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Branquinho L, de França E, Teixeira JE, Titton A, Leite de Barros LF, Campos P, Marinho DA, Forte P, Caperuto EC, Thomatieli dos Santos RV, Ferraz R. Identifying the ideal weekly training load for in-game performance in an elite Brazilian soccer team. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1341791. [PMID: 38505708 PMCID: PMC10948442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1341791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ideal training load to be applied during periods of fixture congestion to ensure an adequate dose-response effect for performance maintenance. Methods: Match performance data and corresponding pre-match training load sessions (both N = 498 match performance cases and training-block session cases) were collected (with the catapult system, VECTOR7) from 36 male professional soccer players (23.5 ± 5.2 years; 178 ± 4 cm; 75.5 ± 6.0 kg) belonging to the Brazilian First Division team during the 2022 season. The following data were collected in match and training sessions: jump, acceleration, deceleration, and change of direction (COD); running distance producing metabolic power at different intensities (>20, >20-35, >35-45, >45-55, and >55 W kg-1), total distance (m), relative distance (m/min), running distance at different speeds (>20, >25, and >30 km/h), number of sprints (running >25 km/h), and maximum speed (km/h). Mixed linear model (MLM), decision tree regression (DTR), and cluster K means model (SPSS v.26) approach were performed to identify the most critical variables (and their respective load) in the training sessions that could explain the athlete's match performance. Results: MLM and DTR regression show that training load significantly affects game performance in a specific way. According to the present data, an interference phenomenon can occur when a high load of two different skills (running in a straight line vs COD, deceleration, and jumping) is applied in the same training block of the week. The cluster approach, followed by a chi-squared test, identified significant associations between training load and athlete match performance in a dose-dependent manner. Discussion: The high load values described here have a beneficial effect on match performance, despite the interference between stimuli discussed above. We present a positive training load from a congested season from the Brazilian First Division team. The study suggests that an interference effect occurs when high physical training loads are applied to different specific physical skills throughout the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Branquinho
- Agrarian School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, Portalegre, Portugal
- CI-ISCE–ISCE Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elias de França
- Department of Biosciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José E. Teixeira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Sport Department, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
| | | | | | | | - Daniel A. Marinho
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- CI-ISCE–ISCE Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- Sport Sciences and Physical Education Department, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
- Sport Department, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Bragança, Portugal
| | | | | | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Covilhã, Portugal
- University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Marín K, Castellano J. Two periodization strategies in professional football and their influence on accumulated training load and its distribution: Differences between starters and non-starters. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2201-2208. [PMID: 38377010 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2318061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
This study compared weekly training-load (TL), training-monotony (TM), and training-strain (TS) in 80 professional football players (28.1 ± 3.2 yrs, 78.0 ± 5.9 kg, and 182.0 ± 4.8 cm), considering two lengths (6 and 7 days between matches), two types of periodization strategies (placing the compensatory session in MD+1 [P1] or MD+2 [P2] post-match-day) and two players' status, starters, and non-starters. Using Global Positioning Technology, the monitored variables were: Player Load (PL), Total Distance (TD), distances at various speeds (>21 [HSR], >24 [VHSR], and > 27 [SPR] km·h-1), number of accelerations (>2 m·s-2, ACC), and decelerations (<-2 m·s-2, DEC). Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney non-parametric statistical tests were used for loading strategy differences. In both lengths and periodization strategies of the micro-cycles, non-starters trained more than starters. There were differences in the quantity (TL) and distribution (TM and TS) demand considering the micro-cycle's length and periodization strategy. In MD+1 (P1), non-starters accumulated higher TL, showing moderate to large Cohen's d magnitudes in HSR, VHSR, SPR, PL, and TD. For starters, training in MD+2 (P2) resulted in higher values (p < 0.05) of TL, TM and TS. The coaching staff needs to anticipate TL, TM, and TS by considering players' status, periodization strategy, and the number of training sessions between matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Marín
