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Kolb AJ, Corridon P, Ullah M, Pfaffenberger ZJ, Xu WM, Winfree S, Sandoval RH, Hato T, Witzmann FA, Mohallem R, Franco J, Aryal UK, Atkinson SJ, Basile DP, Bacallao RL. Sulfotransferase 1C2 Increases Mitochondrial Respiration by Converting Mitochondrial Membrane Cholesterol to Cholesterol Sulfate. Biochemistry 2024. [PMID: 39194960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS In this communication, we test the hypothesis that sulfotransferase 1C2 (SULT1C2, UniProt accession no. Q9WUW8) can modulate mitochondrial respiration by increasing state-III respiration. METHODS AND RESULTS Using freshly isolated mitochondria, the addition of SULT1C2 and 3-phosphoadenosine 5 phosphosulfate (PAPS) results in an increased maximal respiratory capacity in response to the addition of succinate, ADP, and rotenone. Lipidomics and thin-layer chromatography of mitochondria treated with SULT1C2 and PAPS showed an increase in the level of cholesterol sulfate. Notably, adding cholesterol sulfate at nanomolar concentration to freshly isolated mitochondria also increases maximal respiratory capacity. In vivo studies utilizing gene delivery of SULT1C2 expression plasmids to kidneys result in increased mitochondrial membrane potential and confer resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mitochondria isolated from gene-transduced kidneys have elevated state-III respiration as compared with controls, thereby recapitulating results obtained with mitochondrial fractions treated with SULT1C2 and PAPS. CONCLUSION SULT1C2 increases mitochondrial respiratory capacity by modifying cholesterol, resulting in increased membrane potential and maximal respiratory capacity. This finding uncovers a unique role of SULT1C2 in cellular physiology and extends the role of sulfotransferases in modulating cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Kolb
- Department of Biology, School of Science, Indiana University-Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Peter Corridon
- Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahbub Ullah
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | | | - Wei Min Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Ruben H Sandoval
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Takeshi Hato
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Frank A Witzmann
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Rodrigo Mohallem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Uma K Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Biosciences Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Simon J Atkinson
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David P Basile
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Robert L Bacallao
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
- Division of Nephrology, Richard Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
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van Waardenburg RCAM, Falany CN. Sulfotransferase 4A1 Coding Sequence and Protein Structure Are Highly Conserved in Vertebrates. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:914. [PMID: 39062693 PMCID: PMC11275347 DOI: 10.3390/genes15070914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) are Phase 2 drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of sulfonate to endogenous and xenobiotic compounds, increasing their hydrophilicity and excretion from cells. To date, 13 human SULTs have been identified and classified into five families. SULT4A1 mRNA encodes two variants: (1) the wild type, encoding a 284 amino acid, ~33 kDa protein, and (2) an alternative spliced variant resulting from a 126 bp insert between exon 6 and 7, which introduces a premature stop codon that enhances nonsense-mediated decay. SULT4A1 is classified as an SULT based on sequence and structural similarities, including PAPS-domains, active-site His, and the dimerization domain; however, the catalytic pocket lid 'Loop 3' size is not conserved. SULT4A1 is uniquely expressed in the brain and localized in the cytosol and mitochondria. SULT4A1 is highly conserved, with rare intronic polymorphisms that have no outward manifestations. However, the SULT4A1 haplotype is correlated with Phelan-McDermid syndrome and schizophrenia. SULT4A1 knockdown revealed potential SULT4A1 functions in photoreceptor signaling and knockout mice display hampered neuronal development and behavior. Mouse and yeast models revealed that SULT4A1 protects the mitochondria from endogenously and exogenously induced oxidative stress and stimulates cell division, promoting dendritic spines' formation and synaptic transmission. To date, no physiological enzymatic activity has been associated with SULT4A1.
