)
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (SNP); (RGF)
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19
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Hughes S, Jagannath A, Rodgers J, Hankins MW, Peirson SN, Foster RG. Signalling by melanopsin (OPN4) expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Eye (Lond) 2016; 30:247-54. [PMID: 26768919 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2015.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades there have been significant advances in our understanding of both the anatomy and function of the melanopsin system. It has become clear that rather than acting as a simple irradiance detector the melanopsin system is in fact far more complicated. The range of behavioural systems known to be influenced by melanopsin activity is increasing with time, and it is now clear that melanopsin contributes not only to multiple non-image forming systems but also has a role in visual pathways. How melanopsin is capable of driving so many different behaviours is unclear, but recent evidence suggests that the answer may lie in the diversity of melanopsin light responses and the functional specialisation of photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (pRGC) subtypes. In this review, we shall overview the current understanding of the melanopsin system, and evaluate the evidence for the hypothesis that individual pRGC subtypes not only perform specific roles, but are functionally specialised to do so. We conclude that while, currently, the available data somewhat support this hypothesis, we currently lack the necessary detail to fully understand how the functional diversity of pRGC subtypes correlates with different behavioural responses, and ultimately why such complexity is required within the melanopsin system. What we are lacking is a cohesive understanding of how light responses differ between the pRGC subtypes (based not only on anatomical classification but also based on their site of innervation); how these diverse light responses are generated, and most importantly how these responses relate to the physiological functions they underpin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hughes
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - A Jagannath
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - J Rodgers
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - M W Hankins
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - S N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - R G Foster
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology (Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences), Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Parsons MJ, Brancaccio M, Sethi S, Maywood ES, Satija R, Edwards JK, Jagannath A, Couch Y, Finelli MJ, Smyllie NJ, Esapa C, Butler R, Barnard AR, Chesham JE, Saito S, Joynson G, Wells S, Foster RG, Oliver PL, Simon MM, Mallon AM, Hastings MH, Nolan PM. The Regulatory Factor ZFHX3 Modifies Circadian Function in SCN via an AT Motif-Driven Axis. Cell 2015; 162:607-21. [PMID: 26232227 PMCID: PMC4537516 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We identified a dominant missense mutation in the SCN transcription factor Zfhx3, termed short circuit (Zfhx3(Sci)), which accelerates circadian locomotor rhythms in mice. ZFHX3 regulates transcription via direct interaction with predicted AT motifs in target genes. The mutant protein has a decreased ability to activate consensus AT motifs in vitro. Using RNA sequencing, we found minimal effects on core clock genes in Zfhx3(Sci/+) SCN, whereas the expression of neuropeptides critical for SCN intercellular signaling was significantly disturbed. Moreover, mutant ZFHX3 had a decreased ability to activate AT motifs in the promoters of these neuropeptide genes. Lentiviral transduction of SCN slices showed that the ZFHX3-mediated activation of AT motifs is circadian, with decreased amplitude and robustness of these oscillations in Zfhx3(Sci/+) SCN slices. In conclusion, by cloning Zfhx3(Sci), we have uncovered a circadian transcriptional axis that determines the period and robustness of behavioral and SCN molecular rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Parsons
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Marco Brancaccio
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Siddharth Sethi
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Elizabeth S Maywood
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Rahul Satija
- New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013, USA; Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Jessica K Edwards
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Acute Stroke Program, Radcliffe Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mattéa J Finelli
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Nicola J Smyllie
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Christopher Esapa
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Rachel Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Alun R Barnard
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Shoko Saito
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Greg Joynson
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- MRC Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Michelle M Simon
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Michael H Hastings
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Patrick M Nolan
- MRC Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