- GIKAFIT Research Group, Physical Education and Sport Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- GIKAFIT Research Group, Physical Education and Sport Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Nobari H, Alijanpour N, Talvari A, Oliveira R. Effects of different training schedules based on distance and accelerometry measures: A full-season case study in professional soccer players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10193. [PMID: 37353563 PMCID: PMC10290058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate external load based on distance and accelerometry measures in six different microcycle schedules with congested (CW2, CW3, and CW4) and regular weeks (RW4, RW5, and RW6) in professional soccer players. Twelve Iranian First League players (age: 28.2 ± 3.8 years; body mass: 77.92 ± 4.72 kg, and height: 183.2 ± 0.06 cm) participated in this study. A GPSPORTS system was used to collect training/match durations, total distance, distance covered at different speeds, number of accelerations, delecelerations and body load over 29 weeks, 40 matches, and 121 training sessions. Data were analysed by weekly mean and accumulated weekly values. The results showed a tendency for higher values in CWs than RWs. Regarding mean total distance, RW4 and RW5 presented lower values with very large effect size than CW2 (all, p < 0.05). The mean distance covered between 16 and 23 km/h showed that all RWs presented significantly lower values than all CWs (p < 0.05 with considerable effect size). In addition, mean acceleration values at < 2 m/s2 showed significantly lower values than all CWs (p < 0.05 with a very large effect size). Therefore, it is recommended to coaches pay special attention to players who participate in matches to reduce fatigue and improve the performance of professional soccer players. Ensuring recovery mechanisms are in place to minimize the external load is recommended. Coaches arrange practice sessions for non-starters who do not experience similar external loads compared to starters to prepare them for potential competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Nader Alijanpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, 18010, Granada, Spain
| | - Amirhossein Talvari
- Department of Health and Sport Medicine, Faculty of Sports Siences, University of Tehran, 1417935840, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
- Research Center in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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Congested Period in Professional Youth Soccer Players Showed a Different High Decelerations Profile in the Group Performance and a Specific Positional Behaviour. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040108. [PMID: 36547654 PMCID: PMC9781980 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Present soccer demands are increasing in terms of running requirements and the number of matches until youth soccer players experience several periods of fixture congestion during the season. Currently, congested periods have not been extensively studied in this population. For this reason, this study aimed to compare the running demands of professional youth soccer players in congested periods according to their specific playing positions. Twenty youth players were grouped according to their position: Central Defenders (CD), Fullbacks (FB), Midfielders (MF), Wide Midfielders (WM) and Strikers (ST). A GPS system was used to monitor the players during the first (M1), second (M2) and third (M3) matches played during a congested period, measuring their total distance covered (TDC), DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, DC 21.0−23.9 km·h−1, DC > 24.0 km·h−1, number of high accelerations (>2.5 m·s−2), number of high decelerations (<2.5 m·s−2) and peak speed (km·h−1). M1, M2 and M3 showed the same TDC, DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, DC 21.0−23.9 km·h−1, DC > 24.0 km·h−1, number of high accelerations, and peak speed (p > 0.05). The statistical analysis showed significant differences between M1, M2 and M3 in the decelerations recorded between M1 and M3 (p < 0.05). Likewise, each position showed specific behaviours during the congested period, with all showing at least one difference in DC 18.0−20.9 km·h−1, 21.0−23.9 km·h−1 or >24.0 km·h−1 between M1, M2 and M3 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, coaches should pay attention to the fatigue produced by the number of high decelerations. Secondly, an individualized training protocol should be considered according to the running requirements of each position when youth professional soccer players are involved in a congested period.
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Within-week differences in external training load demands in elite volleyball players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:188. [PMID: 36320067 PMCID: PMC9628072 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the within-week differences in external training intensity in different microcycles considering different playing positions in women elite volleyball players. Methods The training and match data were collected during the 2020–2021 season, which included 10 friendly matches, 41 league matches and 11 champions league matches. The players’ position, training/match duration, training/match load, local positioning system (LPS) total distance, LPS jumps, accelerations, decelerations, high metabolic load distance (HMLD), acute and chronic (AC) mean and AC ratio calculated with the rolling average (RA) method and the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) method, monotony and strain values were analyzed. Results All the variables except strain, Acc/Dec ratio and acute mean (RA) showed significant differences among distance to match days. Regarding the players’ positions, the only difference was found in the AC ratio (EWMA); in all microcycles, the middle blocker player showed workload values when compared with the left hitter, setter and libero. Conclusion Overall, the analysis revealed that the intensity of all performance indicators, except for strain, acc/dec and acute mean load (RA), showed significant differences among distance to match day with moderate to large effect sizes. When comparing players’ positions, the middle blocker accumulated the lowest loads. There were no significant differences among other positions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13102-022-00568-1.