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Brettrager EJ, Frederick AJ, van Waardenburg RC. Zymolyase Treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Affects Cellular Proteins and Degrades Tyrosyl-DNA Phosphodiesterase I. DNA Cell Biol 2024; 43:353-361. [PMID: 38682313 PMCID: PMC11322624 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2024.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a genetically tractable, affordable, and extensively documented eukaryotic single-cell model organism. This budding yeast is amenable for the development of genetic and biochemical experiments and is frequently used to investigate the function, activity, and mechanism of mammalian proteins. However, yeast contains a cell wall that hinders select assays including organelle isolation. Lytic enzymes, with Zymolyase as the most effective and frequently used tool, are utilized to weaken the yeast cell wall resulting in yeast spheroplasts. Spheroplasts are easily lysed by, for example, osmotic-shock conditions to isolate yeast nuclei or mitochondria. However, during our studies of the DNA repair enzyme tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1), we encountered a negative effect of Zymolyase. We observed that Zymolyase treatment affected the steady-state protein levels of Tdp1. This was revealed by inconsistencies in technical and biological replicate lysates of plasmid-born galactose-induced expression of Tdp1. This off-target effect of Zymolyase is rarely discussed in articles and affects a select number of intracellular proteins, including transcription factors and assays such as chromatin immunoprecipitations. Following extensive troubleshooting, we concluded that the culprit is the Ser-protease, Zymolyase B, component of the Zymolyase enzyme mixture that causes the degradation of Tdp1. In this study, we report the protocols we have used, and our final protocol with an easy, affordable adaptation to any assay/protocol involving Zymolyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J. Brettrager
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Aaron J. Frederick
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Dong L, Yu J, Wang H, Yue X, Liu B. Transcriptomic insights into vibrio-induced mortality in the clam Meretrix petechialis under high temperature. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101226. [PMID: 38522379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate the mortality of the clam Meretrix petechialis facing a vibrio challenge under different temperatures and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Our experiment distinctly revealed that clam mortality was predominantly observed under high temperature, highlighting the critical impact of thermal stress on clam susceptibility to infection. Using RNA-seq, we further compared the global transcriptional response to vibrio in clam gills between high and low temperatures. Compared to other groups, the differentially expressed genes in vibrio-challenged group at high temperature associated with immunity, oxidative stress, and membrane transport. Key results show a weakened immune response in clams at high temperature, especially in the TNF signaling pathway, and a decrease in membrane transport efficiency, notably in SLC proteins. Additionally, high temperature enhanced pro-inflammatory related unsaturated fatty acid metabolism, leading to increased oxidative damage. This was further evidenced by our biochemical assays, which showed significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation in clams at high temperature, indicating heightened oxidative damage. RT-PCR validation of selected DEGs corroborated the RNA-seq findings. Our findings contribute to the understanding of more frequent shellfish mortality in summer, emphasizing the role of temperature in pathogen response, elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic effect of pathogen and high temperature stresses. The key genes identified provide potential targets for resistance-assisted breeding. This research has significant implications for bivalve aquaculture and their physiology, particularly in light of global climate changes affecting marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiajia Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xin Yue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Baozhong Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
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Duffel MW. Cytosolic sulfotransferases in endocrine disruption. Essays Biochem 2024:EBC20230101. [PMID: 38699885 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20230101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of endocrine hormones as well as a broad array of drugs, environmental chemicals, and other xenobiotics. Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) interact with these SULTs as substrates and inhibitors, and thereby alter sulfation reactions responsible for metabolism and regulation of endocrine hormones such as estrogens and thyroid hormones. EDCs or their metabolites may also regulate expression of SULTs through direct interaction with nuclear receptors and other transcription factors. Moreover, some sulfate esters derived from EDCs (EDC-sulfates) may serve as ligands for endocrine hormone receptors. While the sulfation of an EDC can lead to its excretion in the urine or bile, it may also result in retention of the EDC-sulfate through its reversible binding to serum proteins and thereby enable transport to other tissues for intracellular hydrolysis and subsequent endocrine disruption. This mini-review outlines the potential roles of SULTs and sulfation in the effects of EDCs and our evolving understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, U.S.A
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Salman M, Stayton AS, Parveen K, Parveen A, Puchowicz MA, Parvez S, Bajwa A, Ishrat T. Intranasal Delivery of Mitochondria Attenuates Brain Injury by AMPK and SIRT1/PGC-1α Pathways in a Murine Model of Photothrombotic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2822-2838. [PMID: 37946007 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03739-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mitochondria play a vital role in the pathological processes of cerebral ischemic injury, but its transplantation and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of mitochondrial therapy on the modulation of AMPK and SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, oxidative stress, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation after photothrombotic ischemic stroke (pt-MCAO). The adult male mice were subjected to the pt-MCAO in which the proximal-middle cerebral artery was exposed with a 532-nm laser beam for 4 min by retro-orbital injection of a photosensitive dye (Rose Bengal: 15 mg/kg) before the laser light exposure and isolated mitochondria (100 μg protein) were administered intranasally at 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h following post-stroke. After 72 h, mice were tested for neurobehavioral outcomes and euthanized for infarct volume, brain edema, and molecular analysis. First, we found that mitochondria therapy significantly decreased brain infarct volume and brain edema, improved neurological dysfunction, attenuated ischemic stroke-induced oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Second, mitochondria treatment inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Finally, mitochondria therapy accelerated p-AMPKα(Thr172) and PGC-1α expression and resorted SIRT1 protein expression levels in pt-MCAO mice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that mitochondria therapy exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting oxidative damage and inflammation, mainly dependent on the heightening activation of the AMPK and SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Thus, intranasal delivery of mitochondria might be considered a new therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Salman