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Jagannath A, Hughes S, Abdelgany A, Pothecary CA, Di Pretoro S, Pires SS, Vachtsevanos A, Pilorz V, Brown LA, Hossbach M, MacLaren RE, Halford S, Gatti S, Hankins MW, Wood MJA, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Isoforms of Melanopsin Mediate Different Behavioral Responses to Light. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2430-4. [PMID: 26320947 PMCID: PMC4580334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin (OPN4) is a retinal photopigment that mediates a wide range of non-image-forming (NIF) responses to light [1, 2] including circadian entrainment [3], sleep induction [4], the pupillary light response (PLR) [5], and negative masking of locomotor behavior (the acute suppression of activity in response to light) [6]. How these diverse NIF responses can all be mediated by a single photopigment has remained a mystery. We reasoned that the alternative splicing of melanopsin could provide the basis for functionally distinct photopigments arising from a single gene. The murine melanopsin gene is indeed alternatively spliced, producing two distinct isoforms, a short (OPN4S) and a long (OPN4L) isoform, which differ only in their C terminus tails [7]. Significantly, both isoforms form fully functional photopigments [7]. Here, we show that different isoforms of OPN4 mediate different behavioral responses to light. By using RNAi-mediated silencing of each isoform in vivo, we demonstrated that the short isoform (OPN4S) mediates light-induced pupillary constriction, the long isoform (OPN4L) regulates negative masking, and both isoforms contribute to phase-shifting circadian rhythms of locomotor behavior and light-mediated sleep induction. These findings demonstrate that splice variants of a single receptor gene can regulate strikingly different behaviors. The retinal photopigment melanopsin is alternatively spliced The isoforms mediate different physiological and behavioral responses to light The short variant regulates pupil size, the long, negative masking of activity Both variants regulate sleep and phase shifting of circadian rhythms
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Steven Hughes
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Amr Abdelgany
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Carina A Pothecary
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Simona Di Pretoro
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susana S Pires
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Athanasios Vachtsevanos
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Violetta Pilorz
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Markus Hossbach
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Straße 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Silvia Gatti
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Pritchett D, Jagannath A, Brown LA, Tam SKE, Hasan S, Gatti S, Harrison PJ, Bannerman DM, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Deletion of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors 2 and 3 (mGlu2 & mGlu3) in Mice Disrupts Sleep and Wheel-Running Activity, and Increases the Sensitivity of the Circadian System to Light. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125523. [PMID: 25950516 PMCID: PMC4423919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and/or circadian rhythm disruption (SCRD) is seen in up to 80% of schizophrenia patients. The co-morbidity of schizophrenia and SCRD may in part stem from dysfunction in common brain mechanisms, which include the glutamate system, and in particular, the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGlu2 and mGlu3 (encoded by the genes Grm2 and Grm3). These receptors are relevant to the pathophysiology and potential treatment of schizophrenia, and have also been implicated in sleep and circadian function. In the present study, we characterised the sleep and circadian rhythms of Grm2/3 double knockout (Grm2/3-/-) mice, to provide further evidence for the involvement of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in the regulation of sleep and circadian rhythms. We report several novel findings. Firstly, Grm2/3-/- mice demonstrated a decrease in immobility-determined sleep time and an increase in immobility-determined sleep fragmentation. Secondly, Grm2/3-/- mice showed heightened sensitivity to the circadian effects of light, manifested as increased period lengthening in constant light, and greater phase delays in response to nocturnal light pulses. Greater light-induced phase delays were also exhibited by wildtype C57Bl/6J mice following administration of the mGlu2/3 negative allosteric modulator RO4432717. These results confirm the involvement of group II metabotropic glutamate receptors in photic entrainment and sleep regulation pathways. Finally, the diurnal wheel-running rhythms of Grm2/3-/- mice were perturbed under a standard light/dark cycle, but their diurnal rest-activity rhythms were unaltered in cages lacking running wheels, as determined with passive infrared motion detectors. Hence, when assessing the diurnal rest-activity rhythms of mice, the choice of assay can have a major bearing on the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pritchett
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- F.Hoffman-La Roche, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology & Rare Diseases (NORD), Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED) Innovation Centre, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurence A. Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Shu K. E. Tam
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Sibah Hasan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gatti
- F.Hoffman-La Roche, Neuroscience, Ophthalmology & Rare Diseases (NORD), Pharma Research & Early Development (pRED) Innovation Centre, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul J. Harrison
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - David M. Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3UD, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G. Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RGF); (SNP)