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Barreira J, Nakamura FY, Ferreira R, Pereira J, Aquino R, Figueiredo P. Season Match Loads of a Portuguese Under-23 Soccer Team: Differences between Different Starting Statuses throughout the Season and Specific Periods within the Season Using Global Positioning Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22176379. [PMID: 36080835 PMCID: PMC9460033 DOI: 10.3390/s22176379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to quantify the external match loads (EMLs) of a Portuguese u-23 soccer team, competing at the highest national level for the age group, comparing players with different starting status throughout a competitive season and specific blocks. Thirty-five outfield soccer players were split into three groups for the entire season analysis and for each 3-month block, based on the percentage of games played as a starter. The three groups consisted of “starters” (≥55% of the games as a starter), “fringe” (30−54%), and “non-starters” (<30%). EMLs were recorded using 10 Hz GPS technology throughout the whole season (26 matches). Differences (p < 0.05) were found for total distance (TD), exposure time, and the number of accelerations and decelerations between starters and non-starters throughout the season (d = 0.73 to 1.08), and within each block (d = 0.59 to 1.68). Differences were also found between starters and fringe players for the number of accelerations in Block 2 (p = 0.03; d = 0.69), and TD (p = 0.006; d = 1) and exposure time (p = 0.006; d = 0.95) in Block 3. Differences in the EML were almost always accompanied by large differences in game time. Our results highlight the differences in the EML of starters and non-starters, emphasizing the need for compensatory training, especially with players that obtain significantly less playing time, to prepare the players for match demands (e.g., high-intensity efforts such as sprinting, accelerations, and decelerations).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Barreira
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Fábio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, 4475-690 Maia, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferreira
- Departamento de Apoio ao Rendimento, Vitória Sport Clube, 4810-914 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - João Pereira
- Departamento de Apoio ao Rendimento, Vitória Sport Clube, 4810-914 Guimaraes, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Aquino
- LabSport, Department of Sports, Center of Physical Education and Sports (CEFD), Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075810, Brazil
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, 4711-852 Oeiras, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Akyildiz Z, Ocak Y, Clemente FM, Birgonul Y, Günay M, Nobari H. Monitoring the post-match neuromuscular fatigue of young Turkish football players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13835. [PMID: 35974069 PMCID: PMC9381501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromuscular fatigue tests have been used in previous studies to organize post-match training programs and to minimize injuries. The aim of this study is to describe the neuromuscular fatigue that occurs after a football match and to examine the relationship between internal and external load values in the match and fatigue parameters obtained at different time intervals. Twenty male U19 academy league soccer players (age: 19; height: 181.3 ± 4.3; weight: 73.4 ± 6.7) participated in the study. The countermovement jump (CMJ) test was applied to the players 24 h before, as well as 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after a football match. During the CMJ tests, the maximum velocity of each player during the jump was recorded by using the GymAware linear position transducer. The CMJ maximum velocity values 24 h before and 24 h after the match, as well as the CMJ height values (Cohen’s d: 1.210; p < 0.001), were statistically different from the values recorded 24 h before and 24 and 48 h after the match (Cohen’s d: 1.578; p < 0.001; Cohen’s d: 0,922; p < 0.009). The correlation values were not statistically significant. The results suggest, CMJ height and CMJ maximum velocity values, which determine neuromuscular fatigue after a football match, can be used by practitioners to display post-match neuromuscular fatigue measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeki Akyildiz
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yücel Ocak
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, 4900-347, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,Delegação da Covilhã, Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yasar Birgonul
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Günay
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain. .,Department of Motor Performance, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, 500068, Braşov, Romania. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
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Goranović K, Hadžić R, Petković J, Joksimović M. Exploring trends of running performance during matches of professional soccer players in Montenegro: A longitudinal study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:966578. [PMID: 35979454 PMCID: PMC9377456 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.966578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The practical value of monitoring is that well-chosen performance indicators can help coaches identify the good and bad performance of individuals or teams. External monitoring of matches is useful in establishing the physiological requirements of the sport and assessing how a player compares to the requirements of the event in this regard. This study aimed to analyze the trend component of running performance during a game of professional soccer in Montenegro. The research included a sample of 82 professional soccer players. The first subsample included 44 professional soccer players of the club Budućnost from Podgorica, height 185.89 ± 6.29 cm, mass 81.06 ± 5.47 kg, BMI 23.47 ± 0.96 kg/m2, age 28.86 ± 3.85 yrs. The second subsample included 38 professional soccer players from the Sutjeska club from Nikšić, height 181.88 ± 6.35 cm, mass 77.28 ± 6.78 kg, BMI 23.32 ± 1.08 kg/m2, age 29.43 ± 5.68 yrs. The InStat kinematic system captured the outfield players by using six cameras placed around the perimeter of the field at the minimal height of 12 m. The frame frequency was 25 frames per second; data were centralized for further analysis. Statistically significant differences were noted only in the variable sprint distance in the 2017 season. The results of the current research indicate that the soccer players who compete in Montenegro are below the values achieved by those who compete in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosta Goranović
