The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway has a healing ability for periapical periodontitis

In-vitro evaluation of the effect of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) extract on periodontal cells: a comprehensive study of cellular and molecular impacts

BACKGROUND

This research assessed the potential role of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) extract on periodontal tissue wound healing by evaluating its effects on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPDLF), human gingival fibroblast (hGF), and human osteoblast (hOB) cells in vitro.

METHODS

The viability effect of okra extract on hPDLF, hGF, and hOB cells was determined using the MTT assay protocol. The highest viability concentrations were applied to hPDLF and hOB cells, and the expression levels of on type 1 collagen (COL1), bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2), axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) proteins were determined through ELISA. The extract was also tested for antioxidant (CUPRAC, DPPH, FCR, and FRAP tests), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, and antimicrobial properties, and its content was determined by HPLC-DAD.

RESULTS

The viability results showed no significant difference between the okra extract-treated and control groups for all cell types. In hPDLF cells, higher expression levels of COL1 and AXIN2 in the okra extract-treated group compared to the control group, while BMP2 expression level was lower. In hOB cells, the extract-treated group had higher levels of COL1, BMP2, and AXIN2 expression than the control group.

CONCLUSION

It can be posited that okra extract may activate the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and may have a beneficial impact on wound healing in periodontal tissues. However, extensive long-term in-vivo research on the activation of signalling pathways by okra extract in periodontal wound healing is required.

Anti-inflammatory role of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound in inhibiting lipopolysaccharide-induced M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells via Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin

Background

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) is a special type of low-intensity ultrasound. In periodontal disease, LIPUS is applied as an adjuvant and non-invasive treatment. It has been reported that LIPUS significantly shifts the macrophage phenotype from M1 to M2, but the specific mechanism behind this shift is still unknown.

Methods

RAW264.7 cells were induced to M1/M2 polarization with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interleukin-4 (IL4). LIPUS was performed for 25 min two times, 24 h apart, at an intensity of 45 mW/cm2 to stimulate RAW264.7 cells. PolyA mRNA sequencing was conducted of both the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells and the LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with LIPUS treatment. The expression of Wnt2b in RAW264.7 cells was downregulated by siRNA. The macrophage surface markers and downstream inflammatory cytokines were detected using flow cytometry. The relative expression of proteins in the Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin pathway was assessed using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot.

Results

LIPUS reversed the M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells, with decreased expression of CD80 and CD86. In addition, LIPUS enhanced the M2 polarization of RAW264.7 cells, with upregulated expression of CD163 and CD206. The polyA mRNA sequencing results indicated that the Wnt signaling pathway participated in the M1 polarization of LIPUS-treated RAW264.7. The results of the RT-qPCR showed a higher expression of Wnt2b in LIPUS-treated and M1- or M2-polarized RAW264.7 cells. Knocking down Wnt2b was shown to reverse the inhibitory effect of LIPUS on M1 polarization and increase the expression of CD80 and CD86. Wnt2b knockdown also regulated downstream AXIN, β-catenin, and inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL6).

Conclusions

LIPUS plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting LPS-induced M1 polarization of RAW264.7 cells in a Wnt2b/AXIN/β-catenin-dependent way. LIPUS may play a therapeutic role in periodontal diseases by inhibiting inflammation through the regulation of macrophage differentiation.

Lithium chloride stimulates bone formation in extraction socket repair in rats

PURPOSE

Previous evidence shows that lithium chloride (LiCl), a suppressor of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), may enhance bone formation in several medical and dental conditions. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of LiCl on extraction socket repair in rats.

METHODS

Thirty rats were randomly assigned into a control group (administration of water; n = 15) or a LiCl group (administration of 150 mg/kg of LiCl; n = 15). LiCl and water were given every other day, starting at 7 days before the extraction of upper first molars until the end of each experiment period. Histological sections from five rats per group were obtained at 10, 20, and 30 days post-extractions. Histometrical analysis of newly formed bone (NB) and the levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-stained cells were evaluated at 10, 20, and 30 days post-extractions. Immunohistochemical staining for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteocalcin (OCN), and osteopontin (OPN) was assessed at 10 days post-extractions.