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (RGF); (SNP)
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6, West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Holt R, Brown L, Broadgate S, Butler R, Jagannath A, Downes S, Peirson S, Halford S. Identification of rod- and cone-specific expression signatures to identify candidate genes for retinal disease. Exp Eye Res 2015; 132:161-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Abstract
Circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior provide a selective advantage by enabling organisms to anticipate rhythmic changes in their environment. These rhythms are based upon a molecular clock generated via an intracellular transcriptional-translational feedback loop involving a number of key clock genes. However, to be of practical use, circadian rhythms need to be entrained to the external environment. In mammals, the primary signal for entrainment is light detected by the photoreceptors of the eye. Research on the mechanisms of photic entrainment has identified a novel photoreceptor system in the retina, consisting of photosensitive retinal ganglion cells expressing the photopigment melanopsin. Light input from these retinal photoreceptors reaches the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) via the retinohypothalamic tract, where it then interacts with the molecular clock to bring about entrainment. This chapter focuses on the retinal photoreceptors mediating entrainment, and how light information from the retina is transmitted to the SCN, before detailing recent advances in our understanding of how the molecular clock within the SCN is regulated by light input. Finally, the primary assays that have been used to measure photic entrainment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- Sleep and Circadian Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Sleep and Circadian Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Sleep and Circadian Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Hughes S, Jagannath A, Hickey D, Gatti S, Wood M, Peirson SN, Foster RG, Hankins MW. Using siRNA to define functional interactions between melanopsin and multiple G Protein partners. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:165-79. [PMID: 24958088 PMCID: PMC4282707 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs) represent a third class of ocular photoreceptors and mediate a range of non-image forming responses to light. Melanopsin is a G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and existing data suggest that it employs a membrane bound signalling cascade involving Gnaq/11 type G proteins. However, to date the precise identity of the Gα subunits involved in melanopsin phototransduction remains poorly defined. Here we show that Gnaq, Gna11 and Gna14 are highly co-expressed in pRGCs of the mouse retina. Furthermore, using RNAi based gene silencing we show that melanopsin can signal via Gnaq, Gna11 or Gna14 in vitro, and demonstrate that multiple members of the Gnaq/11 subfamily, including Gna14 and at least Gnaq or Gna11, can participate in melanopsin phototransduction in vivo and contribute to the pupillary light responses of mice lacking rod and cone photoreceptors. This diversity of G protein interactions suggests additional complexity in the melanopsin phototransduction cascade and may provide a basis for generating the diversity of light responses observed from pRGC subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Hughes
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
- F. Hoffman La Roche, RED Research and Development, CNS DTA, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Hickey
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Silvia Gatti
- F. Hoffman La Roche, RED Research and Development, CNS DTA, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Wood
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, University of Oxford, Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QX UK
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Russell G. Foster
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
| | - Mark W. Hankins
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU UK
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Jagannath A, Kumar M, Raju P. Fermentative Stabilization of Betanin Content in Beetroot and Its Loss during Processing and Refrigerated Storage. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Jagannath
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddartha Nagar Mysore 570 011 Karnataka State India
| | - Manoranjan Kumar
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddartha Nagar Mysore 570 011 Karnataka State India
| | - P.S. Raju
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Technology; Defence Food Research Laboratory; Siddartha Nagar Mysore 570 011 Karnataka State India
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Jagannath A, Butler R, Godinho SIH, Couch Y, Brown LA, Vasudevan SR, Flanagan KC, Anthony D, Churchill GC, Wood MJA, Steiner G, Ebeling M, Hossbach M, Wettstein JG, Duffield GE, Gatti S, Hankins MW, Foster RG, Peirson SN. The CRTC1-SIK1 pathway regulates entrainment of the circadian clock. Cell 2013; 154:1100-1111. [PMID: 23993098 PMCID: PMC3898689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Retinal photoreceptors entrain the circadian system to the solar day. This photic resetting involves cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-mediated upregulation of Per genes within individual cells of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Our detailed understanding of this pathway is poor, and it remains unclear why entrainment to a new time zone takes several days. By analyzing the light-regulated transcriptome of the SCN, we have identified