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Arteaga-Troncoso G, Luna-Alvarez M, Hernández-Andrade L, Jiménez-Estrada JM, Sánchez-Cordero V, Botello F, Montes de Oca-Jiménez R, López-Hurtado M, Guerra-Infante FM. Modelling the Unidentified Abortion Burden from Four Infectious Pathogenic Microorganisms ( Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, Brucella ovis, and Chlamydia abortus) in Ewes Based on Artificial Neural Networks Approach: The Epidemiological Basis for a Control Policy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2955. [PMID: 37760355 PMCID: PMC10525082 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Unidentified abortion, of which leptospirosis, brucellosis, and ovine enzootic abortion are important factors, is the main cause of disease spread between animals and humans in all agricultural systems in most developing countries. Although there are well-defined risk factors for these diseases, these characteristics do not represent the prevalence of the disease in different regions. This study predicts the unidentified abortion burden from multi-microorganisms in ewes based on an artificial neural networks approach and the GLM. METHODS A two-stage cluster survey design was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of abortifacient microorganisms and to identify putative factors of infectious abortion. RESULTS The overall seroprevalence of Brucella was 70.7%, while Leptospira spp. was 55.2%, C. abortus was 21.9%, and B. ovis was 7.4%. Serological detection with four abortion-causing microorganisms was determined only in 0.87% of sheep sampled. The best GLM is integrated via serological detection of serovar Hardjo and Brucella ovis in animals of the slopes with elevation between 2600 and 2800 meters above sea level from the municipality of Xalatlaco. Other covariates included in the GLM, such as the sheep pen built with materials of metal grids and untreated wood, dirt and concrete floors, bed of straw, and the well water supply were also remained independently associated with infectious abortion. Approximately 80% of those respondents did not wear gloves or masks to prevent the transmission of the abortifacient zoonotic microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS Sensitizing stakeholders on good agricultural practices could improve public health surveillance. Further studies on the effect of animal-human transmission in such a setting is worthwhile to further support the One Health initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Arteaga-Troncoso
- Department of Cellular Biology and Development, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de Mexico 11000, Mexico;
- Military School of Health Officers, University of the Mexican Army and Air Force, SEDENA, Ciudad de Mexico 11650, Mexico
| | - Miguel Luna-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Leptospirosis, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health, and Food Safety (CENID-SAI, INIFAP), Ciudad de Mexico 05110, Mexico;
| | - Laura Hernández-Andrade
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Centre for Disciplinary Research in Animal Health, and Food Safety (CENID-SAI, INIFAP), Ciudad de Mexico 05110, Mexico;
| | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Cordero
- Department of Zoology and National Pavilion of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (V.S.-C.); (F.B.)
| | - Francisco Botello
- Department of Zoology and National Pavilion of Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico; (V.S.-C.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Marcela López-Hurtado
- Department of Infectology and Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de Mexico 11000, Mexico;
| | - Fernando M. Guerra-Infante
- Department of Infectology and Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Ciudad de Mexico 11000, Mexico;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Escuela Superior de Ciencias Biológicas, IPN, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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Pires BC, Dos Santos JBF, de Almeida Ferreira Dos Santos JP, Silva DM, Dos Reis TFM, Cuccato LP, Ciuffa AZ, Rezende LM, Ribeiro RAC, Lima AMC. Occurrence of serological reactions for Leptospira spp. in donkeys and mules from Minas Gerais, Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:258. [PMID: 37400748 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Research concerning leptospirosis in donkeys and mules has been neglected around the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological situation of the prevalence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in donkeys and mules from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Blood serum samples were collected from 180 animals (109 donkeys and 71 mules) in two rural properties from the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and then submitted to a microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Urea and creatinine values were also quantified. Epidemiological variables such as age, breeding system, contact with other animal species, source of water and food, vaccination against leptospirosis, presence of reproductive alterations, and rodent control were also investigated. From 180 samples collected, 39 (21.67%) showed positive results in the MAT, at a dilution ≥ 1:100. Some animals were reactive for more than one serovar. The serovar Tarassovi was the most frequent (14.07%), followed by Hardjo (11.85%) and Wolffi (11.11%). There was a statistically significant difference between animals from 0 to 3 years of age reactive in the MAT in comparison to the other age groups. Most of the animals had urea and creatinine concentrations within the acceptable reference limit; however, there was a significant increase in creatinine levels in some of the test animals. The studied properties showed differences in some epidemiological aspects such as vaccination of the animals, presence of reproductive problems in the herd, and rodent control. Such aspects pointed as risk factors that may influence the frequency of positive serological results in property 1. The present study demonstrated that the prevalence of leptospirosis in donkeys and mules is high and several serovars are being maintained by these animals, representing a potential public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cabral Pires
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - João Paulo de Almeida Ferreira Dos Santos
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Danilo Mundim Silva
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Martins Dos Reis
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Lígia Pinho Cuccato
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Andreia Zago Ciuffa
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Laís Miguel Rezende
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Rosanne Aparecida Capanema Ribeiro
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