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Rašid Hadžić
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Jovica Petković
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Marko Joksimović
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
- Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine, Podgorica, Montenegro
- *Correspondence: Marko Joksimović
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Rossi A, Perri E, Pappalardo L, Cintia P, Alberti G, Norman D, Iaia FM. Wellness Forecasting by External and Internal Workloads in Elite Soccer Players: A Machine Learning Approach. Front Physiol 2022; 13:896928. [PMID: 35784892 PMCID: PMC9240643 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.896928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Training for success has increasingly become a balance between maintaining high performance standards and avoiding the negative consequences of accumulated fatigue. The aim of this study is to develop a big data analytics framework to predict players’ wellness according to the external and internal workloads performed in previous days. Such a framework is useful for coaches and staff to simulate the players’ response to scheduled training in order to adapt the training stimulus to the players’ fatigue response. 17 players competing in the Italian championship (Serie A) were recruited for this study. Players’ Global Position System (GPS) data was recorded during each training and match. Moreover, every morning each player has filled in a questionnaire about their perceived wellness (WI) that consists of a 7-point Likert scale for 4 items (fatigue, sleep, stress, and muscle soreness). Finally, the rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was used to assess the effort performed by the players after each training or match. The main findings of this study are that it is possible to accurately estimate players’ WI considering their workload history as input. The machine learning framework proposed in this study is useful for sports scientists, athletic trainers, and coaches to maximise the periodization of the training based on the physiological requests of a specific period of the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Alessio Rossi,
| | - Enrico Perri
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Pappalardo
- Institute of Information Science and Technologies (ISTI), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Cintia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giampietro Alberti
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Darcy Norman
- United States Soccer Federation, Chicago, IL, United States
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland
| | - F. Marcello Iaia
- Department of Biomedical Science for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
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Nobari H, Arslan E, Martins AD, Oliveira R. Are acute:chronic workload ratios of perceived exertion and running based variables sensible to detect variations between player positions over the season? A soccer team study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:51. [PMID: 35346345 PMCID: PMC8958769 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00445-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to describe and compare the in-season variations of acute: chronic workload ratio (ACWR) coupled, uncoupled, and exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) through session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE), total distance (TD), high-speed running distance (HSRD) and sprint distance (SPRINT) in three different periods of an elite soccer season according to player positions.
Methods Twenty male elite players (age: 29.4 ± 4.4) from an Asian First League team were daily monitored for twenty consecutive weeks during the 2017–2018 in-season. Forty-seven trainings and twenty matches were monitored using global positioning system units (GPS) to collect TD, HSRD and SPRINT. Through the collection of s-RPE, TD, HSRD, and SPRINT by ACWR and EWMA were calculated for each training session. Results The results revealed that according to different periods of the season, workload measures observed in mid-season were meaningfully higher compared with early-season (g = ranging from 0.53 to 4.98) except for EWMASPRINT. In general, wingers and strikers tended to have greater scores in workload measures compared to the defenders and midfielders (g = ranging from 0.41 to 5.42). Conclusions These findings may provide detailed information for coaches and sports scientists regarding the variations of acute and chronic workload ratio and external loading in-season and between player positions in an elite soccer team.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Nobari
- Sports Scientist, Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, Iran. .,Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran. .,Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ersan Arslan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, 60250, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Alexandre Duarte Martins
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Departamento de Desporto E Saúde, Escola de Saúde E Desenvolvimento Humano, Universidade de Évora, Largo Dos Colegiais, 7000, Évora, Portugal
| | - Rafael Oliveira
- Sports Science School of Rio Maior-Polytechnic Institute of Santarém, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal.,Research Centre in Sport Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, 5001-801, Vila Real, Portugal.,Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
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