a key role for salt inducible kinase 1 (SIK1) and CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) in clock re-setting. An entrainment stimulus causes CRTC1 to coactivate CREB, inducing the expression of Per1 and Sik1. SIK1 then inhibits further shifts of the clock by phosphorylation and deactivation of CRTC1. Knockdown of Sik1 within the SCN results in increased behavioral phase shifts and rapid re-entrainment following experimental jet lag. Thus SIK1 provides negative feedback, acting to suppress the effects of light on the clock. This pathway provides a potential target for the regulation of circadian rhythms. Nocturnal light induces widespread transcriptional changes in the SCN The CRTC1-SIK1 cascade regulates entrainment of the circadian clock Negative feedback by SIK1 limits the effects of light on the clock Homeostatic regulation of entrainment ensures gradual adaptation to a new time zone
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rachel Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sofia I H Godinho
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yvonne Couch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Sridhar R Vasudevan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Kevin C Flanagan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Daniel Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Grant C Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Guido Steiner
- pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ebeling
- pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Hossbach
- Axolabs GmbH Fritz-Hornschuch-Straße 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Joseph G Wettstein
- pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giles E Duffield
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Silvia Gatti
- pRED Pharma Research and Development F. Hoffmann-La Roche, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology), University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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Hughes S, Pothecary CA, Jagannath A, Foster RG, Hankins MW, Peirson SN. Profound defects in pupillary responses to light in TRPM-channel null mice: a role for TRPM channels in non-image-forming photoreception. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:34-43. [PMID: 22211741 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
TRPM1 is a spontaneously active non-selective cation channel that has recently been shown to play an important role in the depolarizing light responses of ON bipolar cells. Consistent with this role, mutations in the TRPM1 gene have been identified as a principal cause of congenital stationary night blindness. However, previous microarray studies have shown that Trpm1 and Trpm3 are acutely regulated by light in the eyes of mice lacking rods and cones (rd/rd cl), a finding consistent with a role in non-image-forming photoreception. In this study we show that pupillary light responses are significantly attenuated in both Trpm1(-/-) and Trpm3(-/-) animals. Trpm1(-/-) mice exhibit a profound deficit in the pupillary response that is far in excess of that observed in mice lacking rods and cones (rd/rd cl) or melanopsin, and cannot be explained by defects in bipolar cell function alone. Immunolocalization studies suggest that TRPM1 is expressed in ON bipolar cells and also a subset of cells in the ganglion cell layer, including melanopsin-expressing photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGCs). We conclude that, in addition to its role in bipolar cell signalling, TRPM1 is involved in non-image-forming responses to light and may perform a functional role within pRGCs. By contrast, TRPM3(-/-) mice display a more subtle pupillary phenotype with attenuated responses under bright light and dim light conditions. Expression of TRPM3 is detected in Muller cells and the ciliary body but is absent from pRGCs, and thus our data support an indirect role for TRPM3 in pupillary light responses.
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Jagannath A, Wood MJA. Localization of double-stranded small interfering RNA to cytoplasmic processing bodies is Ago2 dependent and results in up-regulation of GW182 and Argonaute-2. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 20:521-9. [PMID: 18946079 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-08-0796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Processing bodies (P-bodies) are cytoplasmic foci implicated in the regulation of mRNA translation, storage, and degradation. Key effectors of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi), such as Argonaute-2 (Ago2), miRNAs, and their cognate mRNAs, are localized to these structures; however, the precise role that P-bodies and their component proteins play in small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated RNAi remains unclear. Here, we investigate the relationship between siRNA-mediated RNAi, RNAi machinery proteins, and P-bodies. We show that upon transfection into cells, siRNAs rapidly localize to P-bodies in their native double-stranded conformation, as indicated by fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging and that Ago2 is at least in part responsible for this siRNA localization pattern, indicating RISC involvement. Furthermore, siRNA transfection induces up-regulated expression of both GW182, a key P-body component, and Ago2, indicating that P-body localization and interaction with GW182 and Ago2 are important in siRNA-mediated RNAi. By virtue of being centers where these proteins and siRNAs aggregate, we propose that the P-body microenvironment, whether as microscopically visible foci or submicroscopic protein complexes, facilitates siRNA processing and siRNA-mediated silencing through the action of its component proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Jagannath A, Kalaiselvan A, Manjunatha SS, Raju PS, Bawa AS. The effect of pH, sucrose and ammonium sulphate concentrations on the production of bacterial cellulose (Nata-de-coco) by Acetobacter xylinum. