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Seyed-Alipour S, Alaghband-Rad J, Faraji S, Hooshyari Z, Tehranidoost M, Motamed M. Cognitive functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorder. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. ADULT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38635408 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2024.2336201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neuropsychological deficits in areas of Executive Functioning (EF), theory of mind, and central coherence have been well-documented among children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD); however, there remains a significant gap in knowledge with regards to neuropsychological profile in adults with ASD. This study aims to investigate the intellectual functioning and neuropsychological profiles of a clinical population of adults with ASD. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 40 available autistic individuals referred to an adult developmental disorders clinic at a hospital between 2021 and 2022. All participants were assessed using the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS), Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ), Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R), and Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). RESULTS Individuals with ASD exhibited lower IQ scores across all domains of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, compared to the general population, although the mean IQ scores remained within the normal range. Significant differences were observed in Full Scale IQ, Verbal IQ, Non-Verbal IQ, Fluid Reasoning, Knowledge, Quantitative Reasoning, Visual-Spatial Processing, and Working Memory compared to the general population. Additionally, autistic individuals' performance on verbal knowledge was higher compared to non-verbal knowledge. No significant correlations were found between the total and subscale scores of verbal and nonverbal IQ and AQ, RAADS-R, and SRS scores. CONCLUSION Considering the significant impacts of cognitive and executive function on the social and occupational aspects of autistic adults, further investigations in this area are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajedeh Seyed-Alipour
- Roozbeh Hospital, Faculty of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Alaghband-Rad
- Roozbeh Hospital, Faculty of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Faraji
- Roozbeh Hospital, Faculty of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hooshyari
- Ziaeian Hospital, Faculty of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tehranidoost
- Roozbeh Hospital, Faculty of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahtab Motamed
- Roozbeh Hospital, Faculty of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Justus SA, Mirjalili S, Powell PS, Duarte A. Neural reinstatement of context memory in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:8546-8556. [PMID: 37106572 PMCID: PMC10321090 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with episodic memory impairment. However, episodic memories include a variety of contextual details, and it is difficult to solely rely on behavioral data to assess how specifically (i.e. event-specific reinstatement) an event is remembered. We applied encoding-retrieval representational similarity (ERS) analysis to EEG data to assess event-specific ERS for object-context associations in a sample of 34 adults (17 with, 17 without ASD). Participants studied objects presented alongside 2 contextual features: scene/color, and attention was directed toward one object-context relationship. At retrieval, memory was assessed for the object and both contexts. Behavioral results revealed no group differences in item or context memory performance. ERS results revealed group temporal differences in reinstatement. Results may indicate differences in both encoding (i.e. fewer perceptual details) and retrieval (i.e. ineffectively skipping through memory fragments) in ASD and should be further investigated in studies modulating the perceptual detail required for memory decisions. Results highlight the utility of ERS as a methodology used to evaluate episodic reinstatement even in the absence of behavioral differences in memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidni A Justus
- Department of Psychological Science, Kennesaw State University, 402 Bartow Ave NW, Kennesaw, GA 30144, United States
| | - Soroush Mirjalili
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Patrick S Powell
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta GA 30333, United States
| | - Audrey Duarte
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, 108 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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Yue X, Shen Y, Li Y, Zhang G, Li X, Wei W, Bai Y, Shang Y, Xie J, Luo Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang M. Regional Dynamic Neuroimaging Changes of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Neuroscience 2023:S0306-4522(23)00182-3. [PMID: 37270101 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Most neuroimaging studies investigating autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have focused on static brain function, but ignored the dynamic features of spontaneous brain activities in the temporal dimension. Research of dynamic brain regional activities might help to fully investigate the mechanisms of ASD patients. This study aimed to examine potential changes in the dynamic characteristics of regional neural activities in adult ASD patients and to detect whether the changes were associated with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) scores. Resting-state functional MRI was obtained on 77 adult ASD patients and 76 healthy controls. The dynamic regional homogeneity (dReHo) and dynamic amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (dALFF) were compared between the two groups. Correlation analyses were also performed between dReHo and dALFF in areas showing group differences and ADOS scores. In ASD group, significant differences in dReHo were observed in the left middle temporal gyrus (MTG.L). Besides, we found increased dALFF in the left middle occipital gyrus (MOG.L), left superior parietal gyrus (SPG.L), left precuneus (PCUN.L), left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG.L), and right inferior frontal gyrus, orbital part (ORBinf.R). Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was found between dALFF in the PCUN.L and the ADOS_TOTAL scores, ADOS_SOCIAL scores; the dALFF in the ITG.L, SPG.L was positively associated with ADOS_SOCIAL scores. In conclusion, adults with ASD have a wide area of dynamic regional brain function abnormalities. These suggested that dynamic regional indexes might be used as a powerful measure to help us obtain a more comprehensive understanding of neural activity in adult ASD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipeng Yue