RESULTS

The LiCl group had a greater proportion of NB than the control group at 20 days (P < 0.05). At 30 days, the rate of TRAP-stained cells was lower in the LiCl group than in the control group (P < 0.05). At 10 days, the LiCl group presented stronger staining for OPG, BSP, OPN, and OCN, when compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Systemic LiCl enhanced extraction socket repair, stimulated an overall increase in bone formation markers, and restricted the levels of TRAP in rats.

[Research Progress in the Molecular Regulatory Mechanisms of Alveolar Bone Restoration]

Alveolar bone, the protruding portion of the maxilla and the mandible that surrounds the roots of teeth, plays an important role in tooth development, eruption, and masticatory performance. In oral inflammatory diseases, including apical periodontitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis, alveolar bone defects cause the loosening or loss of teeth, impair the masticatory function, and endanger the physical and mental health of patients. However, alveolar bone restoration is confronted with great clinical challenges due to the the complicated effect of the biological, mechanical, and chemical factors in the oral microenvironment. An in-depth understanding of the underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms will contribute to the exploration of new targets for alveolar bone restoration. Recent studies have shown that Notch, Wnt, Toll-like receptor (TLR), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways regulate the proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, periodontal ligament cells, macrophages, and adaptive immune cells, modulate the expression of inflammatory mediators, affect the balance of the receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand/receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB/osteoprotegerin (RANKL/RANK/OPG) system, and ultimately participate in alveolar bone restoration. Additionally, alveolar bone restoration involves AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Hippo/YAP, Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT), and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling pathways. However, current studies have failed to construct mature molecular regulatory networks for alveolar bone restoration. There is an urgent need for further research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of alveolar bone restoration by using new technologies such as single-cell transcriptome sequencing and spatial transcriptome sequencing.

Phage PEf771 for the Treatment of Periapical Periodontitis Induced by Enterococcus faecalis YN771

Enterococcus faecalis was the main causative bacteria of refractory periapical periodontitis (PP), there is a pressing need to explore effective methods for eradicating E. faecalis in patients with refractory PP. This study aimed to assess the anti-infective effectiveness of phage PEf771 in treating periapical inflammation in rats. We developed a rat model of PP through E. faecalis YN771 induction. Micro-computed tomography and hematoxylin-eosin staining were utilized to evaluate bone destruction and inflammation in experimental teeth for seven consecutive weeks. Subsequently, rats with PP caused by E. faecalis YN771 were treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel. The healing progress of bone defects and inflammation in the apical region was monitored over three consecutive weeks using imaging and histopathology assessments. The PP rat model was successfully developed, and bone destruction and inflammatory cell infiltration in the apical region of the experimental tooth peaked at 4 weeks. The area of bone destruction in rats treated with phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexidine gel was significantly smaller than that in the untreated group. Phage PEf771, calcium hydroxide preparation, and 2% chlorhexi-dine gel all have the effect of promoting the healing of apical lesions. Therapeutic effects of phage PEf771 on periapical inflammation infected by E. faecalis YN771 enhanced with time. Phage PEf771 promoted the healing of apical lesions, presenting a promising new approach for the treatment of refractory PP using bacteriophages.

Extensive review on breast cancer its etiology, progression, prognostic markers, and treatment

As the most frequent and vulnerable malignancy among women, breast cancer universally manifests a formidable healthcare challenge. From a biological and molecular perspective, it is a heterogenous disease and is stratified based on the etiological factors driving breast carcinogenesis. Notably, genetic predispositions and epigenetic impacts often constitute the heterogeneity of this disease. Typically, breast cancer is classified intrinsically into histological subtypes in clinical landscapes. These stratifications empower physicians to tailor precise treatments among the spectrum of breast cancer therapeutics. In this pursuit, numerous prognostic algorithms are extensively characterized, drastically changing how breast cancer is portrayed. Therefore, it is a basic requisite to comprehend the multidisciplinary rationales of breast cancer to assist the evolution of novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims at highlighting the molecular and genetic grounds of cancer additionally with therapeutic and phytotherapeutic context. Substantially, it also renders researchers with an insight into the breast cancer cell lines as a model paradigm for breast cancer research interventions.