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9781-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a major class of disorders for which thus far any effective small molecule drug therapy has failed to emerge. RNA interference (RNAi), by which disease genes such as those identified for spino-cerebellar ataxia and Huntington's disease can be specifically silenced, has great potential in becoming a successful therapeutic strategy for these diseases. RNAi has shown therapeutic value in vitro and in animal disease models and clinical trials are currently on their way. However, there are problems, such as toxicity due to non-specific silencing, generation of immune responses and over-saturation of RNAi pathway components that must be overcome in order to establish RNAi as a safe and effective therapy. Current research on the endogenous roles of RNAi, through the action of microRNAs, has offered much knowledge to optimise the exploitation of RNAi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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Jagannath A, Tsuchido T, Membré JM. Comparison of the thermal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores in foods using the modified Weibull and Bigelow equations. Food Microbiol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
AIMS The predicted survival of Bacillus subtilis 168 spores from a polynomial regression equation was validated in milk. METHODS AND RESULTS Bias factor suggested as an index of model performance was used to validate the polynomial model predictions in ultrahigh temperature (UHT) treated and sterilized whole and skim milk. Model predictions were fail safe, predicting higher D-values (decimal reduction times) in buffer than actually noted in milk. CONCLUSIONS The D-values for spores were lower in milk as compared with those predicted in potassium phosphate buffer contrary to the popular expectation of better spore survival in complex food systems. The Bias factor, a quantitative measure of the model performance, indicated that on average the model predictions exceed the observations by 40% in the case of whole milk and by 60% in the case of skim milk. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present work is an attempt to ascertain the extent of reliability that one can safely place in polynomial model predictions, without compromising on the safety or palatability of foods where it is eventually intended to be applied. The work has also highlighted the differences in the thermal inactivation pattern of spores in buffer and in milk with a possible influence of the various constituents of milk. The work will assist the dairy industry to better design thermal processes to ensure longer shelf life of dairy foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jagannath
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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Jagannath A, Nakamura I, Tsuchido T. Modelling the combined effects of pH, temperature and sodium chloride stresses on the thermal inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores in a buffer system. J Appl Microbiol 2003; 95:135-41. [PMID: 12807463 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2003.01952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The inactivation of Bacillus subtilis 168 spores subjected to the combined stress of pH, temperature and sodium chloride in a buffer system was modelled. METHODS AND RESULTS Bacillus subtilis 168 spore suspension in 50 mmol l-1 potassium phosphate buffer was heated in an open system using a block heater. A second order polynomial equation was used to describe the relationship between pH, temperature, sodium chloride concentration and the logarithm of the decimal reduction time (D-value) of the spores. Response surface graphs were constructed to predict the inactivation within the experimental domain. The data obtained were also compared with those reported for B. subtilis in different media and foods included in a large reference-based database of thermal inactivation (ThermoKill Database, TKDB R9100), which was constructed in the laboratory. CONCLUSIONS All the variables studied seemed to have a significant effect on the inactivation of B. subtilis 168 spores in potassium phosphate buffer. The coefficient of determination, r2, and an analysis of the residuals from the model indicated the adequacy of the model to predict the inactivation of B. subtilis spores within the range of the experimental variables studied. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The findings of this study will enable a better understanding of the inactivation of B. subtilis spores under the influence of the studied environmental variables. The model can be used by food industries to assess and monitor the shelf life of food products in the event of a chance contamination by B. subtilis spores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jagannath