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yu Shen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Xinxiang Medical University & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou & Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yue Shang
- UCLA Health, State of California, USA
| | - Jiapei Xie
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | | | - Meiyun Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Zhengzhou University People's Hospital & Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China; Laboratory of Brain Science and Brain-Like Intelligence Technology, Institute for Integrated Medical Science and Engineering, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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Abnormal Dynamic Functional Network Connectivity in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Clin Neuroradiol 2022; 32:1087-1096. [PMID: 35543744 DOI: 10.1007/s00062-022-01173-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study sought to explore changes of brain dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and investigate their relationship with clinical manifestations. METHODS Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were acquired from 78 adult ASD patients from autism brain imaging data exchange datasets, and 65 age-matched healthy controls subjects from the local community. Independent component analysis was conducted to evaluate dFNC patterns on the basis of 13 independent components (ICs) within 11 resting-state networks (RSN), namely, auditory network (AUDN), basal ganglia network (BGN), language network (LN), sensorimotor network (SMN), precuneus network (PUCN), salience network (SN), visuospatial network (VSN), dorsal default mode network (dDMN), high visual network (hVIS), primary visual network (pVIS), ventral default mode network (vDMN). Fraction time, mean dwell time, number of transitions, and RSN connectivity were calculated for group comparisons. Correlation analyses were performed between abnormal metrics and autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS) scores. RESULTS Compared with controls, ASD patients had higher fraction time and mean dwell time in state 2 (P = 0.017, P = 0.014). Reduced dFNC was found in the SMN with PUCN, SMN with hVIS, and increased dFNC was observed in the dDMN with SN in state 2 in the ASD group. Fraction time and mean dwell time was positively correlated with stereotyped behavior scores of ADOS. CONCLUSION The findings demonstrated the importance of evaluating transient alterations in specific neural networks of adult ASD patients. The abnormal metrics and connectivity may be related to symptoms such as stereotyped behavior.
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Diachenko I, Kalishchuk S, Zhylin M, Kyyko A, Volkova Y. Color Education: A Study on Methods of Influence on Memory. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11607. [PMID: 36411932 PMCID: PMC9674548 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the mechanisms and expertise of color-based method implementation in a present-day academic process and different forms of learning. This study aimed to identify the effectiveness of color education in the study of the humanities (history of Ukraine) for medical students. The research methodology included structural and logical methods, questionnaire methods, observations, and descriptive and statistical methods. The research results include an identified system of effective parameters, forms, and techniques of color education used in the academic process as well as its impact on the quality of education services provided under blended learning conditions. The color-coding culture parameter color-coding culture of important text segments ranked first among the seven techniques to activate mental activity and memory retention intensification. Color coding has become medical students' most effective method of remembering information. Color-based methods in the teaching of humanities are an effective method for improving the quality of students' learning and allow for better memorization of learning materials, especially in distance learning environments. Prospects for introducing pedagogical innovations in higher education include improving and developing educational materials using color effects to improve student perceptions. The research can be applied to the educational process for students of various specialties and the study of different disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Diachenko
- Department of Natural and Social and Humanities Disciplines, “Zhytomyr Medical Institute” of Zhytomyr Regional Council, Zhytomyr, Ukraine
- Corresponding author.
| | - Svitlana Kalishchuk
- Psychology of Personality and Social Practices Department, Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mykhailo Zhylin
- Department of Practical Psychology, Odesa National Maritime University, Odesa, Ukraine
| | - Andriy Kyyko
- Department of Olympic and Professional Sports, Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuliya Volkova
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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The Distinctive Pattern of Declarative Memories in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Further Evidence of Episodic Memory Constraints. J Autism Dev Disord 2022:10.1007/s10803-022-05579-y. [PMID: 35616819 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05579-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examines declarative memory retrieval in ASD depending on the availability and access to stored conceptual knowledge. Fifteen autistic participants and a matched control group of 18 typically-developed (TD) volunteers completed a Remember-Know paradigm manipulated by encoding-type (categorical, perceptual) and item-typicality (high-typical, low-typical). The autistic group showed worse and slower recognition and less recollection but equivalent familiarity-based memories compared to TDs. Notably, low-typical items did not improve their memories as they did for TDs, likely due to difficulties in matching low-fit information to the stored schema. Results suggest that memory decline in ASD may derive from the episodic system and its dynamics with the semantic system. These findings may inform interventional strategies for enhancing learning abilities in ASD.
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