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-228, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Amanda S Stayton
- Transplant Research Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S Manassas St, Room 418H, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA
| | - Kehkashan Parveen
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Arshi Parveen
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Michelle A Puchowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Amandeep Bajwa
- Transplant Research Institute, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S Manassas St, Room 418H, Memphis, TN, 38103, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Genomics, and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Tauheed Ishrat
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 875 Monroe Avenue, Wittenborg Bldg, Room-231, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Neuroscience Institute, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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Kurogi K, Suiko M, Sakakibara Y. Evolution and multiple functions of sulfonation and cytosolic sulfotransferases across species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:368-380. [PMID: 38271594 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Organisms have conversion systems for sulfate ion to take advantage of the chemical features. The use of biologically converted sulfonucleotides varies in an evolutionary manner, with the universal use being that of sulfonate donors. Sulfotransferases have the ability to transfer the sulfonate group of 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to a variety of molecules. Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) play a role in the metabolism of low-molecular-weight compounds in response to the host organism's living environment. This review will address the diverse functions of the SULT in evolution, including recent findings. In addition to the diversity of vertebrate sulfotransferases, the molecular aspects and recent studies on bacterial and plant sulfotransferases are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
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Duffel MW, Lehmler HJ. Complex roles for sulfation in the toxicities of polychlorinated biphenyls. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:92-122. [PMID: 38363552 PMCID: PMC11067068 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2311270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic toxicants derived from legacy pollution sources and their formation as inadvertent byproducts of some current manufacturing processes. Metabolism of PCBs is often a critical component in their toxicity, and relevant metabolic pathways usually include their initial oxidation to form hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs). Subsequent sulfation of OH-PCBs was originally thought to be primarily a means of detoxication; however, there is strong evidence that it may also contribute to toxicities associated with PCBs and OH-PCBs. These contributions include either the direct interaction of PCB sulfates with receptors or their serving as a localized precursor for OH-PCBs. The formation of PCB sulfates is catalyzed by cytosolic sulfotransferases, and, when transported into the serum, these metabolites may be retained, taken up by other tissues, and subjected to hydrolysis catalyzed by intracellular sulfatase(s) to regenerate OH-PCBs. Dynamic cycling between PCB sulfates and OH-PCBs may lead to further metabolic activation of the resulting OH-PCBs. Ultimate toxic endpoints of such processes may include endocrine disruption, neurotoxicities, and many others that are associated with exposures to PCBs and OH-PCBs. This review highlights the current understanding of the complex roles that PCB sulfates can have in the toxicities of PCBs and OH-PCBs and research on the varied mechanisms that control these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W. Duffel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Lehmler
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, 52242, United States
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Falany CN, Garcia PL, Hossain MI, van Waardenburg RCAM. Human cytosolic steroid sulfotransferases: Versatile and rapid activity assays. Methods Enzymol 2023; 689:332-352. [PMID: 37802577 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2023.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Conjugation of steroids and sterol compounds with a sulfonate group is a major pathway in the regulation of their activity, synthesis and excretion. Three human cytosolic sulfotransferases are highly involved in the sulfonation of sterol compounds. SULT1E1 has a low nM affinity for estrogen sulfonation and also conjugates non-aromatic steroids with a significantly lower affinity. SULT2A1 is responsible for the high levels of fetal and adult dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfate synthesis in the adrenal gland as well as many 3α and 3ß-hydroxysteroids and bile acids. SULT2B1b is responsible for the majority of cholesterol sulfation in tissues as well as conjugating 3ß-hydroxysteroids. Although there are multiple methods for assaying cytosolic SULT activity, two relatively simple, rapid and versatile assays for steroid sulfonation are described. The first method utilizes radiolabeled substrates and organic solvent extraction to isolate the radiolabeled product from the aqueous phase. The second assay utilizes 35S-3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to generate 35S-conjugated products that are resolved by thin layer chromatography. Both assays useful in situations requiring measurement of SULT activity in a timely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Patrick L Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert C A M van Waardenburg
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Volker Hall, University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL, United States
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