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Kansai University, Yamate-cho, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Jagannath A, Ramesh MN, Varadaraj MC. Predicting the behavior of Escherichia coli introduced as a postprocessing contaminant in shrikhand, a traditional sweetened lactic fermented milk product. J Food Prot 2001; 64:462-9. [PMID: 11307880 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-64.4.462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing popularity of traditional milk-based foods has placed emphasis on the need for microbial safety in food-chain establishments, as there are ample possibilities for foodborne pathogens to occur as postprocessing contaminants. The behavioral pattern of an enterotoxigenic strain of Escherichia coli D 21 introduced as a postprocessing contaminant in shrikhand, a traditional sweetened lactic fermented milk product, was studied with variables of initial inoculum (4.3, 5.3, and 6.3 log10 CFU/g), storage temperature (4, 10, and 16 degrees C), and storage period (4, 9, and 14 days). During storage of shrikhand prepared individually with Lactobacillus delbruecki ssp. bulgaricus CFR 2028 and Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris B-634, there was a steady decrease in the viable count of E. coli that was proportional to the initial inoculum of E. coli introduced into shrikhand. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis, and equations were derived to predict the behavior of E. coli in shrikhand. The predicted values for the probable survival of E. coli showed good agreement with the experimental values with a majority of these predictions being fail-safe. The values of statistical indices showed that the model fits ranged between extremely good and satisfactory. Response surface plots were generated to describe the behavioral pattern of E. coli. The derived models and response surface plots enabled prediction of the survival of E. coli in shrikhand as a function of initial inoculum levels, storage temperatures, and storage periods of shrikhand. These predictions were valid within the limits of the experimental variables used to develop the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jagannath
- Department of Food Microbiology, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, India
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Abstract
Three newborn infants with flank masses underwent magnetic resonance (MR) imaging after ultrasound (US) indicated adrenal hemorrhage and/or renal vein and inferior vena cava thrombosis. MR imaging was valuable in defining the hemorrhagic nature of echogenic and hypoechoic suprarenal masses and in delineating thrombi within the renal veins and inferior vena cava. Two infants with renal parenchymal damage had abnormal radionuclide scans and abnormal corticomedullary distinction on MR images. The major role of MR imaging may be in the early course of these conditions, when added diagnostic specificity is likely to affect patient management. In most instances, size of hemorrhage and intravenous clots, as well as renal size, may be accurately followed with US, while radionuclide scanning remains necessary for evaluation of renal functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Brill
- Department of Radiology, New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10021
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Carr M, Jagannath A. Hemopericardium resulting from attempted internal jugular vein catheterization: a case report and review of complications of central venous catheterization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1986; 9:214-8. [PMID: 3094954 DOI: 10.1007/bf02577945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An unusual case of hemopericardium and presumed fatal cardiac tamponade complicating attempted right internal jugular vein catheterization by the posterior approach is reported. Reports of complications in a series of internal jugular vein catheterizations using various approaches (posterior, central, anterior, supraclavicular) and subclavian vein catheterizations are reviewed. Internal jugular vein catheterization is not necessarily safer than subclavian vein catheterization: numerous factors determine success rate and complication rate in central venous catheterizations.
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Abstract
A 13-year-old girl developed Addison's disease during antituberculous therapy for presumed tuberculous ventriculitis. CT of the abdomen showed diffusely enlarged hypodense adrenals and a hypodense lesion in the lower pole of the left kidney. Biopsy of the renal lesion revealed caseating and noncaseating granulomas.
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Bullough PG, Jagannath A. The morphology of the calcification front in articular cartilage. Its significance in joint function. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1983; 65:72-8. [PMID: 6337169 DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.65b1.6337169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical and histochemical studies have indicated that there is specific cellular activity in the region of the calcification front of articular cartilage implying that a regulation process takes place there. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy to examine tissue sections of both undecalcified and decalcified articular cartilage in the region of the calcification front, we have looked at its morphology with particular reference to its cellular control. Our observations show that physiological calcification is an active process under cellular control and is related to the presence of extracellular membrane-bound matrix vesicles.
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Abstract
The high-affinity antagonist, 3-quinuclidinyl benzilidate (QNB), was used to analyze muscarinic-cholinergic receptor activity in the optic tectum of goldfish and optic lobe of developing chicks and adult pigeons after deafferentation. After deafferentation no significant loss of total or specific muscarinic receptor binding activity was observed in contrast to prior experiments where there was a marked and rapid loss of nictonic-cholinergic receptor binding activity, as measured by alphabungarotoxin binding. The relative stability of the muscarinic site as opposed to the instability of the nicotinic site in these experiments is discussed.
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