Lithium carbonate accelerates the healing of apical periodontitis

Apical periodontitis is a disease caused by bacterial invasions through the root canals. Our previous study reported that lithium chloride (LiCl) had a healing effect on apical periodontitis. The aim of this report is to investigate the healing properties and mechanism of lithium ion (Li+) for apical periodontitis using rat root canal treatment model. 10-week-old male Wistar rat's mandibular first molars with experimentally induced apical periodontitis underwent root canal treatment and were applied lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) containing intracanal medicament. Base material of the medicament was used as a control. Subject teeth were scanned by micro-CT every week and the periapical lesion volume was evaluated. The lesion volume of Li2CO3 group was significantly smaller than that of the control group. Histological analysis showed that in Li2CO3 group, M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells were induced in the periapical lesion. In situ hybridization experiments revealed a greater expression of Col1a1 in Li2CO3 group compared with the control group. At 24 h after application of intracanal medicament, Axin2-positive cells were distributed in Li2CO3 group. In conclusion, Li2CO3 stimulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and accelerate the healing process of apical periodontitis, modulating the immune system and the bone metabolism.

Mechanisms of bone remodeling and therapeutic strategies in chronic apical periodontitis

Chronic periapical periodontitis (CAP) is a typical oral disease in which periodontal inflammation caused by an odontogenic infection eventually leads to bone loss. Uncontrolled infections often lead to extensive bone loss around the root tip, which ultimately leads to tooth loss. The main clinical issue in the treatment of periapical periodontitis is the repair of jawbone defects, and infection control is the first priority. However, the oral cavity is an open environment, and the distribution of microorganisms through the mouth in jawbone defects is inevitable. The subversion of host cell metabolism by oral microorganisms initiates disease. The presence of microorganisms stimulates a series of immune responses, which in turn stimulates bone healing. Given the above background, we intended to examine the paradoxes and connections between microorganisms and jaw defect repair in anticipation of new ideas for jaw defect repair. To this end, we reviewed the microbial factors, human signaling pathways, immune cells, and cytokines involved in the development of CAP, as well as concentrated growth factor (CGF) and stem cells in bone defect repair, with the aim of understanding the impact of microbial factors on host cell metabolism to inform the etiology and clinical management of CAP.

Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling has positive effects on osteogenesis, but can have negative effects on cementogenesis

BACKGROUND

To date, therapeutic approaches for cementum regeneration are limited and outcomes remain unpredictable. A significant barrier to improve therapies for cementum regeneration is that the cementocyte and its intracellular signal transduction mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of Wnt pathway in cementogenesis.

METHODS

The effects of canonical Wnt signaling were compared in vitro using immortalized murine cementocyte cell line IDG-CM6 and osteocyte cell line IDG-SW3 by qRT-PCR, Western blot, confocal microscopy, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay and Alizarin red S staining. In vivo, histological changes of cementum and bone formation were examined in transgenic mice in which constitutive activation of β-catenin is driven by Dmp1 promoter.

RESULTS

Expression of components of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were much greater in the IDG-SW3 cells compared to the IDG-CM6 cells resulting in much lower expression of Sost/sclerostin in the IDG-SW3 cells. In the IDG-CM6 cells, low dose Wnt3a (20 ng/ml) had a modest effect while high dose (200 ng/ml) inhibited runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osterix (Osx), ALP and osteopontin (OPN) in contrast to the IDG-SW3 cells where high dose Wnt3a dramatically increased mRNA expression of these same markers. However, high Wnt3a significantly increased mRNA for components of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in both IDG-CM6 and IDG-SW3 cells. In vivo, constitutive activation of β-catenin in the Dmp1-lineage cells in mice leads to bone hyperplasia and cementum hypoplasia.

CONCLUSION(S)

These findings indicate that Wnt signaling has distinct and different effects on the regulation of long bone as compared to cementum. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.