| | - Anna Monteiro Correia Lima
- Laboratory of infectious disease, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Street Ceará, Block 2D, room 33, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, 38405-315, Brazil
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Eves C, Kjelsø C, Benedetti G, Jørgensen CS, Krogfelt KA. Trends in human leptospirosis in Denmark, 2012-2021. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1079946. [PMID: 36860988 PMCID: PMC9968856 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1079946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic bacterial infection that can cause influenza-like symptoms and severe disease. In Denmark, leptospirosis is rare, non-endemic, and most commonly transferred to humans from mice and rats. Cases of human leptospirosis in Denmark are by law notifiable to Statens Serum Institut. This study aimed to describe trends in incidence of leptospirosis in Denmark from 2012 to 2021. Descriptive analyses were used to calculate the incidence, geographical distribution and possible routes of infection, as well as testing capacity and serological trends. The overall incidence rate was 0.23 per 100,000 inhabitants, with the highest annual incidence of 24 cases in 2017. Men between 40-49 years old were the demographic group most commonly diagnosed with leptospirosis. August and September were the months with highest incidence over the entire study period. The most common serovar observed was Icterohaemorrhagiae, although over a third of cases were diagnosed via polymerase chain reaction alone. The most common sources of exposure reported were travel abroad, farming, and recreational contact with fresh water, the latter being a new exposure compared to previous studies. Overall, a One Health approach would ensure better detection of outbreaks and milder disease. Additionally, preventative measures should be expanded to include recreational water sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Eves
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,*Correspondence: Caroline Eves,
| | - Charlotte Kjelsø
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Guido Benedetti
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Sværke Jørgensen
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Virus and Microbiological Special Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Science and Environment, PandemiX Center, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Azócar-Aedo L. Basic Aspects and Epidemiological Studies on Leptospirosis Carried Out in Animals in Chile: A Bibliographic Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8020097. [PMID: 36828513 PMCID: PMC9964289 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8020097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an important zoonosis worldwide. This disease affects numerous animal species, some of them are classified as "maintenance hosts", and others are categorized as "incidental hosts". Humans are at risk of becoming infected by having contact with domestic and wild animals. In this paper, general aspects of the etiology and transmission of leptospirosis are addressed, data regarding the clinical presentation of the pathology in humans and animals are also presented, and the results of some epidemiological studies on leptospirosis carried out in Chile in different animal species and humans are summarized through a bibliographic review of the literature. The research on domestic canines and horses stands out in terms of their number in the country, with prevalences between 12.0% and 59.1% in dogs and from 23.3% to 65.4% in equids. Studies have been performed on domestic felines in recent years with frequencies ranging from 3.0% to 25.2%, as well as on wild animals (mainly in mammals). In pigs, cattle, sheep, and goats, the information is scarce, with little updated research dating back several decades and variable prevalence rates, which are generally high, except for in sheep. Leptospirosis is a disease of varied etiology in terms of infecting species, serovars and serogroups, which influences its epidemiology, and its prevalence is variable in different animals. An increase in the awareness given to this pathology in human and veterinary public health is required, as well as more scientific studies in Chile, to update the existing knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Azócar-Aedo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Naturaleza, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede De La Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
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Galvão CMMDQ, Oliveira PRFD, Cavalcanti ALDA, Nogueira DB, Azevedo SSD, Ramos RADN, Mota RA. Occurrence of IgG antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. in goats and sheep from an indigenous village in Pernambuco, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e000423. [PMID: 37132735 PMCID: PMC10153490 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the occurrence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Leptospira spp. antibodies in sheep and goats raised in villages of the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous community, Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of 180 serum samples from sheep and 108 serum samples from goats of both sexes and different ages were analyzed. For antibody research, indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) were used for the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum, and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for Leptospira spp., with a cutoff titer of 1:64, 1:50 and 1:100, respectively. The frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies was 16.6% (30/180) for sheep and 11.1% (12/108) for goats. The frequency of anti-N. caninum antibodies was 10.55% (19/180) for sheep, and 20.37% (22/108) for goats, while for Leptospira spp., 2.2% (4/180) of sheep and 1.85% (2/108) of goats reacted positively. The results obtained in this study are unprecedented in indigenous communities in the country and serve as an alert for monitoring goats and sheep from the Xukuru do Ororubá indigenous village regarding the occurrence and productive impact of infections by T. gondii, N. caninum, and Leptospira spp., in addition to the occurrence of the zoonosis toxoplasmosis and leptospirosis in the indigenous community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Denise Batista Nogueira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Sérgio Santos de Azevedo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Campina Grande - UFCG, Patos, PB, Brasil
| | | | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Ocular leptospirosis: lack of awareness among ophthalmologists and challenges in diagnosis. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2022; 33:532-542. [DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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